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Du X, Zhao M, Jiang L, Pang L, Wang J, Lv Y, Yao C, Wu R. A mini-review on gene delivery technique using nanoparticles-mediated photoporation induced by nanosecond pulsed laser. Drug Deliv 2024; 31:2306231. [PMID: 38245895 PMCID: PMC10802807 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2024.2306231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed laser induced photoporation has gained increasing attention from scholars as an effective method for delivering the membrane-impermeable extracellular materials into living cells. Compared with femtosecond laser, nanosecond laser has the advantage of high throughput and low costs. It also has a higher delivery efficiency than continuous wave laser. Here, we provide an extensive overview of current status of nanosecond pulsed laser induced photoporation, covering the photoporation mechanism as well as various factors that impact the delivery efficiency of photoporation. Additionally, we discuss various techniques for achieving photoporation, such as direct photoporation, nanoparticles-mediated photoporation and plasmonic substrates mediated photoporation. Among these techniques, nanoparticles-mediated photoporation is the most promising approach for potential clinical application. Studies have already been reported to safely destruct the vitreous opacities in vivo by nanosecond laser induced vapor nanobubble. Finally, we discuss the potential of nanosecond laser induced phototoporation for future clinical applications, particularly in the areas of skin and ophthalmic pathologies. We hope this review can inspire scientists to further improve nanosecond laser induced photoporation and facilitate its eventual clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Du
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Precise Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Pro-vincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Precise Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Pro-vincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Le Jiang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Precise Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Pro-vincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lihui Pang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Precise Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Pro-vincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Lv
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Precise Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Pro-vincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rongqian Wu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Precise Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Pro-vincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Metanat Y, Viktor P, Amajd A, Kaur I, Hamed AM, Abed Al-Abadi NK, Alwan NH, Chaitanya MVNL, Lakshmaiya N, Ghildiyal P, Khalaf OM, Ciongradi CI, Sârbu I. The paths toward non-viral CAR-T cell manufacturing: A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art methods. Life Sci 2024; 348:122683. [PMID: 38702027 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although CAR-T cell therapy has emerged as a game-changer in cancer immunotherapy several bottlenecks limit its widespread use as a front-line therapy. Current protocols for the production of CAR-T cells rely mainly on the use of lentiviral/retroviral vectors. Nevertheless, according to the safety concerns around the use of viral vectors, there are several regulatory hurdles to their clinical use. Large-scale production of viral vectors under "Current Good Manufacturing Practice" (cGMP) involves rigorous quality control assessments and regulatory requirements that impose exorbitant costs on suppliers and as a result, lead to a significant increase in the cost of treatment. Pursuing an efficient non-viral method for genetic modification of immune cells is a hot topic in cell-based gene therapy. This study aims to investigate the current state-of-the-art in non-viral methods of CAR-T cell manufacturing. In the first part of this study, after reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of the clinical use of viral vectors, different non-viral vectors and the path of their clinical translation are discussed. These vectors include transposons (sleeping beauty, piggyBac, Tol2, and Tc Buster), programmable nucleases (ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9), mRNA, plasmids, minicircles, and nanoplasmids. Afterward, various methods for efficient delivery of non-viral vectors into the cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekta Metanat
- Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
| | - Patrik Viktor
- Óbuda University, Karoly Keleti faculty, Tavaszmező u. 15-17, H-1084 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ayesha Amajd
- Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8 Street, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Irwanjot Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan-303012, India
| | | | | | | | - M V N L Chaitanya
- School of pharmaceutical sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab - 144411, India
| | | | - Pallavi Ghildiyal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Carmen Iulia Ciongradi
- 2nd Department of Surgery-Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania.
| | - Ioan Sârbu
- 2nd Department of Surgery-Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania.
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Ueno Y, Kariya S, Ono Y, Maruyama T, Nakatani M, Komemushi A, Tanigawa N. In Vivo Sonoporation Effect Under the Presence of a Large Amount of Micro-Nano Bubbles in Swine Liver. Ultrasound Q 2024; 40:144-148. [PMID: 37918108 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0000000000000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sonoporation as a method of intracellular drug and gene delivery has not yet progressed to being used in vivo. The aim of this study was to prove the feasibility of sonoporation at a level practical for use in vivo by using a large amount of carbon dioxide micro-nano bubbles. METHODS The carbon dioxide micro-nano bubbles and 100 mg of cisplatin were intra-arterially injected to the swine livers, and ultrasound irradiation was performed from the surface of the liver under laparotomy during the intra-arterial injection. After the intra-arterial injection, ultrasound-irradiated and nonirradiated liver tissues were immediately excised. Tissue platinum concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Liver tissue platinum concentrations were compared between the irradiated tissue and nonirradiated tissue using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS The mean (SD) liver tissue platinum concentration was 6.260*103 (2.070) ng/g in the irradiated liver tissue and 3.280*103 (0.430) ng/g in the nonirradiated liver tissue, showing significantly higher concentrations in the irradiated tissue ( P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, increasing the tissue concentration of administered cisplatin in the livers of living swine through the effect of sonoporation was possible in the presence of a large amount of micro-nano bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ueno
- Department of Radiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Liu X, Rong N, Tian Z, Rich J, Niu L, Li P, Huang L, Dong Y, Zhou W, Zhang P, Chen Y, Wang C, Meng L, Huang TJ, Zheng H. Acoustothermal transfection for cell therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1855. [PMID: 38630814 PMCID: PMC11023511 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Transfected stem cells and T cells are promising in personalized cell therapy and immunotherapy against various diseases. However, existing transfection techniques face a fundamental trade-off between transfection efficiency and cell viability; achieving both simultaneously remains a substantial challenge. This study presents an acoustothermal transfection method that leverages acoustic and thermal effects on cells to enhance the permeability of both the cell membrane and nuclear envelope to achieve safe, efficient, and high-throughput transfection of primary T cells and stem cells. With this method, two types of plasmids were simultaneously delivered into the nuclei of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with efficiencies of 89.6 ± 1.2%. CXCR4-transfected MSCs could efficiently target cerebral ischemia sites in vivo and reduce the infarct volume in mice. Our acoustothermal transfection method addresses a key bottleneck in balancing the transfection efficiency and cell viability, which can become a powerful tool in the future for cellular and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ning Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lili Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pengqi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Laixin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yankai Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Congzhi Wang
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, 385 Mintang Road, Shenzhen 518131, China
| | - Long Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hairong Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Hinnekens C, De Smedt SC, Fraire JC, Braeckmans K. Non-viral engineering of NK cells. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108212. [PMID: 37454745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed great progress in the field of adoptive cell therapies, with the authorization of Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) in 2017 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a crucial stepstone. Since then, five more CAR-T therapies have been approved for the treatment of hematological malignancies. While this is a great step forward to treating several types of blood cancers, CAR-T cell therapies are still associated with severe side-effects such as Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD), cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. Because of this, there has been continued interest in Natural Killer cells which avoid these side-effects while offering the possibility to generate allogeneic cell therapies. Similar to T-cells, NK cells can be genetically modified to improve their therapeutic efficacy in a variety of ways. In contrast to T cells, viral transduction of NK cells remains inefficient and induces cytotoxic effects. Viral vectors also require a lengthy and expensive product development process and are accompanied by certain risks such as insertional mutagenesis. Therefore, non-viral transfection technologies are avidly being developed aimed at addressing these shortcomings of viral vectors. In this review we will present an overview of the potential of NK cells in cancer immunotherapies and the non-viral transfection technologies that have been explored to engineer them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hinnekens
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Katz S, Gattegno R, Peko L, Zarik R, Hagani Y, Ilovitsh T. Diameter-dependent assessment of microvascular leakage following ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening. iScience 2023; 26:106965. [PMID: 37378309 PMCID: PMC10291464 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier disruption (BBBD) using focused ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles (MB) is an effective tool for therapeutic delivery to the brain. BBBD depends to a great extent on MB oscillations. Because the brain vasculature is heterogenic in diameter, reduced MB oscillations in smaller blood vessels, together with a lower number of MBs in capillaries, can lead to variations in BBBD. Therefore, evaluating the impact of microvasculature diameter on BBBD is of great importance. We present a method to characterize molecules extravasation following FUS-mediated BBBD, at a single blood vessel resolution. Evans blue (EB) leakage was used as marker for BBBD, whereas blood vessels localization was done using FITC labeled Dextran. Automated image processing pipeline was developed to quantify the extent of extravasation as function of microvasculature diameter, including a wide range of vascular morphological parameters. Variations in MB vibrational response were observed in blood vessel mimicking fibers with varied diameters. Higher peak negative pressures (PNP) were required to initiate stable cavitation in fibers with smaller diameters. In vivo in the treated brains, EB extravasation increased as a function of blood vessel diameter. The percentage of strong BBBD blood vessels increased from 9.75% for 2-3 μm blood vessels to 91.67% for 9-10 μm. Using this method, it is possible to conduct a diameter-dependent analysis that measures vascular leakage resulting from FUS-mediated BBBD at a single blood vessel resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Katz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roni Gattegno
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lea Peko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Romario Zarik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yulie Hagani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tali Ilovitsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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7
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Eck M, Aronovich R, Ilovitsh T. Efficacy optimization of low frequency microbubble-mediated sonoporation as a drug delivery platform to cancer cells. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100132. [PMID: 36189459 PMCID: PMC9520274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound insonation of microbubbles can be used to form pores in cell membranes and facilitate the local trans-membrane transport of drugs and genes. An important factor in efficient delivery is the size of the delivered target compared to the generated membrane pores. Large molecule delivery remains a challenge, and can affect the resulting therapeutic outcomes. To facilitate large molecule delivery, large pores need to be formed. While ultrasound typically uses megahertz frequencies, it was recently shown that when microbubbles are excited at a frequency of 250 kHz (an order of magnitude below the resonance frequency of these agents), their oscillations are significantly enhanced as compared to the megahertz range. Here, to promote the delivery of large molecules, we suggest using this low frequency and inducing large pore formation through the high-amplitude oscillations of microbubbles. We assessed the impact of low frequency microbubble-mediated sonoporation on breast cancer cell uptake by optimizing the delivery of 4 fluorescent molecules ranging from 1.2 to 70 kDa in size. The optimal ultrasound peak negative pressure was found to be 500 kPa. Increasing the pressure did not enhance the fraction of fluorescent cells, and in fact reduced cell viability. For the smaller molecule sizes, 1.2 kDa and 4 kDa, the groups treated with an ultrasound pressure of 500 kPa and MB resulted in a fraction of 58% and 29% of fluorescent cells respectively, whereas delivery of 20 kDa and 70 kDa molecules yielded 10% and 5%, respectively. These findings suggest that low-frequency (e.g., 250 kHz) insonation of microbubbles results in high amplitude oscillation in vitro that increase the uptake of large molecules. Successful ultrasound-mediated molecule delivery requires the careful selection of insonation parameters to maximize the therapeutic effect by increasing cell uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Eck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ramona Aronovich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tali Ilovitsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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8
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Szlasa W, Janicka N, Sauer N, Michel O, Nowak B, Saczko J, Kulbacka J. Chemotherapy and Physical Therapeutics Modulate Antigens on Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889950. [PMID: 35874714 PMCID: PMC9299262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess specific properties, such as multidrug resistance or unlimited proliferation potential, due to the presence of specific proteins on their cell membranes. The release of proliferation-related proteins from the membrane can evoke a loss of adaptive ability in cancer cells and thus enhance the effects of anticancer therapy. The upregulation of cancer-specific membrane antigens results in a better outcome of immunotherapy. Moreover, cytotoxic T-cells may also become more effective when stimulated ex-vivo toward the anticancer response. Therefore, the modulation of membrane proteins may serve as an interesting attempt in anticancer therapy. The presence of membrane antigens relies on various physical factors such as temperature, exposure to radiation, or drugs. Therefore, changing the tumor microenvironment conditions may lead to cancer cells becoming sensitized to subsequent therapy. This paper focuses on the therapeutic approaches modulating membrane antigens and enzymes in anticancer therapy. It aims to analyze the possible methods for modulating the antigens, such as pharmacological treatment, electric field treatment, photodynamic reaction, treatment with magnetic field or X-ray radiation. Besides, an overview of the effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy on the immunophenotype of cancer cells is presented. Finally, the authors review the clinical trials that involved the modulation of cell immunophenotype in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Janicka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Sauer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Michel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bernadetta Nowak
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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Duan X, Lo SY, Lee JCY, Wan JMF, Yu ACH. Sonoporation of Immune Cells: Heterogeneous Impact on Lymphocytes, Monocytes and Granulocytes. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:1268-1281. [PMID: 35461725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble-mediated ultrasound (MB-US) can be used to realize sonoporation and, in turn, facilitate the transfection of leukocytes in the immune system. Nevertheless, the bio-effects that can be induced by MB-US exposure on leukocytes have not been adequately studied, particularly for different leukocyte lineage subsets with distinct cytological characteristics. Here, we describe how that same set of MB-US exposure conditions would induce heterogeneous bio-effects on the three main leukocyte subsets: lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. MB-US exposure was delivered by applying 1-MHz pulsed ultrasound (0.50-MPa peak negative pressure, 10% duty cycle, 30-s exposure period) in the presence of microbubbles (1:1 cell-to-bubble ratio); sonoporated and non-viable leukocytes were respectively labeled using calcein and propidium iodide. Flow cytometry was then performed to classify leukocytes into their corresponding subsets and to analyze each subset's post-exposure viability, sonoporation rate, uptake characteristics and morphology. Results revealed that, when subjected to MB-US exposure, granulocytes experienced the highest loss of viability (64.0 ± 11.0%) and the lowest sonoporation rate (6.3 ± 2.5%), despite maintaining their size and granularity. In contrast, lymphocytes exhibited the lowest loss of viability (20.9 ± 7.0%), while monocytes had the highest sonoporation rate (24.1 ± 13.6%). For these two sonoporated leukocyte subsets, their cell size and granularity were found to be reduced. Also, they exhibited graded levels of calcein uptake, whereas sonoporated granulocytes achieved only mild calcein uptake. These heterogeneous bio-effects should be accounted for when using MB-US and sonoporation in immunomodulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Duan
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shun Yu Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jetty C Y Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer M F Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Rich J, Tian Z, Huang TJ. Sonoporation: Past, Present, and Future. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2100885. [PMID: 35399914 PMCID: PMC8992730 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A surge of research in intracellular delivery technologies is underway with the increased innovations in cell-based therapies and cell reprogramming. Particularly, physical cell membrane permeabilization techniques are highlighted as the leading technologies because of their unique features, including versatility, independence of cargo properties, and high-throughput delivery that is critical for providing the desired cell quantity for cell-based therapies. Amongst the physical permeabilization methods, sonoporation holds great promise and has been demonstrated for delivering a variety of functional cargos, such as biomolecular drugs, proteins, and plasmids, to various cells including cancer, immune, and stem cells. However, traditional bubble-based sonoporation methods usually require special contrast agents. Bubble-based sonoporation methods also have high chances of inducing irreversible damage to critical cell components, lowering the cell viability, and reducing the effectiveness of delivered cargos. To overcome these limitations, several novel non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms are under development. This review will cover both the bubble-based and non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms being employed for intracellular delivery, the technologies being investigated to overcome the limitations of traditional platforms, as well as perspectives on the future sonoporation mechanisms, technologies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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11
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Deprez J, Lajoinie G, Engelen Y, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I. Opening doors with ultrasound and microbubbles: Beating biological barriers to promote drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:9-36. [PMID: 33705877 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its clinical use in imaging, ultrasound has been thoroughly investigated as a tool to enhance drug delivery in a wide variety of applications. Therapeutic ultrasound, as such or combined with cavitating nuclei or microbubbles, has been explored to cross or permeabilize different biological barriers. This ability to access otherwise impermeable tissues in the body makes the combination of ultrasound and therapeutics very appealing to enhance drug delivery in situ. This review gives an overview of the most important biological barriers that can be tackled using ultrasound and aims to provide insight on how ultrasound has shown to improve accessibility as well as the biggest hurdles. In addition, we discuss the clinical applicability of therapeutic ultrasound with respect to the main challenges that must be addressed to enable the further progression of therapeutic ultrasound towards an effective, safe and easy-to-use treatment tailored for drug delivery in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deprez
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Y Engelen
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - S C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - I Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Raes L, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K, Braeckmans K. Non-viral transfection technologies for next-generation therapeutic T cell engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107760. [PMID: 33932532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells have sparked interest in advanced cancer treatment, reaching a milestone in 2017 with two FDA-approvals for CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapeutics. It is becoming clear that the next generation of CAR T cell therapies will demand more complex engineering strategies and combinations thereof, including the use of revolutionary gene editing approaches. To date, manufacturing of CAR T cells mostly relies on γ-retroviral or lentiviral vectors, but their use is associated with several drawbacks, including safety issues, high manufacturing cost and vector capacity constraints. Non-viral approaches, including membrane permeabilization and carrier-based techniques, have therefore gained a lot of interest to replace viral transductions in the manufacturing of T cell therapeutics. This review provides an in-depth discussion on the avid search for alternatives to viral vectors, discusses key considerations for T cell engineering technologies, and provides an overview of the emerging spectrum of non-viral transfection technologies for T cells. Strengths and weaknesses of each technology will be discussed in relation to T cell engineering. Altogether, this work emphasizes the potential of non-viral transfection approaches to advance the next-generation of genetically engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Raes
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Kato S, Yoshiba S, Mori S, Kodama T. Optimization of the delivery of molecules into lymph nodes using a lymphatic drug delivery system with ultrasound. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120324. [PMID: 33540016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional treatment for lymph node (LN) metastasis such as systemic chemotherapy have notable disadvantages that lead to the development of unwanted effects. Previously, we have reported the lymphatic administration of drugs into metastatic LNs using a lymphatic drug delivery system (LDDS). However, prior studies of the LDDS have not attempted to optimize the conditions for efficient drug delivery. Here, we investigated the influence of several factors on the efficiency of drug delivery by a LDDS in conjunction with ultrasound (US). First, the effect of the injection rate on delivery efficiency was evaluated. Fluorescent molecules injected into an upstream LN were delivered more effectively into a downstream LN when a lower injection rate was used. Second, the influence of molecular weight on drug delivery efficiency was determined. We found that molecules with a molecular weight >10,000 were poorly delivered into the LN. Finally, we assessed whether the administration route affected the delivery efficiency. We found that the delivery efficiency was higher when molecules were administered into an upstream LN that was close to the target LN. These findings revealed the importance of a drug's physical properties if it is to be administered by LDDS to treat LN metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kato
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Cancer, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Biomedical Engineering Cancer Research Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Shota Yoshiba
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Cancer, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Biomedical Engineering Cancer Research Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shiro Mori
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Cancer, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Biomedical Engineering Cancer Research Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Cancer, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Biomedical Engineering Cancer Research Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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In vivo delivery of an exogenous molecule into murine T lymphocytes using a lymphatic drug delivery system combined with sonoporation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:1025-1031. [PMID: 32178874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical delivery of exogenous molecules into lymphocytes is extremely challenging because conventional methods have notable limitations. Here, we evaluated the potential use of acoustic liposomes (ALs) and sonoporation to deliver exogenous molecules into lymphocytes within a lymph node (LN). MXH10/Mo-lpr/lpr (MXH10/Mo/lpr) mice, which show systemic LN swelling, were used as the model system. After direct injection into the subiliac LN, a solution containing both ALs and TOTO-3 fluorophores (molecular weight: 1355) was able to reach the downstream proper axillary LN (PALN) via the lymphatic vessels (LVs). This led to the accumulation of a high concentration of TOTO-3 fluorophores and ALs in the lymphatic sinuses of the PALN, where a large number of lymphocytes were densely packed. Exposure of the PALN to >1.93 W/cm2 of 970-kHz ultrasound allowed the solution to extravasate into the parenchyma and reach the large number of lymphocytes in the sinuses. Flow cytometric analysis showed that TOTO-3 molecules were delivered into 0.49 ± 0.23% of CD8+7AAD- cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Furthermore, there was no evidence of tissue damage. Thus, direct administration of drugs into LVs combined with sonoporation can improve the delivery of exogenous molecules into primary lymphocytes. This technique could become a novel approach to immunotherapy.
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Recent advances in micro/nanoscale intracellular delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npe.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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