Sonochemical syntheses of two new flower-like nano-scale high coordinated lead(II) supramolecular coordination polymers

Nanostructured materials via green sonochemical routes - Sustainability aspects

The production of environmentally friendly nanostructured materials with well-defined properties is a major challenge. Characteristics of the nanomaterials such as dimensionality, size and morphology strongly affect their performance in various applications. Additionally, sustainability considerations require an acceptable level of efficiency while being economically feasible and environmentally benign. The use of ultrasonic irradiation (UI) is a green and powerful technology, which can be applied for the synthesis of a variety of nanostructured materials. This review critically discusses the progress made in the fabrication of environmentally benign engineered nanomaterials with various dimensionalities (i.e., zero, one, two, or three dimensions) assisted by UI. The evolution and current status in this area are further illustrated using a scientometric approach. Application of UI for the synthesis of nanostructured materials has been also assessed according to the main sustainability pillars including the performance and environmental compatibility, as well as the relevant economic and social considerations. The outlook as well as recommendations for future research has been also provided and discussed towards the promotion of sustainable nanomaterials synthesis and application in various fields.

Fabrication of pioneering 3D sakura-shaped metal-organic coordination polymers Cu@L-Glu phenomenal for signal amplification in highly sensitive detection of zearalenone

Low molecular weight pollutants from foods have aroused global attention due to their toxicity after long-time exposure. There is an increased demand for appropriate methods to detect these pollutants in foods. In this study, a brand-new type of nano metal-organic coordination polymers (MOCPs) nanocarriers (3D sakura-shaped copper (II) ions@L-glutamic acid (L-Glu)) has been first synthesized. We herein demonstrate a facile chelated method that allows the combination of copper (II) ions and L-Glu. A series of controlled experiments have revealed that the reaction time and the ratio of reactants played the crucial roles in affecting the morphology of the final product. 3D sakura-shaped Cu@L-Glu combined with palladium-platinum nanoparticle (Pd-PtNPs) to obtain Cu@L-Glu/Pd-PtNPs acting as the signal tag, which applied in electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of zearalenone (ZEN). A glassy carbon electrode was first modified with spherical Au-PANI-Au nanohybrids to enhance the conductivity and immobilize more amino modified ZEN aptamer. Cu@L-Glu/Pd-PtNPs were labeled with Complementary DNA (partial matching with ZEN aptamer) to form bioconjugates for signal amplification. After the hybridization reaction of ZEN aptamer and the bioconjugates, a significant electrochemical signal from the catalysis of H₂O₂ by Cu@L-Glu/Pd-PtNPs can be observed. ZEN competed with bioconjugates for binding to ZEN aptamer, resulting in decreased the electrochemical signal. Chronoamperometry was applied to record the final electrochemical signals. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical aptasensor exhibited desirable sensitive detection of ZEN with a wide linearity ranging from 1 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL and a relatively low detection limit of 0.45 fg/mL (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the proposed electrochemical aptasensor shows excellent selectivity to the ZEN in the presence of possible interfering substances, and has potential application for ZEN detection in food samples.

Sonochemical synthesis of a novel nanoscale 1D lead(II) [Pb2(L)2(I)4]n coordination Polymer, survey of temperature, reaction time parameters

One new lead(II) coordination supramolecular complex (CSC) (1D), [Pb₂(L)₂(I)₄]_n, L  =  C₄H₆N₂ (1-methyl imidazole), has been synthesized under different experimental conditions. Micrometric crystals (bulk) or nano-sized materials have been obtained depending on using the branch tube method or sonochemical irradiation. All materials have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and FT-IR spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray analyses on complex 1 showed that Pb²⁺ ion is 4-coordinated. Topological analysis shows that the complex 1 is 2,3,5C2 net. Finally, the role of reaction time and temperature on the growth and final morphology of the structures obtained by sonochemical irradiation have been studied.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis and the structural characterization of novel the zig-zag Cd(II) metal-organic polymer and their nanostructures

A sonochemical method was used to synthesize nano-rods of a novel cadmium(II) metal-organic coordination polymer, [Cd(p-2yeinh)(NO₂)]_n (1) (p-2yeinh = pyridin-2-yl ethylidene-isonicotinohydrazide). The effect of the synthesis parameters such as time, concentrations and irradiation power has been studied and optimized. It was shown that the thickness of rods has changed from 27 nm to 45 nm. The compounds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XPRD), and single crystal X-ray analysis. The X-ray structure analysis revealed that the Cd(II) atom is coordinated by one oxygen and three nitrogen atoms from two p-2yeinh ligands and two oxygen atoms of single nitrite anion with a CuN₃O₃ donor set with distorted octahedral geometry. The crystal taking the form of a one-dimensional zig-zag polymer. The adjacent chains connected by π-π of adjacent aromatic rings of p-2yeinh and other weak interactions. Consequently, the weak interactions also allow the 1D zig-zag structure to form a 3D metal-organic coordination polymer. CdO nanoparticles were prepared by thermolysis of compound 1 at 180 °C with oleic acid as a surfactant. The average diameter of the nanoparticles was estimated by XPRD to be 23 nm. The morphology and size of the prepared CdO nanoparticles were further studied using SEM.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of nano lead(II) coordination polymer as precursors for preparation of lead(II) oxide nano-structures: Thermal, optical properties and XRD studies

Nano structure of a lead (II) coordination polymer [Pb₂(C₂Cl₃O₂)₂(NO₃)₂(C_l2H₈N₂)₂]_n (1), has been synthesized by a sonochemical method in different concentrations. The nano particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The thermal stability of nano structure is closely investigated via thermal gravimetric (TGA), and compared with crystalline structure. The compounds are then heated to 600 °C to produce PbO nano particles. The resulting PbO is characterized through XRD and SEM analyses. Concentration of initial reagents effects on size and morphology of nano-structured compound 1 have been studied and show that low concentrations of initial reagents decreased particles size and leaded to uniform nano particles morphology. The photoluminescence properties of the prepared compound, as crystalline and as nanoparticles, have been investigated. The result showed a good correlation between the size and emission wavelength.

Ultrasonic assisted synthesis of a new one-dimensional nanostructured Mn(II) coordination polymer derived from azide and new multi-topic nitrogen donor ligand

A new Mn(II) coordination polymer, [Mn(L₁)₂(N₃)₂]_n (1), L₁  = 3,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole, was synthesized by the reaction of ligand L₁ and mixtures of manganese(II) acetate and sodium azide via branched tube method. Compound 1 was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results show that 1 is a 1D helix coordination polymer. Also nanostructures of 1 have been prepareded by sonochemical process at ambient temperature. The effects of two different concentrations of initial reagents on the size and morphology of the nanoparticles were studied and the products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also the comparison of the thermal stability of bulk form and nanoparticles of 1 was investigated by thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analyses.

Sonochemical synthesis, characterization, and effects of temperature, power ultrasound and reaction time on the morphological properties of two new nanostructured mercury(II) coordination supramolecule compounds

Two new mercury(II) coordination supramolecular compounds (CSCs) (1D and 0D), [Hg(L)(I)₂]_n (1) and [Hg₂(L')₂(SCN)₂]·2H₂O (2) (L=2-amino-4-methylpyridine and L'=2,6-pyridinedicarboxlic acid), have been synthesized under different experimental conditions. Micrometric crystals (bulk) or nano-sized materials have been obtained depending on using the branch tube method or sonochemical irradiation. All materials have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and FT-IR spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray analyses on compounds 1 and 2 show that Hg²⁺ ions are 4-coordinated and 5-coordinated, respectively. Topological analysis shows that the compound 1 and 2 have 2C1, sql net. The thermal stability of compounds 1 and 2 in bulk and nano-size has been studied by thermal gravimetric (TG), differential thermal analyses (DTA) for 1 and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for 2, respectively. Also, by changing counter ions were obtained various structures 1 and 2 (1D and 0D, respectively). The role of different parameters like power of ultrasound irradiation, reaction time and temperature on the growth and morphology of the nano-structures are studied. Results suggest that increasing power ultrasound irradiation and temperature together with reducing reaction time and concentration of initial reagents leads to a decrease in particle size.

Survey of temperature, reaction time and ultrasound irradiation power on sonochemical synthesis of two new nanostructured lead(II) coordination supramolecule compounds

Nanoparticles of two new 0D, lead(II) coordination supramolecular compounds, [Pb(L)₂(I)₂] (1) and [Pb(L)(L^/)(H₂O)]·3H₂O (2), (L=1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate, L^/=2,6-pyridinedicarboxlic acid), have been synthesized by a sonochemical process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The single crystal X-ray data of compounds show that the Pb ion is six coordinated in both 1 and 2. The thermal stability of compound 1 and 2 has been studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). The role of temperature, reaction time and ultrasound irradiation power on the size and morphology of the nano-structured compound obtained from 1 and 2, have been investigated. Results indicate that an increase of temperature and sonication power and a decrease in time reaction led to a decrease of particle size. Topological analysis shows that the compound 1 and 2 are new topology for net: 1,4M5-1 and nch, respectively.

Sonochemical synthesis and structural determination of novel the nano-card house Cu(II) metal-organic coordination system

A sonochemical method by using various time and concentrations of initial reagents and power of irradiation, was used to synthesize nano-card house of a new copper(II) metal-organic coordination system, {[Cu₂(p-2yeinh)₂Cl₂]·(H₂O)}_n (1), where p-2yeinh=pyridin-2-yl ethylidene-isonicotinohydrazide. The compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XPRD), and single crystal X-ray analysis. The X-ray structure revealed that the Cu(II) atom is coordinated by one oxygen and three nitrogen atoms from two p-2yeinh ligands and one chloride anion with a CuN₃OCl donor set with square pyramid geometry. This arrangement produces a large quadric nuclear square ring composed of four square pyramid Cu(II) moieties linked together by two p-2yeinh units (M4L4). The adjacent frameworks connected by strong hydrogen bonding interactions of methanol molecules that interact together and with the rings and π-π interactions of adjacent aromatic rings of p-2yeinh and other weak interactions. Consequently, the labile interactions also allow the discrete structure to form a 3D metal-organic coordination network. CuO nanoparticles were obtained by thermolysis of 1 at 180°C with oleic acid as a surfactant. The average diameter of the nanoparticles was estimated by XPRD to be 38nm. The morphology and size of the prepared CuO nanoparticles were further studied using SEM.

Synthesis and characterization of nano-peanuts of lead(II) coordination polymer [Pb(qcnh)(NO3)2]n with ultrasonic assistance: A new precursor for the preparation of pure-phase nano-sized PbO

A sonochemical method was used to synthesize nano-peanuts of a new lead(II) coordination 1D polymer, [Pb(qcnh)(NO₃)₂]_n (1), where qcnh=2-quinolincarbaldehyde nicotinohydrazide. The compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and single crystal X-ray analysis. The X-ray structure revealed that the Pb(II) atom is coordinated by one oxygen and three nitrogen atoms from two qcnh ligands and five oxygen atoms from three nitrate ligands in an 8+1 fashion with a PbN₃O₆ donor set. One of the PdN distances in the vicinity of the central atom is a bit longer (Pb1N1=2.939(4) Å), which shows the effect of the 6s² lone electron pair localized within the valence shell of the lead(II) atom. PbO nanoparticles were obtained by thermolysis of 1 at 180°C with oleic acid as a surfactant. The average diameter of the nanoparticles was estimated by XRD to be 28nm. The morphology and size of the prepared PbO nanoparticles were further studied using SEM.

Ultrasound irradiation effect on morphology and size of two new potassium coordination supramolecule compounds

Two new potassium coordination supramolecular compounds (2D and 1D), [K(H₃L)(H₂L)(H₂O)]_n·H₂O (1) and [K(H₂L')(HL')(H₂O)₂]·H₂O (2), (L=1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, L'=2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid), have been synthesized under different experimental conditions. Micrometric crystals (bulk) or nano-sized materials have been obtained depending on using the branch tube method or sonochemical irradiation. All materials have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Single crystal X-ray analyses on compounds 1 and 2 show that K⁺ ions are 3- and 7-coordinated, respectively. Additionally, H-bonds incorporate the layers and chains in 1 and 2 into 3D and 2D (along (0,0,1) direction) frameworks. Topological analysis shows that the compound 1 and 2 are 3,6-coordinated kgd and 2,4-coordinated 2,4C4 net. The thermal stability of compounds 1 and 2 in bulk and nano-size has been studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) and compared each other. The role of different parameters like temperature, reaction time and ultrasound irradiation power on the growth and morphology of the nano-structures are studied. Results suggest that an increase of temperature, sonication power and reduction of reaction time led to a particle size decrease.

Syntheses and structural characterization of two new nanostructured Bi(III) supramolecular polymers via sonochemical method

Two new bismuth(III) coordination supramolecular polymers, {[Bi2(Hbpp)(bpp)(μ-I)2I6](Hbpp)·MeOH}n (1) and [Bi(Hbpp)(Br4)] (2), (bpp=1,3-di(pyridin-4-yl)propane) were prepared and were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Single crystalline one-dimensional materials were prepared using a heat gradient applied a solution of the reagents using the branched tube method. The structural determination by single crystal X-ray crystallography shows that compounds 1 and 2 form monoclinic polymers with symmetry space group P21 in the solid state. These new nanostructured Bi(III) supramolecular compounds, {[Bi2(Hbpp)(bpp)(μ-I)2I6](Hbpp)·MeOH} (1) and [Bi(Hbpp)(Br4)] (2), were also synthesized by sonochemical method. The nanostructures were characterized by Field Emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and IR spectroscopy.

Crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analyses and thermal behavior of two new rare tetrahedral terminal zinc(ii) azide and thiocyanate Schiff base complexes

Crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface and thermal analyses of two new rare tetrahedral terminal zinc(ii) thiocyanate and azide Schiff base complexes of [ZnL(NCS)₂] and [ZnL(N₃)₂] are presented.