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Aslam F, Jamil K, Htwe O, Yuliawiratman BS, Natarajan E, Elamvazuthi I, Naicker AS. Postsurgical Analysis of Gait, Radiological, and Functional Outcomes in Children with Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3386. [PMID: 37050445 PMCID: PMC10098631 DOI: 10.3390/s23073386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children undergoing DDH correction surgery may experience gait abnormalities following soft tissue releases and bony procedures. The purpose of this study was to compare the residual gait changes, radiological outcomes, and functional outcomes in children who underwent DDH surgery with those in healthy controls. METHODS Inertial motion sensors were used to record the gait of 14 children with DDH and 14 healthy children. Pelvic X-ray was performed to determine the Severin classification and the presence of femoral head osteonecrosis (Bucholz-Odgen classification). For functional evaluation, the Children's Hospital Oakland Hip Evaluation Scale (CHOHES) was used. RESULTS There was no difference in spatial parameters between the two groups. In terms of temporal parameters, the DDH-affected limbs had a shorter stance phase (p < 0.001) and a longer swing phase (p < 0.001) than the control group. The kinematic study showed that the affected limb group had smaller hip adduction angle (p = 0.002) and increased internal rotation (p = 0.006) with reduced upward pelvic tilt (p = 0.020). Osteonecrosis was graded II, III, and IV in five, three, and one patients, respectively. Five patients had no AVN changes. The Severin classification was grade I, II, and III for six, three, and five patients, respectively. Most patients had good functional outcomes on the CHOHES, with a mean total score of 96.64 ± 5.719. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that weight, height, and femoral osteotomy were independent predictors for gait, radiological and functional outcome. CONCLUSION Despite good functional scores overall, some children had poor radiological outcomes and gait abnormalities. Our results identified the risk factors for poor outcomes, and we recommend specified rehabilitative strategies for long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus Aslam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Jamil
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ohnmar Htwe
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Brenda Saria Yuliawiratman
- IHT Rehabilitation Centre, Jalan Bioteknologi 1, Persiaran SILC, Kawasan Perindustrian SILC, lskandar Puteri 79200, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Elango Natarajan
- Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Irraivan Elamvazuthi
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Amaramalar Selvi Naicker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Peng C, Cai Q, Chen M, Jiang X. Recent Advances in Tracking Devices for Biomedical Ultrasound Imaging Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13111855. [PMID: 36363876 PMCID: PMC9695235 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of tracking technologies, the applications of tracking systems in ultrasound imaging have expanded across a wide range of fields. In this review article, we discuss the basic tracking principles, system components, performance analyses, as well as the main sources of error for popular tracking technologies that are utilized in ultrasound imaging. In light of the growing demand for object tracking, this article explores both the potential and challenges associated with different tracking technologies applied to various ultrasound imaging applications, including freehand 3D ultrasound imaging, ultrasound image fusion, ultrasound-guided intervention and treatment. Recent development in tracking technology has led to increased accuracy and intuitiveness of ultrasound imaging and navigation with less reliance on operator skills, thereby benefiting the medical diagnosis and treatment. Although commercially available tracking systems are capable of achieving sub-millimeter resolution for positional tracking and sub-degree resolution for orientational tracking, such systems are subject to a number of disadvantages, including high costs and time-consuming calibration procedures. While some emerging tracking technologies are still in the research stage, their potentials have been demonstrated in terms of the compactness, light weight, and easy integration with existing standard or portable ultrasound machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qianqian Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Mengyue Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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3D free-hand ultrasound to register anatomical landmarks at the pelvis and localize the hip joint center in lean and obese individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10650. [PMID: 34017023 PMCID: PMC8170673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3D free-hand ultrasound (3DFUS) is becoming increasingly popular to assist clinical gait analysis because it is cost- and time-efficient and does not expose participants to radiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate its reliability in localizing the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) at the pelvis and the hip joint centers (HJC). Additionally, we evaluated its accuracy to get a rough estimation of the potential to use of 3DFUS to segment bony surface. This could offer potential to register medical images to motion capture data in future. To evaluate reliability, a test–retest study was conducted in 16 lean and 19 obese individuals. The locations of the ASIS were determined by manual marker placement (MMP), an instrumented pointer technique (IPT), and with 3DFUS. The HJC location was also determined with 3DFUS. To quantify reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), the standard error of measurement (SEm), among other statistical parameters, were calculated for the identified locations between the test and retest. To assess accuracy, the surface of a human plastic pelvic phantom was segmented with 3DFUS in a distilled water bath in 27 trials and compared to a 3D laser scan of the pelvis. Regarding reliability, the MMP, but especially the IPT showed high reliability in lean (SEm: 2–3 mm) and reduced reliability in obese individuals (SEm: 6–15 mm). Compared to MMP and IPT, 3DFUS presented lower reliability in the lean group (SEm: 2–4 mm vs. 2–8 mm, respectively) but slightly better values in the obese group (SEm: 7–11 mm vs. 6–16 mm, respectively). Correlations between test–retest reliability and torso body fat mass (% of body mass) indicated a moderate to strong relationship for MMP and IPT but only a weak correlation for the 3DFUS approach. The water-bath experiments indicated an acceptable level of 3.5 (1.7) mm of accuracy for 3DFUS in segmenting bone surface. Despite some difficulties with single trials, our data give further rise to the idea that 3DFUS could serve as a promising tool in future to inform marker placement and hip joint center location, especially in groups with higher amount of body fat.
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Kay RH, Noble JJ, Johnston L, Keevil SF, Kokkinakis M, Reed D, Gough M, Shortland AP. 3D ultrasound to quantify lateral hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy: a validation study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:1389-1395. [PMID: 32812217 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the validity of a new index, lateral head coverage (LHC), for describing hip dysplasia in a population of children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD LHC is derived from 3D ultrasound assessment. Twenty-two children (15 males, seven females; age 4-15y) with CP undergoing routine hip surveillance were recruited prospectively for the study. Each participant had both a planar radiograph acquired as part of their routine care and a 3D ultrasound assessment within 2 months. Reimer's migration percentage (RMP) and LHC were measured by the same assessor, and the correlation between them calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The repeatability of LHC was investigated with three assessors, analysing each of 10 images three times. Inter- and intra-assessor variation was quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS LHC was strongly correlated with RMP (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient=-0.86, p<0.001). LHC had similar inter-assessor reliability to that reported for RMP (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.97 and intra-assessor intraclass correlation coefficient=0.98). INTERPRETATION This is an initial validation of the use of 3D ultrasound in monitoring hip development in children with CP. LHC is comparable with RMP in estimating hip dysplasia with similar levels of reliability that are reported for RMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Kay
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,One Small Step Gait Laboratory, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan J Noble
- One Small Step Gait Laboratory, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Liam Johnston
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen F Keevil
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Physics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michail Kokkinakis
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Reed
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Adam P Shortland
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,One Small Step Gait Laboratory, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Scorcelletti M, Reeves ND, Rittweger J, Ireland A. Femoral anteversion: significance and measurement. J Anat 2020; 237:811-826. [PMID: 32579722 PMCID: PMC7542196 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Femoral neck anteversion (FNA) is the angle between the femoral neck and femoral shaft, indicating the degree of torsion of the femur. Differences in FNA affect the biomechanics of the hip, through alterations in factors such as moment arm lengths and joint loading. Altered gait associated with differences in FNA may also contribute to the development of a wide range of skeletal disorders including osteoarthritis. FNA varies by up to 30° within apparently healthy adults. FNA increases substantially during gestation and thereafter decreases steadily until maturity. There is some evidence of a further decrease at a much lower rate during adulthood into old age, but the mechanisms behind it have never been studied. Development of FNA appears to be strongly influenced by mechanical forces experienced during everyday movements. This is evidenced by large differences in FNA in groups where movement is impaired, such as children born breech or individuals with neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy. Several methods can be used to assess FNA, which may yield different values by up to 20° in the same participant. While MRI and CT are used clinically, limitations such as their cost, scanning time and exposure to ionising radiation limit their applicability in longitudinal and population studies, particularly in children. More broadly, applicable measures such as ultrasound and functional tests exist, but they are limited by poor reliability and validity. These issues highlight the need for a valid and reliable universally accepted method. Treatment for clinically problematic FNA is usually de-rotational osteotomy; passive, non-operative methods do not have any effect. Despite observational evidence for the effects of physical activity on FNA development, the efficacy of targeted physical activity remains unexplored. The aim of this review is to describe the biomechanical and clinical consequences of FNA, factors influencing FNA and the strengths and weaknesses of different methods used to assess FNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Scorcelletti
- Department of Life SciencesResearch Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports MedicineManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Neil D. Reeves
- Department of Life SciencesResearch Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports MedicineManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace MedicineGerman Aerospace Center (DLR)CologneGermany
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Alex Ireland
- Department of Life SciencesResearch Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports MedicineManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
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Takeuchi S, Goto H, Iguchi H, Watanabe N, Osaga S, Murakami H, Yoshida M. Ultrasonographic Assessment of Femoral Torsion Angle Based on Tilting Angles of Femoral Neck and Condylar Axis. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1970-1976. [PMID: 31064699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Femoral anteversion has been assessed with ultrasound using femoral neck tilting angle (FN-TA); however, femoral torsion angle (FTA), which is defined using FN-TA and condylar axis tilting angle, has not been assessed with ultrasound. This study aimed to establish the ultrasonographic assessment of FTA (US-FTA) by comparing data obtained through US-FTA and computed tomography (CT). Twenty-one patients (age range, 38-82 y) with 21 intact hips were included. In the US-FTA, the femoral head and anterior tubercle of the greater trochanter were used as bony landmarks. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities and standard error of measurement (SEM) of US-FTA were 0.994 (SEM 0.93) and 0.994 (SEM 0.94), respectively. A strong agreement was found between FTA variables obtained with ultrasound and CT (R = 0.939, p < 0.001). Ultrasound is useful and can be a valid alternative to CT for the evaluation of the femoral torsion angle without radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Goto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Sports and Fitness, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iguchi
- Department of Arthroplastic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tosei General Hospital, Seto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osaga
- Clinical Research Management Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahito Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan.
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Pizzolato C, Lloyd DG, Barrett RS, Cook JL, Zheng MH, Besier TF, Saxby DJ. Bioinspired Technologies to Connect Musculoskeletal Mechanobiology to the Person for Training and Rehabilitation. Front Comput Neurosci 2017; 11:96. [PMID: 29093676 PMCID: PMC5651250 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2017.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissues respond to optimal mechanical signals (e.g., strains) through anabolic adaptations, while mechanical signals above and below optimal levels cause tissue catabolism. If an individual's physical behavior could be altered to generate optimal mechanical signaling to musculoskeletal tissues, then targeted strengthening and/or repair would be possible. We propose new bioinspired technologies to provide real-time biofeedback of relevant mechanical signals to guide training and rehabilitation. In this review we provide a description of how wearable devices may be used in conjunction with computational rigid-body and continuum models of musculoskeletal tissues to produce real-time estimates of localized tissue stresses and strains. It is proposed that these bioinspired technologies will facilitate a new approach to physical training that promotes tissue strengthening and/or repair through optimal tissue loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pizzolato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - David G. Lloyd
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Rod S. Barrett
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jill L. Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ming H. Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Thor F. Besier
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute and Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David J. Saxby
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Mozaffari MH, Lee WS. Freehand 3-D Ultrasound Imaging: A Systematic Review. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:2099-2124. [PMID: 28716431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional ultrasound (US) imaging has been successfully used in clinical applications as a low-cost, portable and non-invasive image modality for more than three decades. Recent advances in computer science and technology illustrate the promise of the 3-D US modality as a medical imaging technique that is comparable to other prevalent modalities and that overcomes certain drawbacks of 2-D US. This systematic review covers freehand 3-D US imaging between 1970 and 2017, highlighting the current trends in research fields, the research methods, the main limitations, the leading researchers, standard assessment criteria and clinical applications. Freehand 3-D US systems are more prevalent in the academic environment, whereas in clinical applications and industrial research, most studies have focused on 3-D US transducers and improvement of hardware performance. This topic is still an interesting active area for researchers, and there remain many unsolved problems to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamed Mozaffari
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Won-Sook Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Reliability of Achilles Tendon Moment Arm Measured In Vivo Using Freehand Three-Dimensional Ultrasound. J Appl Biomech 2017; 33:300-304. [PMID: 28084870 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated reliability of freehand three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) measurement of in vivo human Achilles tendon (AT) moment arm. Sixteen healthy adults were scanned on 2 separate occasions by a single investigator. 3DUS scans were performed over the free AT, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus with the ankle passively positioned in maximal dorsiflexion, mid dorsiflexion, neutral, mid plantar flexion and maximal plantar flexion. 3D reconstructions of the AT, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus were created from manual segmentation of the ultrasound images and used to geometrically determine the AT moment arm using both a straight (straight ATMA) and curved (curved ATMA) tendon line-of-action. Both methods were reliable within- and between-session (intra-class correlation coefficients > 0.92; coefficient of variation < 2.5 %) and revealed that AT moment arm increased by ∼ 7 mm from maximal dorsiflexion (∼ 41mm) to maximal plantar flexion (∼ 48 mm). Failing to account for tendon curvature led to a small overestimation (< 2 mm) of AT moment arm that was most pronounced in ankle plantar flexion, but was less than the minimal detectable change of the method and could be disregarded.
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Reliability of an Integrated Ultrasound and Stereophotogrammetric System for Lower Limb Anatomical Characterisation. Appl Bionics Biomech 2017; 2017:4370649. [PMID: 28706440 PMCID: PMC5494551 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4370649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower extremity analysis for preoperative total knee and hip arthroplasty routines can increase surgery success rate and hence reduce associated costs. Current tools are limited by being invasive, limited to supine analysis, or too expensive. This study aimed to propose and validate a device, OrthoPilot®, based on the combined use of a stereophotogrammetric and ultrasound system which can in vivo and noninvasively measure varus/valgus, flexion/extension, femur and tibia torsion, and femur and tibia lengths. Methods A phantom was measured by four operators to determine the resolution of the system. Interoperator variability was measured on three operators who measured the above six variables on both legs of three subjects in standing and supine positions. Intraoperator variability was assessed on data from three repeats from 9 subjects (18 legs). Results All 6 variables were reliably detected on a phantom, with a resolution of 1 mm and 0.5°. Inter- and intraoperator consistency was observed for varus/valgus, flexion/extension, and length measurements on the healthy subjects in standing and supine positions (all ICC > 0.93). For torsion measurements, there was a considerable variation. Conclusion The proposed system, when used on healthy subjects, allowed reliable measurements of key parameters for preoperative procedures in both supine and standing positions. Accuracy testing and further validation on patient populations will be the next step toward its clinical adoption.
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Sartori M, Fernandez JW, Modenese L, Carty CP, Barber LA, Oberhofer K, Zhang J, Handsfield GG, Stott NS, Besier TF, Farina D, Lloyd DG. Toward modeling locomotion using electromyography-informed 3D models: application to cerebral palsy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sartori
- Department of Trauma Surgery; Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, Neurorehabilitation Systems Research Group, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - J. W. Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - L. Modenese
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
- Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service; Children's Health Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Queensland Australia
| | - C. P. Carty
- Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service; Children's Health Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Queensland Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences; Griffith University; Queensland Australia
| | - L. A. Barber
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - K. Oberhofer
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - J. Zhang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - G. G. Handsfield
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - N. S. Stott
- School of Medicine; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - T. F. Besier
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - D. Farina
- Department of Bioengineering; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - D. G. Lloyd
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Queensland Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences; Griffith University; Queensland Australia
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