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Lei C, Jacobson B, Hartley JM, Scott S, Sumarlan I, Feeney A, Prentice P, Ryder KS, Abbott AP. Effect of organic solvent additives on the enhancement of ultrasonic cavitation effects in water for lithium-ion battery electrode delamination. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 110:107049. [PMID: 39226658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasonic delamination is a low energy approach for direct recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. The efficiency of the ultrasonic delamination relies both on the thermophysical properties (such as viscosity, surface tension, and vapour pressure) of the solvent in which the delamination process is carried out, and the properties of the ultrasound source as well as the geometry of the containment vessel. However, the effect of tailoring solutions to optimise cavitation and delamination of battery cathode coatings has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Acoustic detection, high-speed imaging, and sonochemiluminescence (SCL) are employed to study the cavitation processes in water-glycol systems and identify the effect of tailoring solvent composition on cavitation strength. The addition of small volume fractions of organic solvent (ca. 10-30 vol%), including ethylene glycol or glycerol, to the aqueous delamination solution were found to significantly improve the delamination efficiency of lithium-ion battery cathode coatings due to the alteration of these thermophysical properties. However, greater volume fractions of glycol decrease delamination efficiency due to the signal-dampening effect of viscosity on the ultrasonic waves. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for optimising ultrasonic bath solution composition to enhance film delamination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Lei
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Ben Jacobson
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Sean Scott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Iwan Sumarlan
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia
| | - Andrew Feeney
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul Prentice
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Karl S Ryder
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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2
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Jacobson B, Li S, Marin Rivera R, Daly P, Elgar CE, Mulvihill DM, Abbott AP, Feeney A, Prentice P. A mechanistic study identifying improved technology critical metal delamination from printed circuit boards at lower power sonications in a deep eutectic solvent. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106701. [PMID: 38029568 PMCID: PMC10711237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of ionic liquids that offer a solution to reclaiming technology critical metals (TCMs) from electronic waste, with potential for improved life cycle analysis. The high viscosities typical of DESs, however, impose mass transport limitations such that passive TCM removal generally requires immersion over extended durations, in some cases in the order of hours. It is postulated that, through the targeted application of power ultrasound, delamination of key structures in electronic components immersed in DESs can be significantly accelerated, thereby enabling rapid recovery of TCMs. In this paper, we fully characterise cavitation in a Choline Chloride-Ethylene Glycol DES as a function of sonotrode input power, by the acoustic detection of the bubble collapse shockwave content generated during sonications at more than 20 input powers over the available range. This justifies the selection of two powers for a detailed study of ultrasonically enhanced TCM-delamination from printed circuit boards (PCBs). Dual-perspective high-speed imaging is employed, which facilitates simultaneous observation of TCM removal, and the cavitation evolution and interaction with the PCB surface. Bubble jetting is identified as a key contributor to initial pitting of the TCM layers, exposing the larger underlying copper layer, with the contributions of additional inertial cavitation-mediated phenomena such as bubble-collapse shockwaves also demonstrated as important for delamination. Optimal cavitation activity throughout the sonication then promotes etching of the copper base layer of the PCB structure targeted by the DES, liberating the overlaying TCMs in sections as large as 0.79 mm2. We report a thirtyfold improvement in processing time compared to passive delamination, with sonications at the lower power outperforming those at the higher power. The results demonstrate the potential for industrially scalable recovery of TCMs from the growing quantities of global e-waste, using combined power ultrasonics and DESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jacobson
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Shida Li
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Paul Daly
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Daniel M Mulvihill
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew Feeney
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul Prentice
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Xu N, Yu Y, Zhai W, Wang J, Wei B. A high-temperature acoustic field measurement and analysis system for determining cavitation intensity in ultrasonically solidified metallic alloys. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 94:106343. [PMID: 36858007 PMCID: PMC9989687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A high-temperature acoustic field measurement and analysis system (HTAFS) was self-designed and developed to achieve real-time acoustic field analysis and quantitative cavitation characterization within high-temperature liquids. The acoustic signal was acquired by a high-temperature resistant waveguide and calibrated by separate compensation of line and continuous spectra to eliminate frequency offsets. Moreover, a new method was proposed to derive from the continuous-spectrum sound intensity and line-spectrum sound intensity in the frequency band above 1.5 times the fundamental frequency to characterize the intensity of transient cavitation and stable cavitation. The acoustic field characteristics within solidifying liquid Al-7 %Si alloy were successfully determined by this system. With the increase of ultrasound amplitude, the acoustic pressure in the alloy melt increased to be stable, the transient cavitation intensity first rose and then declined, and the stable cavitation intensity remained unchanged. Combined with the structural evolution of the primary α(Al) phase, the transient cavitation intensity was determined to be the dominant factor for the ultrasound-induced grain refinement effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxuan Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingbo Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, People's Republic of China
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4
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Yasui K. Origin of the broad-band noise in acoustic cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 93:106276. [PMID: 36638653 PMCID: PMC9852655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The broad-band noise has been experimentally used to monitor the cavitation activity in a sonochemical reactor, an ultrasonic cleaning bath, a biological tissue, etc. However, the origin of the broad-band noise is still under debate. In the present review, two models for the mechanism of the broad-band noise are discussed. One is acoustic emissions from chaotically (non-periodically) pulsating bubbles. The other is acoustic emissions from bubbles with temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles. It is suggested that the latter mechanism is sometimes dominant. Further studies are required on the role for bubble cluster dynamics as well as the bubble-bubble interaction in the broad-band noise especially at relatively low ultrasonic frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Yasui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan.
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5
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Lin Y, O’Reilly MA, Hynynen K. A PVDF Receiver for Acoustic Monitoring of Microbubble-Mediated Ultrasound Brain Therapy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1369. [PMID: 36772406 PMCID: PMC9921684 DOI: 10.3390/s23031369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The real-time monitoring of spectral characteristics of microbubble (MB) acoustic emissions permits the prediction of increases in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and of tissue damage in MB-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS) brain therapy. Single-element passive cavitation detectors provide limited spatial information regarding MB activity, greatly affecting the performance of acoustic control. However, an array of receivers can be used to spatially map cavitation events and thus improve treatment control. The spectral content of the acoustic emissions provides additional information that can be correlated with the bio-effects, and wideband receivers can thus provide the most complete spectral information. Here, we develop a miniature polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF thickness = 110 μm, active area = 1.2 mm2) broadband receiver for the acoustic monitoring of MBs. The receiver has superior sensitivity (2.36-3.87 V/MPa) to those of a commercial fibre-optic hydrophone in the low megahertz frequency range (0.51-5.4 MHz). The receiver also has a wide -6 dB acceptance angle (54 degrees at 1.1 MHz and 13 degrees at 5.4 MHz) and the ability to detect subharmonic and higher harmonic MB emissions in phantoms. The overall acoustic performance of this low-cost receiver indicates its suitability for the eventual use within an array for MB monitoring and mapping in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Meaghan A. O’Reilly
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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6
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Fu Y, Zhu X, Wang J, Gong T. Numerical study of the synergistic effect of cavitation and micro-abrasive particles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 89:106119. [PMID: 35969914 PMCID: PMC9396228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In ultrasonic-assisted machining, the synergistic effect of the cavitation effect and micro-abrasive particles plays a crucial role. Studies have focused on the investigation of the micro-abrasive particles, cavitation micro-jets, and cavitation shock waves either individually or in pairs. To investigate the synergy of shock waves and micro-jets generated by cavitation with micro-abrasive particles in ultrasonic-assisted machining, the continuous control equations of a cavitation bubble, shock wave, micro-jet, and micro-abrasive particle influenced by the dimensionless amount (R/R0), a particle size-velocity-pressure model of the micro-abrasive particle was established. The effects of ultrasonic frequency, sound pressure amplitude, and changes in particle size on micro-abrasive particle velocity and pressure were numerically simulated. At an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz and ultrasonic sound pressure of 0.1125 MPa, a smooth spherical SiO2 micro-abrasive particle (size = 5 µm) was obtained, with a maximum velocity of 190.3-209.4 m/s and pressure of 79.69-89.41 MPa. The results show that in the range of 5-50 μm, smaller particle sizes of the micro-abrasive particles led to greater velocity and pressure. The shock waves, micro-jets, and micro-abrasive particles were all positively affected by the dimensionless amount (R/R0) of cavitation bubble collapse, the larger the dimensionless quantity, the faster their velocity and the higher their pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Fu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China
| | - Xijing Zhu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China.
| | - Jianqing Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China
| | - Tai Gong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China
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7
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Sadeghi Rad T, Khataee A, Sadeghi Rad S, Arefi-Oskoui S, Gengec E, Kobya M, Yoon Y. Zinc-chromium layered double hydroxides anchored on carbon nanotube and biochar for ultrasound-assisted photocatalysis of rifampicin. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105875. [PMID: 34922153 PMCID: PMC8799598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ZnCr layered double hydroxide (LDH), ZnCr LDH/carbon nanotube (CNT), and ZnCr LDH/Biochar (BC) were synthesized and characterized by various analyses. The successful synthesis and the great crystallinity of the samples were consented by XRD analysis. SEM and TEM were applied to study the morphology of the synthesized samples. The simultaneous presence of C, Zn, and Cr elements was well confirmed by EDX and dot mapping analyses demonstrating the successful preparation of nanocomposites. According to the BET analysis, ZnCr LDH nanocomposites with BC and CNT had more specific surface area compared to ZnCr LDH alone. The catalytic performances of the samples were determined for the degradation of rifampicin (RF). The degradation efficiency of the sonophotocatalytic process in the presence of 0.6 g L-1 of ZnCr LDH/BC toward 15 mg L-1 of RF under 150 W ultrasound and visible light irradiation was found to be about 100% within 40 min. The influence of the reactive species on the sonophotocatalytic process was assessed via the addition of different scavengers (para-benzoquinone (p-BQ), formic acid (FA), isopropyl alcohol (IPA)), and enhancers (hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulfate). The GC-MS analysis was carried out and eleven by-products during the RF decomposition were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Sadeghi Rad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey; Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Samin Sadeghi Rad
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Arefi-Oskoui
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erhan Gengec
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Kocaeli University, 41285 Kartepe, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kobya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Yeojoon Yoon
- Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Wu P, Wang X, Lin W, Bai L. Acoustic characterization of cavitation intensity: A review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105878. [PMID: 34929549 PMCID: PMC8799601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation intensity is used to describe the activity of cavitation, and several methods are developed to identify the intensity of cavitation. This work aimed to provide an overview and discussion of the several existing characterization methods for cavitation intensity, three acoustic approaches for charactering cavitation were discussed in detail. It was showed that cavitation noise spectrum is too complex and there are some differences and disputes on the characterization of cavitation intensity by cavitation noise. In this review, we recommended a total cavitation noise intensity estimated via the integration of real cavitation noise spectrum over full frequency domain instead of artificially adding inaccurate filtering processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Jiang Z, Dickinson RJ, Hall TL, Choi JJ. A PZT-PVDF Stacked Transducer for Short-Pulse Ultrasound Therapy and Monitoring. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:2164-2171. [PMID: 33591915 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3059715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic ultrasound technologies using microbubbles require a feedback control system to perform the treatment in a safe and effective manner. Current feedback control technologies utilize the microbubble's acoustic emissions to adjust the treatment acoustic parameters. Typical systems use two separated transducers: one for transmission and the other for reception. However, separating the transmitter and receiver leads to foci misalignment. This limitation could be resolved by arranging the transmitter and receiver in a stacked configuration. Taking advantage of an increasing number of short-pulse-based therapeutic methods, we have constructed a lead zirconate titanate-polyvinylidene fluoride (PZT-PVDF) stacked transducer design that allows the transmission and reception of short-pulse ultrasound from the same location. Our design had a piston transmitter composed of a PZT disk (1 MHz, 12.7 mm in diameter), a backing layer, and two matching layers. A layer of PVDF ( [Formula: see text] in thickness, 12.7 mm in diameter) was placed at the front surface of the transmitter for reception. Transmission and reception from the same location were demonstrated in pulse-echo experiments where PZT transmitted a pulse and both PZT and PVDF received the echo. The echo signal received by the PVDF was [Formula: see text] shorter than the signal received by the PZT. Reception of broadband acoustic emissions using the PVDF was also demonstrated in experiments where microbubbles were exposed to ultrasound pulses. Thus, we have shown that our PZT-PVDF stack design has unique transmission and reception features that could be incorporated into a multielement array design that improves focal superimposing, transmission efficiency, and reception sensitivity.
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10
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Yusuf L, Symes MD, Prentice P. Characterising the cavitation activity generated by an ultrasonic horn at varying tip-vibration amplitudes. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 70:105273. [PMID: 32795929 PMCID: PMC7786551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dual-perspective high-speed imaging and acoustic detection is used to characterise cavitation activity at the tip of a commercial 20 kHz (f0) ultrasonic horn, over 2 s sonications across the range of input powers available (20 - 100%). Imaging at 1 × 105 frames per second (fps) captures cavitation-bubble cluster oscillation at the horn-tip for the duration of the sonication. Shadowgraphic imaging at 2 Mfps, from an orthogonal perspective, probes cluster collapse and shock wave generation at higher temporal resolution, facilitating direct correlation of features within the acoustic emission data generated by the bubble activity. f0/m subharmonic collapses of the primary cavitation cluster directly beneath the tip, with m increasing through integer values at increasing input powers, are studied. Shock waves generated by periodic primary cluster collapses dominate the non-linear emissions of the cavitation noise spectra. Transitional input powers for which the value of m is indistinct, are identified. Overall shock wave content within the emission signals collected during sonications at transitional input powers are reduced, relative to input powers with distinct m. The findings are relevant for the optimisation of applications such as sonochemistry, known to be mediated by bubble collapse phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukman Yusuf
- Cavitation Laboratory, Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Symes
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Prentice
- Cavitation Laboratory, Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
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11
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Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Jameel MS, Khaniabadi PM, Mehrdel B. Mechanisms of effective gold shell on Fe 3O 4 core nanoparticles formation using sonochemistry method. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 64:104865. [PMID: 31983562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sonochemical synthesis (sonochemistry) is one of the most effective techniques of breaking down large clusters of nanoparticles (NPs) into smaller clusters or even individual NPs, which ensures their dispersibility (stability) in a solution over a long duration. This paper demonstrates the potential of sonochemistry becoming a valuable tool for the deposition of gold (Au) shell on iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) by explaining the underlying complex processes that control the deposition mechanism. This review summarizes the principles of the sonochemistry method and highlights the resulting phenomenon of acoustic cavitation and its associated physical, chemical and thermal effects. The effect of sonochemistry on the deposition of Au NPs on the Fe3O4 surface of various sizes is presented and discussed. A Vibra-Cell ultrasonic solid horn with tip size, frequency, power output of ½ inch, 20 kHz and 750 W respectively was used in core@shell synthesis. The sonochemical process was shown to affect the surface and structure of Fe3O4 NPs via acoustic cavitation, which prevents the agglomeration of clusters in a solution, resulting in a more stable dispersion. Deciphering the mechanism that governs the formation of Au shell on Fe3O4 core NPs has emphasized the potential of sonication in enhancing the chemical activity in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Dheyab
- Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Lab (NORLab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Azlan Abdul Aziz
- Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Lab (NORLab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Mahmood S Jameel
- Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Lab (NORLab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Pegah Moradi Khaniabadi
- Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Lab (NORLab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Baharak Mehrdel
- Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Lab (NORLab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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12
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Kim P, Song JH, Song TK. A new frequency domain passive acoustic mapping method using passive Hilbert beamforming to reduce the computational complexity of fast Fourier transform. ULTRASONICS 2020; 102:106030. [PMID: 31785584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2019.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive acoustic mapping (PAM) is the current state-of-the-art imaging tool for monitoring cavitation activity during focused ultrasound therapy such as blood-brain barrier opening. However, PAM incurs huge computational complexity. To address this issue, frequency-domain PAM (FD-PAM) was proposed. Nevertheless, FD-PAM still requires a large number of fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) to produce the frequency components utilized for cavitation monitoring with PAM. Hence, in this paper, we proposes a frequency domain PAM method using passive Hilbert beamforming (PHB-PAM), which can significantly reduce the number of input samples for FFT by down-sampling the analytic signal of the received RF samples at each channel at a rate equal to the bandwidth of the frequency components of interest. The experimental results show that the proposed PHB-PAM provides comparable image quality to that of FD-PAM (correlation coefficient > 0.98). Additionally, the study experimentally verifies that the pre-processing block for generating the decimated analytic signal and FFT in PHB-PAM can be realized using lesser logic resources than FFT in FD-PAM when implemented in an FPGA. Especially, with 128-fold decimation, PHB-PAM reduces the amount of LUTs and DSP slices to implement the pre-processing block by 72.16% and 53.4%, respectively, compared to those of FD-PAM, which allows the 64-channel implementation of the pre-processing block in a low-cost single FPGA. Finally, a hardware-efficient architecture for the pre-processing block of PHB-PAM is described, which can be implemented by replacing the two lowpass filters of an off-the-shelf analog front-end component for ultrasound imaging with a pair of band-pass filters. If PHB-PAM is realized using such a component, it can truly minimize the computational complexity of FD-PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilsu Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Song
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Tai-Kyong Song
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
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Arefi-Oskoui S, Khataee A, Safarpour M, Orooji Y, Vatanpour V. A review on the applications of ultrasonic technology in membrane bioreactors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 58:104633. [PMID: 31450367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have received increasing attention in the field of wastewater treatment in recent years. However, membrane fouling is the main problem of MBRs, limiting their widespread and large applications. Membrane cleaning methods can be mainly classified into four types including chemical, physical, physico-chemical and biological clean the fouled membrane. In recent years, ultrasonication has been reported as a promising cleaning technique for the membranes fouled in MBRs. Ultrasonic irradiation can clean the fouled membrane by creating important physical phenomena including microjets, microstreams and shock waves. Moreover, the ultrasonic method can be combined with other cleaning methods e.g. chemical cleaning and backwashing in order to improve the cleaning efficiency. It should be noted that the application of ultrasonic in the MBR system is not limited to the cleaning of membrane. The pretreatment of the wastewater by ultrasonic irradiation or ultrasound coupled with other methods, e.g. ozonation, prior to MBR system, can decrease the organic loading of the wastewater and subsequently postpone the fouling of the membrane. This paper critically reviews the recent advances in the applications of ultrasound in MBR systems. Emerging issues associated with application of on-line ultrasound and also hybrid on-line ultrasound for controlling the membrane fouling in MBR systems are critically reviewed. Moreover, application of the ultrasound in ex-situ form for cleaning the fouled membranes and pretreatment of wastewater prior to the MBR system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Arefi-Oskoui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Mahdie Safarpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, 83714-161 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran
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