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Hossain Khan MI, Rana M, Jo YT, Park JH. Ultrasound-assisted efficient and convenient method of extracting valuable metals (Ni, Co, and Cd) from waste Ni-Cd batteries using DL-malic acid. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121706. [PMID: 38981270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Recycling waste Ni-Cd batteries has received much attention recently because of the serious environmental pollution they cause and to avoid the dissipation of valuable metals. Despite significant research, it is still difficult to efficiently recycle valuable and hazardous metals from waste Ni-Cd batteries in an economical and environmentally friendly manner. This study employed a novel process utilizing ultrasound-assisted leaching to recover Ni, Cd, and Co from waste nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries. Organic DL-malic acid served as the leaching agent and H2O2 was employed as an oxidizing agent. The effects of various factors on the recovery efficiency of Ni, Cd, and Co, such as leaching temperature, time, DL-malic acid concentration, pulp density, H2O2 concentration, and ultrasound frequency, were also examined. To predict the chemical compounds present before and after the recycling experiments, the solid residues from the metal extraction were analyzed using XRD, XPS, FE-SEM, and EDS element mapping. Concurrently, ICP-OES was utilized to determine the metal content in the leachate. Under optimized conditions of 90 °C, 90 min, 2M DL-malic acid, 160 mL/g pulp density, and 20% ultrasound frequency, over 83% of Ni, 94% of Cd, and 98% of Co were effectively leached from the waste Ni-Cd battery powder. The leaching kinetics of Ni, Cd, and Co followed the surface chemical reaction control model. The activation energies (Ea) for Ni, Cd, and Co leaching were 21.34, 20.47, and 18.38 kJ/mol, respectively. The findings suggest that ultrasound-assisted leaching is an efficient, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative for extracting precious and hazardous metals from waste Ni-Cd batteries. Additionally, it reduces industrial chemical usage and enhances waste management sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ishtiaq Hossain Khan
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Masud Rana
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Jo
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Lv L, Zhou S, Liu C, Sun Y, Zhang J, Bu C, Meng J, Huang Y. Recycling and Reuse of Spent LIBs: Technological Advances and Future Directions. Molecules 2024; 29:3161. [PMID: 38999113 PMCID: PMC11243651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a kind of solid waste with high pollution and high-value potential, is very important. In recent years, the extraction of valuable metals from the cathodes of spent LIBs and cathode regeneration technology are still rapidly developing (such as flash Joule heating technology to regenerate cathodes). This review summarized the studies published in the recent ten years to catch the rapid pace of development in this field. The development, structure, and working principle of LIBs were firstly introduced. Subsequently, the recent developments in mechanisms and processes of pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy for extracting valuable metals and cathode regeneration were summarized. The commonly used processes, products, and efficiencies for the recycling of nickel-cobalt-manganese cathodes (NCM/LCO/LMO/NCA) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes were analyzed and compared. Compared with pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, the regeneration method was a method with a higher resource utilization rate, which has more industrial application prospects. Finally, this paper pointed out the shortcomings of the current research and put forward some suggestions for the recovery and reuse of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Lv
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jubing Zhang
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Changsheng Bu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Junguang Meng
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Liu B, Chu Q, Huang Y, Han G, Sun H, Zhang L. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Sn from tinplate scraps by alkaline leaching: Novel acoustoelectric synergy effect underlying intensifying mechanism. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106631. [PMID: 37837707 PMCID: PMC10585319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Clean and fast extraction of tin from the surface of tinplate scraps is of great significance for the efficient utilization of waste resources. However, the dense tin layer causes the low efficiency of conventional leaching process. To improve Sn leaching efficiency, the ultrasound technique was adopted to extract Sn from tinplate scraps by alkaline leaching in this study. In the NaOH-H2O2 leaching system, metallic tin and alloyed tin in Fe-Sn alloy located on the surface of tinplate scraps can be oxidized and transferred to soluble Na2SnO3, while the iron in Fe-Sn alloy was oxidized to oxides which were chemically inert in alkaline solution. The differences in chemical solubility of Sn and Fe, and solubleness of stannate and iron oxides gave rise to the selective separation of Sn from the tinplate scraps. The effects of the leaching parameters on the Sn leaching behaviors in conventional and ultrasound-assisted leaching processes were compared. The conventional leaching temperature and time were significantly reduced during the ultrasound-assisted leaching process. Almost all of Sn can be extracted after conventional leaching at 1 mol/L NaOH, temperature of 80 ℃ and time of 60 min, however the same Sn leaching effect can be achieved by ultrasound-assisted leaching at 60 ℃ for 30 min with ultrasound power of 60% (360 W). Sn leaching kinetics based on the plate model demonstrated the reaction rate constant of the ultrasound-assisted leaching was 70% higher than that of the conventional leaching. A novel acoustoelectric synergy effect underlying intensifying mechanism by ultrasound irradiation was proposed in this study. Eventually, this work provided a rapid and clean tin extraction method from tinplate scraps via the ultrasound-assisted alkaline leaching treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Liu
- Henan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China
| | - Qianqian Chu
- Henan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China
| | - Yanfang Huang
- Henan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China
| | - Guihong Han
- Henan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China.
| | - Hu Sun
- Henan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, PR China.
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Zheng X, Li J, Ma A, Liu B. Recovery of Zinc from Metallurgical Slag and Dust by Ammonium Acetate Using Response Surface Methodology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5132. [PMID: 37512405 PMCID: PMC10386589 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical slag and dust (MSD) are abundant Zn-containing secondary resources that can partially alleviate the shortage of zinc minerals, with hazardous characteristics and a high recycling value. In this work, the process conditions of recycling Zn from MSD materials leaching by ammonium acetate (NH3-CH3COONH4-H2O) were optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). The influences of liquid/solid ratio, stirring speed, leaching time, total ammonia concentration, and the interactions between these variables on the Zn effective extraction rate during the ammonium acetate leaching process were investigated. Additionally, the predicted regression equation between the Zn effective extraction rate and the four affecting factors was established, and the optimal process parameters were determined with a stirring speed of 345 r/min, leaching temperature of 25 °C, [NH3]/[NH4]+ of 1:1, total ammonia concentration of 4.8 mol/L, liquid/solid ratio of 4.3:1, and leaching time of 46 min. The Zn effective extraction rates predicted by the proposed model and the measured values were 85.25% and 84.67%, respectively, with a relative error of 0.58% between the two values, indicating the accuracy and reliability of the proposed model. XRD and SEM-EDS analysis results showed that Zn2SiO4, ZnS, and ZnFe2O4 were among the main factors affecting the low extraction rate of zinc from metallurgical slag dust. This work established a new technology prototype for the effective and clean extraction of zinc resources, which can provide new routes to effectively utilise Zn-containing MSD materials and lay a foundation for developing other novel techniques for recycling Zn from Zn-containing secondary resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jinjing Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Aiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Bingguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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Bao S, Chen B, Zhang Y, Ren L, Xin C, Ding W, Yang S, Zhang W. A comprehensive review on the ultrasound-enhanced leaching recovery of valuable metals: Applications, mechanisms and prospects. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106525. [PMID: 37453257 PMCID: PMC10371852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent two decades, ultrasound has been broadly applied to the hydrometallurgical leaching process to recover valuable metals within raw materials, aiming to solve the shortcomings of the conventional leaching process, including relatively low leaching recovery, long leaching duration, high reagent usage, high energy consumption and so on. The present work focuses on a comprehensive overview of the ultrasound-enhanced leaching of various metals, such as common nonferrous and ferrous metals, rare metals, rare earth elements, and precious metals, from raw metal ores and secondary resources. Moreover, the enhanced leaching mechanisms by ultrasound are discussed in detail and summarized based on the improvement of leaching kinetics, enhancement of the mass transfer and diffusion of lixiviants, and promotion of the oxidative conversion of metals from insoluble to soluble states. Lastly, the challenges and outlooks of future research on the leaching recovery for valuable metals with the assistance of ultrasound irradiation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxu Bao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan 430070, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China.
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Yimin Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan 430070, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High Efficient Utilization of Vanadium Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Liuyi Ren
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chunfu Xin
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wei Ding
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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Zheng X, Li S, Liu B, Zhang L, Ma A. A Study on the Mechanism and Kinetics of Ultrasound-Enhanced Sulfuric Acid Leaching for Zinc Extraction from Zinc Oxide Dust. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5969. [PMID: 36079349 PMCID: PMC9456758 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important secondary zinc resource, large-scale reserves of zinc oxide dust (ZOD) from a wide range of sources is of high comprehensive recycling value. Therefore, an experimental study on ultrasound-enhanced sulfuric acid leaching for zinc extraction from zinc oxide dust was carried out to investigate the effects of various factors such as ultrasonic power, reaction time, sulfuric acid concentration, and liquid-solid ratio on zinc leaching rate. The results show that the zinc leaching rate under ultrasound reached 91.16% at a temperature of 25 °C, ultrasonic power 500 W, sulfuric acid concentration 140 g/L, liquid-solid ratio 5:1, rotating speed 100 r/min, and leaching time 30 min. Compared with the conventional leaching method (leaching rate: 85.36%), the method under ultrasound increased the zinc leaching rate by 5.8%. In a kinetic analysis of the ultrasound-enhanced sulfuric acid leaching of zinc oxide dust, the initial apparent activation energy of the reaction was 6.90 kJ/mol, indicating that the ultrasound-enhanced leaching process was controlled by the mixed solid product layers. Furthermore, the leached residue was characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS, and the results show that, with ultrasonic waves, the encapsulated mineral particles were dissociated, and the dissolution of ZnO was enhanced. Mostly, the zinc in leached residue existed in the forms of ZnFe2O4, Zn2SiO4, and ZnS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zheng
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kuming 650093, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kuming 650093, China
| | - Bingguo Liu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kuming 650093, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kuming 650093, China
| | - Aiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
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Ma A, Zheng X, Gao L, Li K, Omran M, Chen G. Investigations on the Thermodynamics Characteristics, Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Calcium-Activated Zinc-Containing Metallurgical Residues. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030714. [PMID: 35160657 PMCID: PMC8836694 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An activate pretreatment of zinc-containing metallurgical residues were proposed by adding CaO and introducing microwave heating approach into the CaO activation pretreatment process to realize the conversion of refractory ore phases into pre-treated ore phase. Thermodynamic characteristics analysis indicated that adding CaO can realize the conversion of refractory ore phases, with the same effect as the carbon additives. Thermal conductivity properties analysis denoted that the thermal conductivity properties of ZnS and ZnFe2O4 were relatively poor. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity properties of the residues sample added with 25% CaO were significantly superior to the residues added with other CaO contents, with the maximum specific heat value of 1.348 J/g·K at 350 °C. Dielectric properties analysis highlighted that adding CaO with the dielectric constant properties significantly higher than that of other substances can enhance the microwave absorption capacity of zinc-containing residues. The decrease in dielectric loss and loss tangent value with the increase of temperature and the residues having large microwave penetration depth guaranteed to obtain better uniformity of microwave heating. Furthermore, adding 25% CaO promoted the microwave penetration depth of the residues sample increased in the range of 300–500 °C. This work can lay a theoretical research foundation for solving the key difficulty for efficient Zn recovery from complex zinc-containing metallurgical residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China; (A.M.); (X.Z.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Utilisation, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Xuemei Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China; (A.M.); (X.Z.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Utilisation, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green-Chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Kunming Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Kangqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Green-Chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Kunming Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China;
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (M.O.); (G.C.)
| | - Mamdouh Omran
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Cairo 11421, Egypt
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (M.O.); (G.C.)
| | - Guo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green-Chemistry Materials in University of Yunnan Province, Kunming Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (M.O.); (G.C.)
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Xie H, Li S, Guo Z, Xu Z. Extraction of lead from electrolytic manganese anode mud by microwave coupled ultrasound technology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124622. [PMID: 33333391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, extraction of lead from Electrolytic Manganese Anode Mud (EMAM) by microwave coupled ultrasound was studied. The results showed that microwave roasting promoted the conversion of MnO2 to Mn2O3 and Mn3O4, which greatly facilitated the subsequent leaching process of lead and the introduction of ultrasound effectively enhanced the leaching process. The leaching rate for lead from EMAM was arrived to 86.98% under the optimum conditions with the ammonium acetate concentration of 2 mol/L at 343 K and the stirring speed of 300 rpm for 60 min. With the introduction of specific power ultrasound, the leaching of lead was increased by about 10%. The microwave roasting combined with ultrasonic enhanced leaching can effectively for the reuse and reduction of EMAM which provides ideas for further investigation of lead pollution control and resource utilization in EMAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xie
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Zhi Xu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Johansson Ö, Pamidi T, Shankar V. Extraction of tungsten from scheelite using hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 71:105408. [PMID: 33310454 PMCID: PMC7786575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation (HAC) on the leaching efficiency of tungsten. The aim is to reduce energy use and to improve the recovery rate. The goal is also to carry out a leaching process at a much lower temperature than in an autoclave process that is currently used in the industry. Energy-efficient initiation and collapse of cavitation bubbles require optimization of (i) vibro-acoustic response of the reactor structure, (ii) multiple excitation frequencies adapted to the optimized reactor geometry, and (iii) hydrodynamic cavitation with respect to orifice geometry and flow conditions. The objective is to modify and apply a previously in house developed high power cavitation reactor in order to recover tungsten by leaching of the dissolution of scheelite in sodium hydroxide. In this process, various experimental conditions like dual-frequency excitation, different orifice geometry have been investigated. The numerically optimized reactor concept was excited by two frequencies 23 kHz and 39-43 kHz in various flow conditions. The effects of leaching time, leaching temperature, ultrasonic power and geometry of orifice plates have been studied.The leaching temperature was varied from 40 °C to 80 °C. The concentration of leaching reagent sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was 10 mol/L.The results were compared to conventional chemical leaching. Energy supplement with acoustic cavitation of 130 kWh/kg concentrate resulted in a leaching recovery of tungsten (WO3) of 71.5%, compared to 36.7% obtained in absence of ultrasound. The results confirm that the method developed is energy efficient and gives a recovery rate potentially better than current autoclave technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Örjan Johansson
- Engineering Acoustics, Dept of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources of Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Taraka Pamidi
- Engineering Acoustics, Dept of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources of Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Vijay Shankar
- Engineering Acoustics, Dept of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources of Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
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Zhou S, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Dong P, Fei Z, Li Q. Recycling of LiCoO 2 cathode material from spent lithium ion batteries by ultrasonic enhanced leaching and one-step regeneration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111426. [PMID: 33032002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel process for recycling of spent LiCoO2 cathode materials has been developed. The novel process comprises an ultrasonic enhanced leaching and one-step regeneration of LiCoO2 materials with spray drying method. The ultrasonic is novelly applied for effectively improving leaching process of spent LiCoO2 materials in the system of DL-malic acid and H2O2. The leaching efficiencies of 98.13% for Li and 98.86% for Co were presented under the optimal condition of 1.5 mol/L DL-malic acid with 3 vol% H2O2, the solid/liquid ratio of 4 g/L, ultrasonic power of 95 W, temperature of 80 °C and leaching time of 25 min. Based on kinetic analysis, the ultrasonic enhanced leaching process is mainly controlled by the diffusion control model. Meanwhile, the product of Co(C4O5O5)2 formed on particles surface of spent LiCoO2 materials during ultrasonic enhanced leaching process, which is provided from reaction mechanism analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, the regenerated LiCoO2 materials are regenerated in one step by spray drying from leaching solution, which present good electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Peng Dong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Zitong Fei
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Qingxiang Li
- Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518118, China
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Hu Y, Guo P, Wang S, Zhang L. Leaching Kinetics of Antimony from Refractory Gold Ore in Alkaline Sodium Sulfide under Ultrasound. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Recovery of Diamond and Cobalt Powders from Polycrystalline Drawing Die Blanks via Ultrasound Assisted Leaching Process—Part 2: Kinetics and Mechanisms. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The leaching of industrial polycrystalline diamond (PCD) blanks in aqua regia at atmospheric pressure between 60 °C and 80 °C was performed using an ultrasound to improve the rate of cobalt removal in order to be able to reuse very expensive polycrystalline diamond. Because cobalt (20 wt.%) is used as a solvent catalyst in the production of PCD, its recovery is very important. The cleaned PCD are returned to the production process. Kinetic models were used in the study of cobalt dissolution from polycrystalline diamond blanks by measuring the declining ferromagnetic properties over time. For a better understanding of this leaching process, thermochemical aspects are included in this work. The lowest free Gibbs energy value was obtained with a low solid/liquid ratio and the full use of an ultrasound. A transition from a reaction-controlled to a diffusion-controlled shrinking core model was observed for PCD with a thickness greater than 2.8–3.4 mm. Intermittent ultrasound doubles the reaction rate constant, and the full use of ultrasound provides a 1.5-fold further increase. The obtained maximum activation energy between 60 °C and 80 °C is 20 kJ/mol, for a leaching of diamond blank with grain size of 5 µm.
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A high-efficiency and sustainable leaching process of vanadium from shale in sulfuric acid systems enhanced by ultrasound. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Recovery of Diamond and Cobalt Powder from Polycrystalline Drawing Die Blanks via Ultrasound-Assisted Leaching Process—Part 1: Process Design and Efficiencies. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of industrial polycrystalline diamond (PCD) blanks in aqua regia at atmospheric pressure between 333 K and 353 K was performed via the ultrasound-assisted leaching process to investigate whether the influence of ultrasound is beneficial. Cobalt content in the solution and in the blanks was monitored as well as the effects of leaching temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, and PCD blank size. The use of intermittent and permanent ultrasound helped reduce the leaching time and thus energy consumption by up to 50%. In all trials with ultrasound, higher temperature only has a slight effect. Solid-to-liquid ratio does not have a positive or negative impact. A new process design was tested using an innovative experimental setup for ultrasound-assisted leaching aiming at maximum cobalt and diamond recovery from PCD and final reuse of fine PCD for cutting and polishing other hard materials in different important industrial applications.
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Cafer Cilek E, Ciftci H, Goksu Karagoz S, Tuzci G. Extraction of silver from a refractory silver ore by sono-cyanidation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 63:104965. [PMID: 31954875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effect of ultrasound on silver extraction from a refractory silver ore containing both native silver and various silver sulphide minerals was investigated. Main effects and interaction effects of pulp density, ultrasonic frequency, cyanide concentration, air flow rate and agitation speed on the extraction rate of silver were studied by a two-level fractional factorial experimental design. A few additional cyanidation tests were also conducted to verify the findings of the designed experiments. It was found that the overall extraction yield was varied from 67% to 90% depending on the operating conditions used in the sono-cyanidation tests (48 h). However, it was varied from 63% to 80% by same operating conditions used in the direct cyanidation tests at the same cyanidation time. It was observed that an increase in the ultrasonic frequency has a negligible effect on the silver recovery. More importantly, it was determined that there were insignificant differences between the 24-h sono-cyanidation results and the 48-h direct cyanidation results for each cyanidation conditions. This finding, which is very important from the cyanidation practice standpoint, indicates that the cyanidation time can be reduced up to 50%, or the capacity of an operating silver extraction plant can be increased up to 100% by the sono-cyanidation by the refractory silver ores. In order to describe the rate of silver dissolution in the cyanide solutions, the experimental data were analysed using shrinking core models. It was found that there is a good fit between the experimental data and the models, indicating the rate of silver dissolution in cyanide can be described by a two-stage, porous layer diffusion controlled, shrinking core model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Cafer Cilek
- Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, S. Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Ciftci
- Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, S. Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Sermin Goksu Karagoz
- Centre for Innovative Technologies Research and Applications (YETEM), S. Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Gozde Tuzci
- Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, S. Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Wang WY, Yen CH, Hsu JK. Selective recovery of cobalt from the cathode materials of NMC type Li-ion battery by ultrasound-assisted acid leaching and microemulsion extraction. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1665071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Clive H. Yen
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kai Hsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tang X, Liu M, Tang Q, Du Z, Bai S, Zhu Y. Effect of ultrasound on the dissolution of magnesium hydroxide: pH-stat and nanoscale observation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 55:223-231. [PMID: 30755389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously confirmed that the dissolution of magnesium hydroxide was a crucial procedure in its application process. Note that the ultrasound is an effective method for enhancing solid dissolution. In this study, the enhancement of ultrasound on the dissolution of magnesium hydroxide was investigated by the pH-stat method. The titrating results indicated that the promotion effect of ultrasound was only be observed at some certain cases, such as lower pH value. Meanwhile, the activation energy data obtained based on Shrinking Core Model for sonication case ranged from 6.56 to 49.13 kJ/mol, implying that magnesium hydroxide dissolution proceeds at sonication case cannot be explained well by this model. Nanoscale observation was conducted to identify the crystal surface variations during the dissolution process by using SEM and AFM. The analysis results indicated that the dissolution behaviors of magnesium hydroxide in the absence and presence of ultrasound were quite different. In the silent case, the dissolution followed the famous Stepwave model. As for the sonication case, the larger particle was broken into flake by the ultrasound firstly. Then, the heterogeneous global dissolution accompanied by the Stepwave model drove the dissolution process. The analysis results of nanoscale observation provided a reasonable explain for the kinetics research results on micro-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Tang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation, Dalian Maritime University, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Institute of Environmental Remediation, Dalian Maritime University, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation, Dalian Maritime University, China
| | - Zhongyuan Du
- Institute of Environmental Remediation, Dalian Maritime University, China
| | - Subei Bai
- Institute of Environmental Remediation, Dalian Maritime University, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Remediation, Dalian Maritime University, China.
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Roasting Pretreatment Combined with Ultrasonic Enhanced Leaching Lead from Electrolytic Manganese Anode Mud. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9050601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method of conventional roasting pretreatment combined with ultrasonic enhanced leaching with ammonium acetate was proposed to solve the difficult problem of lead in electrolytic manganese anode mud. The effects of concentration, liquid–solid ratio, temperature, leaching time and rotating speed on the leaching process under conventional and ultrasonic conditions were studied, and the lead leaching rate can be as high as 93.09% under optimized process parameters. A leaching kinetic model under conventional and ultrasonic conditions was established to explore the restrictive links of the leaching process. The results show that the leaching process under both conventional and ultrasonic conditions is controlled by diffusion, and the activation energies are 29.40 kJ/mol and 26.95 kJ/mol for the conventional and ultrasound enhance leaching processes, respectively.
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Jiang F, Chen Y, Ju S, Zhu Q, Zhang L, Peng J, Wang X, Miller JD. Ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 48:88-95. [PMID: 30080590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been studied using ultrasound-assisted leaching. The primary purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of ultrasound on leaching efficiency of cobalt and lithium. The results were compared to conventional leaching. In this study sulfuric acid was used as leaching agent in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The cathode active materials from spent battery were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after leaching. Effects of leaching time, leaching temperature, H2SO4 concentration, H2O2 concentration, solid/liquid ratio, and ultrasonic power have been studied. Optimal leaching efficiency of 94.63% for cobalt, and 98.62% for lithium, respectively, was achieved by using 2 M H2SO4 with 5% (v/v) H2O2 at a solid/liquid ratio of 100 g/L, and an ultrasonic power of 360 W, and the leaching time being 30 min under 30 °C. Compared with conventional leaching, the ultrasound-assisted leaching gave a higher leaching rate and improved leaching efficiency under the same experimental conditionals. The kinetic analysis of ultrasound-assisted leaching showed that the activation energy of cobalt and lithium were 3.848 KJ/mol and 11.6348 KJ/mol, respectively, indicating that ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent LIBs was controlled by diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Room 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Yuqian Chen
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Shaohua Ju
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Room 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
| | - Jinhui Peng
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Room 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA.
| | - Jan D Miller
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Room 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA
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Srivalli H, Nagarajan R. Mechanistic study of ultrasound-assisted solvent leaching of sodium and potassium from an Indian coal using continuous and pulsed modes of operation. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2018.1481833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Srivalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ultrasonic Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ultrasonic Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yin S, Pei J, Jiang F, Li S, Peng J, Zhang L, Ju S, Srinivasakannan C. Ultrasound-assisted leaching of rare earths from the weathered crust elution-deposited ore using magnesium sulfate without ammonia-nitrogen pollution. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 41:156-162. [PMID: 29137738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The in situ leaching process of China's unique ion-adsorption rare earth ores has caused severe environmental damages due to the use of (NH4)2SO4 solution. This study reports that magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as a leaching agent would replace (NH4)2SO4 by ultrasonically assisted leaching to deal with the ammonia-nitrogen pollution problem and enhance leaching process. At leaching conditions of 3wt% MgSO4 concentration, 3:1L/S ratio and 30min, the total rare earth leaching efficiency reaches 75.5%. Ultrasound-assisted leaching experiments show that the leaching efficiency of rare earths is substantially increased by introducing ultrasound, and nearly completely leached out after two stage leaching process. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted leaching process with MgSO4 is not only effective but also environmentally friendly, and beneficial to leach rare earths at laboratory scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Yin
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Jiannan Pei
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Jinhui Peng
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
| | - Shaohua Ju
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
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Xiao J, Yuan J, Tian Z, Yang K, Yao Z, Yu B, Zhang L. Comparison of ultrasound-assisted and traditional caustic leaching of spent cathode carbon (SCC) from aluminum electrolysis. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 40:21-29. [PMID: 28946417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spent cathode carbon (SCC) from aluminum electrolysis was subjected to caustic leaching to investigate the different effects of ultrasound-assisted and traditional methods on element fluorine (F) leaching rate and leaching residue carbon content. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolved in deionized water was used as the reaction system. Through single-factor experiments and a comparison of two leaching techniques, the optimum F leaching rate and residue carbon content for ultrasound-assisted leaching process were obtained at a temperature of 70°C, residue time of 40min, initial mass ratio of alkali to SCC (initial alkali-to-material ratio) of 0.6, liquid-to-solid ratio of 10mL/g, and ultrasonic power of 400W, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the leaching residue carbon content was 94.72%, 2.19% larger than the carbon content of traditional leaching residue. Leaching wastewater was treated with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and bleaching powder and the treated wastewater was recycled caustic solution. All in all, benefiting from advantage of the ultrasonication effects, ultrasound-assisted caustic leaching on spent cathode carbon had 55.6% shorter residue time than the traditional process with a higher impurity removal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China.
| | - Zhongliang Tian
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China
| | - Zhen Yao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China
| | - Bailie Yu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China
| | - Liuyun Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China
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Zhang D, Li M, Gao K, Li J, Yan Y, Liu X. Physical and chemical mechanism underlying ultrasonically enhanced hydrochloric acid leaching of non-oxidative roasting of bastnaesite. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 39:774-781. [PMID: 28733006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated an alternative to the conventional hydrochloric acid leaching of roasted bastnaesite. The studies suggested that the rare earth oxyfluorides in non-oxidatively roasted bastnaesite can be selectively leached only at elevated temperatures Further, the Ce(IV) in oxidatively roasted bastnaesite does not leach readily at low temperatures, and it is difficult to induce it to form a complex with F- ions in order to increase the leaching efficiency. Moreover, it is inevitably reduced to Ce(III) at elevated temperatures. Thus, the ultrasonically-assisted hydrochloric acid leaching of non-oxidatively roasted bastnaesite was studied in detail, including, the effects of several process factors and the, physical and chemical mechanisms underlying the leaching process. The results show that the leaching rate for the ultrasonically assisted process at 55°C (65% rare earth oxides) is almost the same as that for the conventional leaching process at 85°C. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that ultrasonic cavitation plays a key role in the proposed process, resulting not only in a high shear stress, which damages the solid surface, but also in the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Standard electrode potential analysis and experimental results indicate that Ce(III) isoxidized by the hydroxyl radicals to Ce(IV), which can be leached with F- ions in the form of a complex, and that the Ce(IV) can subsequently be reduced to Ce(III) by the H2O2. This prevents the Cl- ions in the solution from being oxidized to form chlorine. These results imply that the ultrasonically-assisted process can be used for the leaching of non-oxidatively roasted bastnaesite at low temperatures in the absence of a reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Hydrometallurgy and Light Rare Earth Application, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Mei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Hydrometallurgy and Light Rare Earth Application, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; School of Material and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China.
| | - Kai Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Hydrometallurgy and Light Rare Earth Application, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Jianfei Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Hydrometallurgy and Light Rare Earth Application, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; School of Material and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Yujun Yan
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Hydrometallurgy and Light Rare Earth Application, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; School of Material and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Hydrometallurgy and Light Rare Earth Application, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; School of Material and Metallurgy, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
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Rezaei AA, Hossein Beyki M, Shemirani F. Fast sono assisted ferrofluid mediated silver super - Adsorption over magnesium ferrite-copper sulfide chalcogenide with the aid of multivariate optimization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 37:509-517. [PMID: 28427663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This research focuses on the development of a fast ultrasonic assisted ferrofluid mediated methodology to obtain the optimum conditions for silver adsorption from aqueous solutions. For this purpose magnesium ferrite-copper sulfide chalcogenide was synthesized and employed as an efficient nanosorbent. The sorbent was characterized with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and vibrational sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. For obtaining the optimal operating conditions of silver adsorption, response surface methodology (RSM) was used. Tests were performed by Box-Behnken design (BBD). The value of optimum conditions for silver adsorption include pH=2.5, adsorbent dosage=10.0mg, sonicating time=1min and ionic strength=2.2%. According optimum conditions, percentage of removal should be 99.34%. With replication of similar experiment (n=6) average percentage of 100±0.95% was obtained for Ag+ adsorption which shows good agreement between predicted and experimental results. Silver ion adsorption follow Langmuir model with maximum sorption capacity of 2113mgg-1. Ultrasonic power helped to prepare ferrofluid and demonstrated that had an important role in better dispersing of it in solution and efficient adsorption of analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghar Rezaei
- School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mostafa Hossein Beyki
- School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Shemirani
- School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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