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Diagnostic and prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating B cells in lymph node metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:947-959. [PMID: 34148127 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node metastases are strongly associated with unfavorable prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients. However, there are few sensitive or specific indicators that can diagnose or predict lymph node metastases in PTC. The objective of our study was to identify reliable indicators for the diagnosis and prediction of lymph node metastases of PTC. The PTC data set was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Information on tumor-infiltrating immune cells in PTC was acquired using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Then, the progression-free survival (PFS) rates of PTC patients were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curves. A tissue microarray including 58 normal thyroid tissues and 57 PTC tissues was processed for CD19 immunohistochemistry staining. Finally, evaluation of phenotype permutations was performed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). There was an appreciable association between immune infiltration and lymph node metastases in PTC. Among those immune cells, B cells and cytotoxic cells showed significant predictive accuracy for lymph node metastases in PTC. Tumor-infiltrating B cells and NK cells were associated with favorable prognosis, while tumor-associated NK CD56bright cells were correlated with poor prognosis in PTC patients. IHC analyses of PTC further confirmed a notably negative correlation between B cell infiltration and lymph node metastases in PTC. Additionally, mutations in BRAF, a dominant cause of tumor mutation burden (TMB), were positively correlated with reduced B cell infiltration and lymph node metastases in PTC. GSEA revealed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, the inflammatory response, and TNF-α signaling via the NFκB pathway were remarkably suppressed pathways in patients with BRAF mutations. Tumor-associated lymphocytic infiltration, especially B cell infiltration, provides diagnostic and prognostic value for lymph node metastases in PTC.
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Gu J, Hu W, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yuan L, Du L, Bai M. Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor on the Fibrosis Process in Thyroid Carcinoma: Evaluation by Shear Wave Elastography. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:1709-1719. [PMID: 32191354 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the correlation between fibrosis and elastic values in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) by shear wave elastography and to evaluate the effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on the fibrosis process. METHODS Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-PDGF and normal BCPAP cell lines were injected subcutaneously into the backs of nude mice. The elastic values of all tumors were measured by shear wave elastography. The content of collagen fibers and the expression of PDGF and type IV collagen (COL4) were evaluated by Masson staining and western blotting. RESULTS There were 32 tumors in the control group and 30 tumors in the siRNA-PDGF group. The tumors were divided into 4 subgroups based on maximum diameters of the tumors. The mean elastic values ± SD (Emean , 29.79 ± 11.04 kPa; Emin , 16.98 ± 7.51 kPa, Emax , 39.99 ± 15.30 kPa; and SD, 5.92 ± 2.00 kPa) in the siRNA-PDGF group were lower than in the control group (Emean , 35.73 ± 18.49 kPa; Emin , 23.65 ± 14.92 kPa, Emax , 45.73 ± 22.88 kPa; and SD, 6.02 ± 3.38 kPa). The content of collagen fibers and the expression of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) and COL4 proteins in the siRNA-PDGF group were lower than in the control group (11.43% ± 6.99% and 19.80% ± 11.70%; P = .010; 0.14 ± 0.06 and 0.27 ± 0.10; P = .002; and 0.11 ± 0.06 and 0.15 ± 0.07; P = .101). The elastic values, collagen fiber content, and PDGFB and COL4 in the 4 subgroups gradually increased with the maximum diameter of tumors. CONCLUSIONS There was a positive correlation among PDGF, tumor stiffness, and fibrosis in the growth of PTC. Thus, PDGF might play an important role in the development of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Gu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianfang Du
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Bai
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhao JJ, Hao S, Wang LL, Hu CY, Zhang S, Guo LJ, Zhang G, Gao B, Jiang Y, Tian WG, Luo DL. Long non-coding RNA ANRIL promotes the invasion and metastasis of thyroid cancer cells through TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57903-57918. [PMID: 27507052 PMCID: PMC5295399 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) on invasion and metastasis of thyroid cancer (TC). Results ANRIL expression was significantly up-regulated in TC tissues and cells (P < 0.001), and ANRIL expression was significantly different regarding histological grade and LNM (both P < 0.01). The siRNA-mediated ANRIL silencing inhibits proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of TPC-1 and SW579 cells, and lung metastasis, which can be reversed by TGF-β1 siRNA. The mRNA levels of p15INK4b, p14ARF and p16INK4a in TPC-1 and SW579 cells increased significantly after silencing ANRIL (all P < 0.001), and TGF-β1 siRNA could reverse the ANRIL siRNA induced increase of p15INK4b; expressions of TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 were increased after silencing ANRIL (both P < 0.05). Materials and methods TC and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 105 TC patients. LncRNA ANRIL expressions were detected by qRT-PCR. The siRNA ANRIL and siRNA TGF-β1 were constructed for TPC-1 and SW579 cell line transfection: si-ANRIL group, si-TGF-β1 group, si-ANRIL + si-TGF-β1 group, negative control group and blank group. Effects of ANRIL silencing on proliferation, invasion and metastasis of TC cells was detected by MTT assay, Transwell assay and tail vein injection of nude mice in vitro and in vivo. TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 expressions in TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway were detected by western blot. Conclusions ANRIL may reduce p15INK4B expression through inhibiting TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, promoting invasion and metastasis of TC cells, and the silencing of ANRIL inhibits the invasion and metastasis of TPC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jie Zhao
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Hao
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Li Wang
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Hu
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ji Guo
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Guo Tian
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Lin Luo
- Department of Breast, Thyroid, and Vascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
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McQueen AS, Bhatia KS. Head and neck ultrasound: technical advances, novel applications and the role of elastography. Clin Radiol 2017; 73:81-93. [PMID: 28985885 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution ultrasound (US) provides superb anatomical detail in the superficial anatomy of the neck and has become the first-line imaging investigation for neck lumps and a crucial component of clinical pathways. In this article, a wide range of advances in neck US are described with a focus on the emerging role of ultrasound elastography. Selected examples of clinical utility are presented across a spectrum of scenarios with discussion of newer applications, service delivery, and training issues. The changing role of the neck ultrasound practitioner and the future of the technique in the head and neck are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S McQueen
- Department of Radiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK.
| | - K S Bhatia
- Department of Radiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Yi L, Qiong W, Yan W, Youben F, Bing H. Correlation between Ultrasound Elastography and Histologic Characteristics of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45042. [PMID: 28327620 PMCID: PMC5361199 DOI: 10.1038/srep45042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between elastography and histologic characteristics including fibrosis and calcification. We also wanted to investigate whether other clinicopathologic indexes influence the strain ratio (SR) of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). We retrospectively reviewed 126 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) from 103 patients who underwent ultrasonography and elastography before surgery. The histologic characteristics and clinicopathologic indexes were compared with the SR of ultrasound elastography (UE). The results showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between fibrosis degree and SR measurements (r = 0.754, p = 0.000); the SR was significantly different between the groups with and without calcification (11.34 ± 10.08 vs. 6.81 ± 7.33, p = 0.000). The standard coefficients of collagen and stromal calcification were 0.684 and 0.194, respectively. There was no significant correlation between SR and indices such as size, position, co-existence with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), multifocality or cervical lymph node (CLN) metastasis. In conclusion, we found that the SR of UE is positively correlated with the fibrosis of PTC. Stromal calcification will elevate the SR dramatically, but psammoma bodies will not when they exist in the absence of stromal calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Qiong
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Yan
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Youben
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Bing
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Bhatia KSS, Lam ACL, Pang SWA, Wang D, Ahuja AT. Feasibility Study of Texture Analysis Using Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography to Predict Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:1671-1680. [PMID: 27126245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Textural analysis of ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) was evaluated to discriminate benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Sixteen papillary thyroid cancers and 89 benign hyperplastic nodules in 105 patients underwent SWE using four static pre-compression levels. Fifteen gray level co-occurrence matrix textural features and six absolute SWE indices were computed from SWE images. Diagnostic performances of each SWE index for malignancy were calculated and compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and optimal models were generated at each pre-compression level. The optimal model comprised two SWE textural features at the highest pre-compression level, which attained AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 0.973, 97.5% and 90.0%, respectively. By comparison, absolute SWE indices attained AUC of 0.709 as well as 18.8% sensitivity and 95.8% specificity. These preliminary results suggest SWE textural analysis can distinguish benign and malignant thyroid nodules and SWE spatial heterogeneity is greater in malignant nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwar Suryaveer Singh Bhatia
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Absalom Chung Lung Lam
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sze Wing Angel Pang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Defeng Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Anil Tejbhan Ahuja
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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