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Paz C, Glassey A, Frick A, Sattar S, Zaorsky NG, Blitzer GC, Kimple RJ. Cancer therapy-related salivary dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e182661. [PMID: 39225092 PMCID: PMC11364403 DOI: 10.1172/jci182661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland dysfunction is a common side effect of cancer treatments. Salivary function plays key roles in critical daily activities. Consequently, changes in salivary function can profoundly impair quality of life for cancer patients. We discuss salivary gland anatomy and physiology to understand how anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy impair salivary function. We discuss approaches to quantify xerostomia in the clinic, including the advantages and limitations of validated quality-of-life instruments and approaches to directly measuring salivary function. Current and emerging approaches to treat cancer therapy-induced dry mouth are presented using radiation-induced salivary dysfunction as a model. Limitations of current sialagogues and salivary analogues are presented. Emerging approaches, including cellular and gene therapy and novel pharmacologic approaches, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Paz
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Annemarie Glassey
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abigail Frick
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah Sattar
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Zaorsky
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Grace C. Blitzer
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Randall J. Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Wenzel P, Maley J, Marcelino AZ, Hoffman H. Clinical and radiographic follow-up after the Wilkie procedure at 28 years: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:1-6. [PMID: 37881474 PMCID: PMC10597749 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rerouting of the parotid ducts posteriorly to drain into the tonsillar fossae (Wilkie procedure) was initially designed to address drooling in patients with cerebral palsy. This procedure was subsequently modified to include bilateral submandibular gland excision and extended to apply to other etiologies of sialorrhea. Our literature review failed to identify report of long-term follow-up beyond 2 decades following this procedure. We describe a 33-year-old female with spastic cerebral palsy who underwent the Wilkie procedure to treat sialorrhea and, 25 years later, developed right-sided facial swelling and dental infections in association with xerostomia. CT imaging showed symmetric atrophy of the parotid glands with fat replacement interspersed with fibrosis. Ultrasound analysis with shear wave elastography offered the additional interpretation of a greater degree of gland stiffness involving the tail of the recently inflamed right parotid gland compared to the left. This case report identifies long-term complications associated with xerostomia following initial success employing the Wilkie procedure to address sialorrhea. The radiographic evaluation supports the contention that rerouting of Stensen's duct may be associated with chronic obstructive changes to the parotid gland. Ultrasound shear wave elastography supplemented CT imaging by identifying asymmetric stiffness of the parotid glands as was consistent with the more recent right parotid inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper Wenzel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | - Joan Maley
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | - Antonio Zafred Marcelino
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
| | - Henry Hoffman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA
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Functional Evaluation of Major Salivary Glands Using Viscosity PLUS and 2D Shear-Wave PLUS Elastography Techniques in Healthy Subjects-A Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081963. [PMID: 36010313 PMCID: PMC9406548 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological soft tissues are characterized by viscoelastic properties. The propagation of shear waves within tissues is influenced by both elasticity, which is linked to the shear wave speed, and viscosity, which is linked to the shear wave dispersion. This study aimed to functionally assess the parotid glands (PG) and submandibular glands (SMG) in a group of 40 healthy subjects using the novel Viscosity PLUS (Vi.PLUS) and 2D Shear-Wave Elastography PLUS (2D-SWE.PLUS) techniques. The viscosity and stiffness of PG and SMG were measured before and after gustatory stimulation with a sialagogue agent (commercially available lemon juice) using the new SuperSonic MACH 30 ultrasound system equipped with a curvilinear C6-1X transducer. PG presented a mean basal viscosity and elasticity of 2.10 ± 0.19 Pa.s and 11.32 ± 1.91 kPa, respectively, which significantly increased poststimulation to 2.39 ± 0.17 Pa.s (p < 0.001) and 12.58 ± 1.92 kPa (p < 0.001), respectively. SMG did not present statistically increased values of viscosity and elasticity following stimulation (2.31 ± 015 Pa.s vs. 2.37 ± 0.18 Pa.s, p = 0.086, and 10.40 ± 1.64 kPa vs. 10.90 ± 1.98 kPa, p = 0.074, respectively). Vi.PLUS measurements presented a good positive correlation with 2D-SWE.PLUS values for PG and SMG, before and after stimulation. Gender and BMI were not confounding factors for these two parameters. Vi.PLUS represents an innovative non-invasive imaging technique that, together with 2D-SWE.PLUS proves to be useful in functionally assessing the major salivary glands in healthy subjects.
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Weimer JM, Rink M, Müller L, Arens C, Bozzato A, Künzel J. Sonografische Diagnostik im Kopf-Hals-Bereich – Teil 2: Transzervikale Sonografie. Laryngorhinootologie 2022; 101:156-175. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1667-8675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Julian Künzel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg
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Jering M, Zenk J, Thölken R, Rüger H, Psychogios G. Can Ultrasound in Combination with Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification Predict the Dignity of a Parotid Tumor? ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1192-1203. [PMID: 33541749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pre-operative evaluation of a parotid gland tumor is crucial in guiding treatment. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of B-mode ultrasound in combination with Virtual Touch imaging quantification (VTIQ) in the assessment of parotid lesions. A prospective study of 268 patients with parotid lesions was conducted. Pre-operative ultrasound findings and VTIQ data were compared against histologic results. Ill-defined margins on ultrasound were associated with a significantly higher risk of malignancy (odds ratio [OR] = 1224.0, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 151.8-9872.7). Faster mean shear waves on VTIQ (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.47-2.23, per 1 m/s increase) and an area with shear wave velocity >6.0 m/s involving >70 % of the lesion (OR = 19.80, 95 % CI: 6.22-63.07) were associated with higher risk of malignancy. Addition of VTIQ to routine pre-operative B-mode ultrasound can provide supplemental information on the dignity of a parotid tumor, allowing for peri-operative procedural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jering
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Zenk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Rubens Thölken
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Holger Rüger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Georgios Psychogios
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Thimsen V, Goncalves M, Koch M, Mantsopoulos K, Hornung J, Iro H, Schapher M. The current value of quantitative shear wave sonoelastography in parotid gland tumors. Gland Surg 2021; 10:1374-1386. [PMID: 33968689 DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The preoperative differentiation between salivary gland tumor entities using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US) is still limited. Biopsies are often regarded as indispensable for properly characterizing these various lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) sonoelastography as an US differentiation tool when examining parotid gland (PG) lesions. Methods We included 104 patients with PG masses in this study, employing two different US devices using quantitative ARFI-sonoelastography (Siemens Acuson-S3000, n=59; Siemens Acuson-Sequoia, n=45). The ability of sonoelastographic measurements to differentiate between different neoplasms was compared and analyzed for both US machines. Results Quantitative shear wave sonoelastography is limited in its ability to reliably differentiate between tumor entities of the PG as a stand-alone parameter. Measurement results were unsystematically distributed and not transferable between the two US devices. A significant differentiation of benign and malignant lesions was not possible with either US machine (S3000: P=0.770, Sequoia: P=0.382). A differentiation between pleomorphic adenomas (PA) and Warthin tumors was only possible with the Acuson S3000 system (P=0.001, Spearman-Rho =0.492, sensitivity 73.9%, specificity 65.0%). Conclusions A reliable identification and differentiation of PG tumors as well as clinical treatment decisions cannot be made with the sole use of ARFI-sonoelastography. The results emphasize the device-dependence and high error-proneness of this US technique when examining lesions of the PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Thimsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Goncalves
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Aachen, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Mantsopoulos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Hornung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Iro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirco Schapher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Bedewi MA, Elsifey AA, Nassir EM, Elgazzar HM, Alfawaz AF, Hussein RS, Moawad K, Bediwy AM, Swify SM. Shear wave elastography of the submandibular gland in healthy individuals. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520979445. [PMID: 33356715 PMCID: PMC7768579 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520979445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Shear wave elastography is a rapidly evolving new technique. The purpose of the present study was to determine the sonoelastographic features of the submandibular glands in healthy individuals. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 45 healthy individuals, whose submandibular glands were studied using shear wave elastography. The stiffness of both submandibular glands was measured and its relationships with the age, sex, body mass, body mass index (BMI), and height of the participants were assessed. RESULTS The participants had a mean age of 31.82 ± 5.53 years, a mean height of 158.30 ± 7.16 cm, a mean body mass of 57.83 ± 8.84 kg, and a mean BMI of 22.99 ± 2.72 kg/m2. The mean shear elastic modulus of the right and left submandibular glands were 18.02 kPa and 19.09 kPa, respectively. Positive correlations were found between the elasticity of the right submandibular gland and the anthropometric parameters. CONCLUSION The elastic modulus of the submandibular glands has been determined in healthy individuals and the data generated can serve as a reference for future studies of pathological conditions of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Bedewi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Medicine, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A Elsifey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Medicine, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elbagir Mohammed Nassir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Medicine, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Mohamed Elgazzar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Medicine, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Fahad Alfawaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Medicine, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadan S Hussein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Medicine, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karim Moawad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, California, United States of America
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Rüger H, Psychogios G, Jering M, Zenk J. Multimodal Ultrasound Including Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification for Differentiating Cervical Lymph Nodes. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2677-2682. [PMID: 32651021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defining the entity of cervical lymph nodes (LNs) is essential for the diagnosis and staging of head and neck malignancies. Virtual Touch imaging quantification (VTIQ) is a relatively new method of elastography that measures tissue stiffness quantitatively. A prospective study was conducted that included 108 patients (57 benign and 51 metastatic lymph nodes [MLNs]). Shear wave velocities (SWVs) were analyzed using VTIQ and were compared with the histopathological results. Both maximum and minimum SWVs within the LNs significantly differed between benign masses and MLNs (p < 0.001). Percentage areas of the node with SWVs >6 m/s and <3.5 m/s differed significantly (p < 0.001). Intralesional areas with SWVs ≤3.5 m/s of 0-29% (odds ratio: 93.7) and 30%-69% (odds ratio: 46.3) were predictive of malignant LNs as well as ill-defined tumor (odds ratio: 5.2). VTIQ can provide more information on the entity of cervical LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Rüger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Georgios Psychogios
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Monika Jering
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zenk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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Jung JW, Je H, Lee SK, Jang Y, Choi J. Two-Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography of Normal Soft Tissue Organs in Adult Beagle Dogs; Interobserver Agreement and Sources of Variability. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:979. [PMID: 32974311 PMCID: PMC7466577 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear wave elastography (SWE) induces lateral shear wave through acoustic pulses of the transducer and evaluates tissue stiffness quantitatively. This study was performed to evaluate feasibility and reproducibility of two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D SWE) for evaluation of tissue stiffness and to examine technical factors that affect shear wave speed (SWS) measurements in adult dogs. Nine healthy, 2 year-old, adult beagles with the median weight of 9.8 kg were included. In this prospective, experimental, exploratory study, 2D SWE (Aplio 600) from the liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, prostate, lymph nodes (submandibular, retropharyngeal, axillary, medial iliac, and inguinal), submandibular salivary gland, and thyroid was performed in anesthetized beagles. Color map was drawn and SWS of each SWE were measured as Young’s modulus (kPa) and shear wave velocity (m/s). The effect of measuring site, scan approach, depth, and anesthesia on SWE was assessed in abdominal organs by two observers independently. A total of 27 SWE examinations were performed in 12 organs by each observer. All SWS measurements were preformed successfully; however, SWE in the renal medulla could not be successfully conducted, and it was excluded from further analysis. Interobserver agreement of SWE was moderate to excellent in all organs, except for the left liver lobe at 10–15 mm depth with the intercostal scan. In the liver, there was no significant effect of the measuring site and scan approach on SWE. SWS of the liver and spleen tended to be higher with increasing the depth, but no significant difference. However, anesthesia significantly increased tissue stiffness in the spleen compared to awake dog regardless of the depth (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in SWS according to the measuring site in the kidneys and pancreas (P < 0.001). 2D SWE was feasible and highly reproducible for the estimation of tissue stiffness in dogs. Measuring site and anesthesia are sources of variability affecting SWE in abdominal organs. Therefore, these factors should be considered during SWS measurement in 2D SWE. This study provides basic data for further studies on 2D SWE on pathological conditions that may increase tissue stiffness in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyejin Je
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kwon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Youjung Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Leong SS, Wong JHD, Md Shah MN, Vijayananthan A, Jalalonmuhali M, Mohd Sharif NH, Abas NK, Ng KH. Stiffness and Anisotropy Effect on Shear Wave Elastography: A Phantom and in Vivo Renal Study. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:34-45. [PMID: 31594681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue elasticity is related to the pathologic state of kidneys and can be measured using shear wave elastography (SWE). However, SWE quantification has not been rigorously validated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of SWE-measured stiffness and the effect of tissue anisotropy on SWE measurements. Point SWE (pSWE), 2-D SWE and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to measure stiffness and evaluate the effect of tissue anisotropy on the measurements. SWE and DMA were performed on phantoms of different gelatin concentrations. In the tissue anisotropy study, SWE and DMA were performed on the outer cortex of sheep kidneys. In the in vivo study, 15 patients with different levels of interstitial fibrosis were recruited for pSWE measurements. Another 10 healthy volunteers were recruited for tissue anisotropy studies. SWE imaging revealed a non-linear increase with gelatin concentration. There was a significant correlation between pSWE and 2-D SWE, leading to the establishment of a linear regression equation between the two SWE ultrasound measurements. In the anisotropy study, the median difference in stiffness between shear waves oriented at 0° and 90° towards the pyramid axis was significant. In the in vivo study, there was a strong positive linear correlation between pSWE and the percentage of interstitial fibrosis. There was a significant difference in the Young's modulus (YM) between severities of fibrosis. The mean YM values were lower in control patients than in patients with mild, moderate and severe fibrosis. YM values were also significantly higher when shear waves were oriented at 0° toward the pyramid axis. Tissue stiffness and anisotropy affects SWE measurements. These factors should be recognized before applying SWE for the interpretation of measured values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Sam Leong
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Nazri Md Shah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anushya Vijayananthan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Kwan Hoong Ng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ultrasonographic and elastographic biometry in adult major salivary glands: a preliminary case-control report. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8885. [PMID: 31222096 PMCID: PMC6586938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Specifications about the size and stiffness of healthy salivary glands with ultrasound (US) are not available for Asian people. Using a Toshiba Apolio 500 US platform, we determined the size (including anterior-posterior median length, median paramandibular depth dimension, and cranio-caudal height) and hardness of 100 healthy submandibular and parotid glands in volunteers without a history of disease affecting the salivary glands or post-radiation, and compared the dimensions to those of 36 parotid glands and 37 submandibular glands in post-irradiated patients. The dimensions of the parotid and submandibular glands were significantly correlated with body weight. However, the dimension of the parotid glands was not significantly correlated with that of patients with prior radiation; the shear wave velocity (SWV) significantly increased (1.99 m/s versus 2.43 m/s, p-value < 0.01). The dimension of the submandibular glands was significantly correlated with prior radiation, where the SWV also significantly increased (2.32 m/s versus 2.50 m/s, p-values < 0.01). We find that US is a useful tool for assessment of the reference dimensions and hardness of major salivary glands that may be altered by irradiation.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the performance of Virtual Touch tissue quantification (VTQ) technique in the differential evaluation of parotid gland nodules. METHODS Acoustic radiation force impulse VTQ technique was used to determine the shear wave velocity (SWV) of 76 patients with parotid nodules and 30 subjects with normal parotid gland. These nodules were assigned to benign and malignant nodules according to histopathology, measurements of SWV were compared, a cutoff point for benign and malignant nodules was obtained with reference to receiver-operating characteristic curve, and relevant sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. RESULTS There were 61 of 76 patients with benign parotid nodules and 15 of 76 patients with malignant nodules. The SWV of the malignant nodules was higher than the SWV of the benign nodules, and the SWV of the benign and malignant nodules was higher than the normal parotid glands. There were significant differences between benign and malignant nodules as well as normal parotid glands in terms of the age and SWV of the nodules (all P < 0.001). The area under the curve is 0.893, the cutoff is 2.445 m/s, and the sensitivity and specificity are 80.0% and 91.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Acoustic radiation force impulse VTQ technique can determine the stiffness of parotid nodules in general, its ability to distinct malignant from benign nodular nodule is still not strong, and overlay of SWV of VTQ between benign and malignant nodules is the main impedance to set cutoff point.
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Dhyani M, Xiang F, Li Q, Chen L, Li C, Bhan AK, Anthony B, Grajo JR, Samir AE. Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography: Variations of Liver Fibrosis Assessment as a Function of Depth, Force and Distance from Central Axis of the Transducer with a Comparison of Different Systems. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:2209-2222. [PMID: 30143339 PMCID: PMC6594152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated variation in fibrosis staging caused by depth, pre-load force and measurement off-axis distance on different ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) systems prospectively in 20 patients with diffuse liver disease. Shear wave speed (SWS) was measured with transient elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) and 2-D shear wave elastography (SWE). ARFI and 2-D-SWE measurements were obtained at different depths (3, 5 and 7 cm), with different pre-load forces (4, 7 and 10N and variable) and at 0, 2 and 4cm off the central axis of the transducer. A single, blinded pathologist staged fibrosis using the METAVIR system (F0-F4). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was charted to differentiate significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2). Depth was the only factor found to influence ARFI-derived values; no acquisition factors were found to affect 2-D-SWE SWS values. ARFI and 2-D-SWE for diagnosis of significant fibrosis at a depth of 7cm along the central axis had good diagnostic performance (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.92 and 0.82, respectively), comparable to that of transient elastography. Further investigation of this finding will likely be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhyani
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Feixiang Xiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luzeng Chen
- Peking University First Hospital Ultrasound Center, Beijing, China
| | - Changtian Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Southern Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian Anthony
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph R Grajo
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony E Samir
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Kara M, Caliskan E, Atay G, Sutcu M, Kaba O, Adaletli I, Hancerli Torun S, Somer A. Shear wave elastography of parotid glands in pediatric patients with HIV infection. Radiol Med 2018; 124:126-131. [PMID: 30259316 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-018-0945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parotid gland (PG) involvement is common among the patients with HIV infection. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a noninvasive method used to measure the tissue stiffness of several organs including PG. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue stiffness values of PGs of HIV-infected children via SWE and compare the results with the counterparts of healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-center, prospective study included the PG examinations of 23 pediatric HIV patients and 40 healthy children via grayscale ultrasound and SWE. Independent sample T test and Mann-Whitney U test were used in statistical analysis. RESULTS Stiffness of both PGs was significantly higher in patients' group when compared with control subjects. In addition, when the patients were separated into two groups according to the appearance of PG on grayscale ultrasound as homogeneous and heterogeneous, stiffness values were increased in the patients with homogeneous parenchymal appearance. No significant difference was achieved in terms of median CD4 and CD8 counts, HIV RNA levels or median duration of illnesses. CONCLUSIONS PG examination of HIV-infected children via SWE reveals increased tissue stiffness when compared with healthy subjects. SWE can be used as an ultrasound-assisted noninvasive technique in this manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolya Kara
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Street, No: 118, 34093, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Emine Caliskan
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Seyhan State Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Atay
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sutcu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ozge Kaba
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Street, No: 118, 34093, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Adaletli
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Hancerli Torun
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Street, No: 118, 34093, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayper Somer
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Street, No: 118, 34093, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Zengel P, Notter F, Clevert DA. Does acoustic radiation force elastography improve the diagnostic capability of ultrasound in the preoperative characterization of masses of the parotid gland? Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2018; 47:20180068. [PMID: 29745753 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20180068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound is the method of choice for preoperative evaluation of tumours of the parotid glands. However, existing methods do not allow for clear differentiation between the most common benign tumours and malignant tumours. The aim of our study was to evaluate if acoustic radiation force, Virtual Touch Quantification (VTQ) elastography helps to improve the preoperative evaluation of parotid masses. METHODS: We investigated the parenchyma of 102 parotid glands, 14 lymph nodes of healthy volunteers and 51 tumours of the parotid gland via ultrasound, colour Doppler ultrasound and VTQ. The results were matched with histopathology and analyzed. RESULTS: The perfusion in pleomorphic adenoma, the most frequent benign tumour of the parotid gland, was significantly lower in comparison to malignant tumours. All tumours showed statistically significant higher perfusion in comparison to the parenchyma or the lymph nodes of the gland. Shear wave velocity of the user-defined region of interest was statistically significant more frequently an overflow value higher than 8.5 m/s in total tumours in comparison to parenchyma or lymph nodes. The different tumour types presented no significant difference in the shear wave velocity. CONCLUSIONS: VTQ in combination with classical ultrasound examination provides additional data useful in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumours and thus shows promise for integration into preexisting ultrasound protocols. However, despite the improvement, clear differentiation of tumours is still not possible and further investigation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Zengel
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Florian Notter
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Dirk A Clevert
- 2 Institute of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
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16
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Caliskan E, Ozturk M, Bayramoglu Z, Comert RG, Adaletli I. Evaluation of parotid glands in healthy children and adolescents using shear wave elastography and superb microvascular imaging. Radiol Med 2018; 123:710-718. [PMID: 29713928 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-018-0897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aim to determine parotid gland elasticity values from healthy children and adolescents using shear wave elastography (SWE). We also define the degree of vascularity using superb microvascular imaging (SMI), power Doppler (PD), and color Doppler (CD) and compare SMI with CD and PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 cases, comprising 50 girls and 50 boys, with ages ranging from 3 to 17 years were included in this prospective study. SWE, SMI, PD, and CD measurements were taken from both parotid glands, and the relationships with sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) were determined. The SMI was compared with the PD and CD. RESULTS The median elasticity values measured with SWE were 8.37 ± 2.09 kPa and 1.68 ± 0.26 m/s on the right and 8.33 ± 2.04 kPa and 1.69 ± 0.26 m/s on the left. There were significant positive correlations present for those aged below and above 10 years and for BMI with elasticity values. The median vascular spot numbers measured using SMI, PD, and CD were 5 ± 1.70, 3.5 ± 1.45, and 2 ± 1.1 on the right and 4 ± 1.7, 4 ± 1.43, and 2 ± 1.05 on the left, respectively. The median values obtained with SMI were significantly higher than the median values obtained with both PD and CD. CONCLUSION This study determined the reference SWE, SMI, PD, and CD values for normal parotid glands in healthy children and adolescents. Elasticity values were affected by age and BMI. There was no correlation between vascularity values and age, sex, or BMI. SMI provided more detailed information about vascularity compared with the other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Caliskan
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Street, Fatih, 34063, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Ozturk
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Alaeddin Keykubat Yerleşkesi, kademi Mah. Yeni Istanbul Street. No:369, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Bayramoglu
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Street, Fatih, 34063, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rana Gunoz Comert
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Street, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Adaletli
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Street, Fatih, 34063, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Künzel J, Bozzato A, Strieth S. Sonographie in der Nachsorge bei Kopf- und Halskarzinomen. HNO 2017; 65:939-952. [DOI: 10.1007/s00106-017-0411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Hofauer B, Mansour N, Heiser C, Wirth M, Straßen U, Loeffelbein D, Bas M, Knopf A. Reproducibility of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging in Thyroid and Salivary Glands with Experienced and Inexperienced Examiners. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:2545-2552. [PMID: 27475926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging enables the sonographic measurement of tissue stiffness. The aim of this study was to evaluate if experience in ARFI imaging influences the reproducibility of ARFI imaging of the head and neck. Three experienced sonographers and three inexperienced sonographers performed ARFI imaging of thyroid, submandibular and parotid glands in 10 healthy volunteers. The examination was repeated after 2 wk. Ten single ARFI measurements were done in every gland. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Moderate agreement was observed between experienced and inexperienced examiners (ICC = 0.46). In salivary glands, agreement was fair between the groups (ICC = 0.33), whereas in separate evaluations, inter-rater reliability in the submandibular glands was moderate (ICC = 0.52), and that in the parotid glands, only poor (ICC = 0.09). For ARFI imaging of the thyroid gland, there was moderate agreement between the groups (ICC = 0.50). The intra-rater reliability for the salivary and thyroid glands together and separately was strong in both groups. ARFI imaging of the thyroid and salivary glands did exhibit good reproducibility. ARFI imaging of the thyroid gland reached the highest levels of inter- and intra-observer agreement in both groups. ARFI imaging in salivary glands is only reproducible with experienced examiners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hofauer
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Naglaa Mansour
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Heiser
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Wirth
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Straßen
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Denys Loeffelbein
- Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Murat Bas
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Knopf
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Hofauer B, Mansour N, Heiser C, Gahleitner C, Thuermel K, Bas M, Knopf A. Sonoelastographic Modalities in the Evaluation of Salivary Gland Characteristics in Sjögren's Syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:2130-2139. [PMID: 27207020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate salivary tissue assessment with various sonoelastographic modalities (real-time tissue elastography, Virtual Touch imaging and quantification) in patients with Sjögren's syndrome as compared with an appropriate control group. The sonoelastographic modalities were evaluated in 50 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Patients underwent high-resolution ultrasonography of the submandibular and parotid glands. Results of B-mode, real-time tissue elastography, Virtual Touch imaging-each graded with the appropriate scoring system-and Virtual Touch quantification were compared with those for 50 patients with sicca symptoms who did not fulfill the American-European consensus group criteria. In B-mode, 34 of 50 parotid glands in patients with pSS and 8 of 50 in the control group had abnormal findings (p < 0.001). Compared with 9 of 50 control patients, 38 of 50 patients with pSS had abnormal findings in submandibular gland B-mode (p < 0.001). With real-time tissue elastography, there was a trend toward higher scores for parotid glands in the pSS group (p = 0.238), whereas scores for submandibular glands in the control group were higher (p = 0.107). Virtual Touch imaging did not indicate any difference (p = 0.647 and p = 0.658). In Virtual Touch quantification, values for parotid (mean: 2.99 m/s) and submandibular glands (mean: 2.54 m/s) in the pSS group were higher than those for parotid (mean: 2.16 m/s) and submandibular (mean: 2.04 m/s) glands in the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008). Glandular stiffness, measured by Virtual Touch quantification, was significantly higher in patients with Sjögreńs syndrome than in patients with sicca symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hofauer
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Naglaa Mansour
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Heiser
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Gahleitner
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Thuermel
- Rheumatology, II. Medizinische Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Murat Bas
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Knopf
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
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