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Guenanten H, Retailleau M, Dorel S, Sarcher A, Colloud F, Nordez A. Muscle-Tendon Unit Length Measurement Using 3D Ultrasound in Passive Conditions: OpenSim Validation and Development of Personalized Models. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:997-1008. [PMID: 38286938 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the validity of using OpenSim to measure muscle-tendon unit (MTU) length of the bi-articular lower limb muscles in several postures (shortened, lengthened, a combination of shortened and lengthened involving both joints, neutral and standing) using 3D freehand ultrasound (US), and to propose new personalized models. MTU length was measured on 14 participants and 6 bi-articular muscles (semimembranosus SM, semitendinosus ST, biceps femoris BF, rectus femoris RF, gastrocnemius medialis GM and gastrocnemius lateralis GL), considering 5 to 6 postures. MTU length was computed using OpenSim with three different models: OS (the generic OpenSim scaled model), OS + INSER (OS with personalized 3D US MTU insertions), OS + INSER + PATH (OS with personalized 3D US MTU insertions and path obtained from one posture). Significant differences in MTU length were found between OS and 3D US models for RF, GM and GL (from - 6.3 to 10.9%). Non-significant effects were reported for the hamstrings, notably for the ST (- 1.5%) and BF (- 1.9%), while the SM just crossed the alpha level (- 3.4%, p = 0.049). The OS + INSER model reduced the magnitude of bias by an average of 4% for RF, GM and GL. The OS + INSER + PATH model showed the smallest biases in length estimates, which made them negligible and non-significant for all the MTU (i.e. ≤ 2.2%). A 3D US pipeline was developed and validated to estimate the MTU length from a limited number of measurements. This opens up new perspectives for personalizing musculoskeletal models using low-cost user-friendly devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Guenanten
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, 44000, Nantes, France
- Institut Pprime, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ISAE-ENSMA, UPR 3346, 86360, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, France
| | - Maëva Retailleau
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, 44000, Nantes, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Sarcher
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Floren Colloud
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, 44000, Nantes, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
- , 23, rue du Recteur Schmitt Bât F0 - BP 92235, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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Sahinis C, Kellis E. Distal hamstrings tendons mechanical properties at rest and contraction using free-hand 3-D ultrasonography. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14621. [PMID: 38597348 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Tendon properties impact human locomotion, influencing sports performance, and injury prevention. Hamstrings play a crucial role in sprinting, particularly the biceps femoris long head (BFlh), which is prone to frequent injuries. It remains uncertain if BFlh exhibits distinct mechanical properties compared to other hamstring muscles. This study utilized free-hand three-dimensional ultrasound to assess morphological and mechanical properties of distal hamstrings tendons in 15 men. Scans were taken in prone position, with hip and knee extended, at rest and during 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee flexors. Tendon length, volume, cross-sectional area (CSA), and anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) widths were quantified at three locations. Longitudinal and transverse deformations, stiffness, strain, and stress were estimated. The ST had the greatest tendon strain and the lowest stiffness as well as the highest CSA and AP and ML width strain compared to other tendons. Biceps femoris short head (BFsh) exhibited the least strain, AP and ML deformation. Further, BFlh displayed the highest stiffness and stress, and BFsh had the lowest stress. Additionally, deformation varied by region, with the proximal site showing generally the lowest CSA strain. Distal tendon mechanical properties differed among the hamstring muscles during isometric knee flexions. In contrast to other bi-articular hamstrings, the BFlh high stiffness and stress may result in greater energy absorption by its muscle fascicles, rather than the distal tendon, during late swing in sprinting. This could partly account for the increased incidence of hamstring injuries in this muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysostomos Sahinis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Kellis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Frouin A, Le Sant G, Barbier L, Jacquemin E, McNair PJ, Ellis R, Nordez A, Lacourpaille L. Individual distribution of muscle hypertrophy among hamstring muscle heads: Adding muscle volume where you need is not so simple. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14608. [PMID: 38515303 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether a 9-week resistance training program based on high load (HL) versus low load combined with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) induced a similar (i) distribution of muscle hypertrophy among hamstring heads (semimembranosus, SM; semitendinosus, ST; and biceps femoris long head, BF) and (ii) magnitude of tendon hypertrophy of ST, using a parallel randomized controlled trial. METHODS A total of 45 participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: HL, LL-BFR, and control (CON). Both HL and LL-BFR performed a 9-week resistance training program composed of seated leg curl and stiff-leg deadlift exercises. Freehand 3D ultrasound was used to assess the changes in muscle and tendon volume. RESULTS The increase in ST volume was greater in HL (26.5 ± 25.5%) compared to CON (p = 0.004). No difference was found between CON and LL-BFR for the ST muscle volume (p = 0.627). The change in SM muscle volume was greater for LL-BFR (21.6 ± 27.8%) compared to CON (p = 0.025). No difference was found between HL and CON for the SM muscle volume (p = 0.178).There was no change in BF muscle volume in LL-BFR (14.0 ± 16.5%; p = 0.436) compared to CON group. No difference was found between HL and CON for the BF muscle volume (p = 1.0). Regarding ST tendon volume, we did not report an effect of training regimens (p = 0.411). CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that the HL program induced a selective hypertrophy of the ST while LL-BFR induced hypertrophy of SM. The magnitude of the selective hypertrophy observed within each group varied greatly between individuals. This finding suggests that it is very difficult to early determine the location of the hypertrophy among a muscle group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Frouin
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, France
- Institut Sport Atlantique, ISA, Nantes, France
| | - G Le Sant
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, France
- School of Physiotherapy, IFM3R, Nantes, France
| | - L Barbier
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, France
- School of Physiotherapy, IFM3R, Nantes, France
| | - E Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, France
- School of Physiotherapy, IFM3R, Nantes, France
| | - P J McNair
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R Ellis
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Active Living and Rehabilitation: Aotearoa, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Nordez
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, France
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - L Lacourpaille
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, France
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Huet J, Boureau AS, Sarcher A, Cornu C, Nordez A. Validation of a scanning technique with minimal compression for measuring muscle volume with freehand 3D ultrasound. J Biomech 2024; 162:111878. [PMID: 38006703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Freehand 3D ultrasound (3D-US) is a promising technique for measuring muscle volume but it requires gel pads or water tanks to limit probe compression on the skin which makes it hard to use in clinical applications. Our objectives were to measure the effect of different compressions on muscle volume in order to assess the clinical applicability of a minimal compression method for lower limb muscles. 4 muscles of the lower limb on 15 healthy volunteers were scanned with a new commercial freehand 3D-US setup accessible to clinical experimentators. Each muscle was scanned with 3 levels of compression: standard compression, minimal compression and gel pad (method validated against MRI). Volume was calculated using software segmentation tools. Acquisitions and segmentations were done by the same examiner. There was a significant impact of standard compression on volume measurements, but no difference between minimal compression and gel pad. Standard compression underestimated volume with a mean bias of 16 mL. For minimal compression, 75 % of measured differences were below the predefined clinically acceptable limits of 10 mL. Mean bias for this method was 1.1 mL. In conclusion, standard compression in freehand 3D-US induces a systematic bias in volume calculations. But, with a trained examiner and the necessary precautions to minimize compression, this bias could be abolished and become acceptable in clinical applications. When a high accuracy is required, gel pads could still be important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huet
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, F-44000 Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Pole de Gérontologie Clinique, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - A-S Boureau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Pole de Gérontologie Clinique, F-44000 Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - A Sarcher
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - C Cornu
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - A Nordez
- Nantes Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, UR 4334, F-44000 Nantes, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France. https://www.univ-nantes.fr/antoine-nordez
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