1
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Mur J, Reuter F, Agrež V, Petkovšek R, Ohl CD. Optic generation and perpetuation of acoustic bubble clusters. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 110:107023. [PMID: 39153420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Laser-induced cavitation bubbles offer precise control of the flow in space and time, but they are rarely used for the mechanical and chemical processing of liquids. Instead, strong acoustic fields are commonly used to nucleate and drive cavitation bubbles for liquid process applications. While acoustic field creates many more cavitation events, the resulting chaotic dynamics offers little control on the fluid mechanics, i.e., where and how bubbles deliver their energy. Here we present a method that utilizes a laser to nucleate a single cavitation bubble, which is then driven into violent oscillations by the ultrasound field, resulting in splitting of the bubble followed by formation of a cluster of cavitation bubbles. This combination offers means for cavitation control not available in conventional acoustic cavitation. Here, the cavitation bubble is generated with a custom build pulsed laser that is focused below a sonotrode driven at 20 kHz. In absence of the acoustic driving the bubble reaches a maximum diameter of 130 µm with a lifetime of approximately 10 µs. In the presence of the acoustic field the first few expansions and bubble collapses are strongly affected by the phase of nucleation. Over successive acoustic cycles a small bubble cluster develops that loses its connection with the phase of generation. We study the dynamics in the free field and constrained by a rigid boundary. For both geometries the cluster over many acoustic cycles dies off, yet through repetitive optical bubble seeding the cluster lifetime and its location can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Mur
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fabian Reuter
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vid Agrež
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Petkovšek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Claus-Dieter Ohl
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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2
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Wang Z, Xu P, Ren Z, Yu L, Zuo Z, Liu S. Dynamics of cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids in a tube during a transient process. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 104:106840. [PMID: 38457940 PMCID: PMC10940912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
We experimentally, numerically, and theoretically investigate the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids in a tube during a transient process. In experiments, cavitation bubbles are generated by a modified tube-arrest setup, and the bubble evolution is captured with high-speed imaging. Numerical simulations using OpenFOAM are employed to validate our quasi-one-dimensional theoretical model, which effectively characterizes the bubble dynamics. We find that cavitation onset is minimally affected by the liquid viscosity. However, once cavitation occurs, various aspects of bubble dynamics, such as the maximum bubble length, bubble lifetime, collapse time, and collapse speed, are closely related to the liquid viscosity. We further establish that normalized bubble dynamics are solely determined by the combination of the Reynolds number and the Euler number. Moreover, we also propose a new dimensionless number, Ca2, to predict the maximum bubble length, a critical factor in determining the occurrence of liquid column separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, and Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, and Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zibo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, and Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Liufang Yu
- Research Institute of Chemical Defence, 102205 Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, and Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
| | - Shuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, and Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
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3
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Rosselló JM, Hoeppe HP, Koch M, Lechner C, Osterhoff M, Vassholz M, Hagemann J, Möller J, Scholz M, Boesenberg U, Hallmann J, Kim C, Zozulya A, Lu W, Shayduk R, Madsen A, Salditt T, Mettin R. Jetting bubbles observed by x-ray holography at a free-electron laser: internal structure and the effect of non-axisymmetric boundary conditions. EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS 2024; 65:20. [PMID: 38313751 PMCID: PMC10834669 DOI: 10.1007/s00348-023-03759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we study the jetting dynamics of individual cavitation bubbles using x-ray holographic imaging and high-speed optical shadowgraphy. The bubbles are induced by a focused infrared laser pulse in water near the surface of a flat, circular glass plate, and later probed with ultrashort x-ray pulses produced by an x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). The holographic imaging can reveal essential information of the bubble interior that would otherwise not be accessible in the optical regime due to obscuration or diffraction. The influence of asymmetric boundary conditions on the jet's characteristics is analysed for cases where the axial symmetry is perturbed and curved liquid filaments can form inside the cavity. The x-ray images demonstrate that when oblique jets impact the rigid boundary, they produce a non-axisymmetric splash which grows from a moving stagnation point. Additionally, the images reveal the formation of complex gas/liquid structures inside the jetting bubbles that are invisible to standard optical microscopy. The experimental results are analysed with the assistance of full three-dimensional numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations in their compressible formulation, which allow a deeper understanding of the distinctive features observed in the x-ray holographic images. In particular, the effects of varying the dimensionless stand-off distances measured from the initial bubble location to the surface of the solid plate and also to its nearest edge are addressed using both experiments and simulations. A relation between the jet tilting angle and the dimensionless bubble position asymmetry is derived. The present study provides new insights into bubble jetting and demonstrates the potential of x-ray holography for future investigations in this field. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00348-023-03759-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Rosselló
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hannes P. Hoeppe
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max Koch
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Lechner
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Osterhoff
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malte Vassholz
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hagemann
- CXNS - Center for X-ray and Nano Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Imaging Platform, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Möller
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrike Boesenberg
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Hallmann
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Chan Kim
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Alexey Zozulya
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wei Lu
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Roman Shayduk
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Anders Madsen
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Mettin
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Wei Z, Zhang C, Shen C, Wang L, Xin Z. Manipulation of bubble collapse patterns near the wall of an adherent gas layer. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106722. [PMID: 38091740 PMCID: PMC10733692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to apply experimental methods to investigate the effect of the thickness of gas layers on the wall on the collapse direction of spark-induced bubbles. In the experiment, two high-speed cameras synchronously record the time evolution of the bubbles and the corresponding parameters such as the normalized collapse position and bubble collapse time. Experiments yielded results for individual bubbles over a range of normalized distances from 0 to 4.0 for different air layer thicknesses. Based on the morphology of the bubbles, the experimental jets were visualized into six different modes, namely, forward jet (FJ), merging jet (MJ), bidirectional jet (BJ), reversing jet (RJ), forward followed by reversing jet (FRJ), and non-directional jet (NDJ). The height of the air layer on the wall is affected by the fluctuation of the bubble volume and shows the opposite trend to the change of the bubble volume. The air film reaches its maximum height when the bubble collapses, which affects the final jet pattern. In addition, as the thickness of the air layer increases, the center of the bubble gradually migrates away from the wall. The different collapse modes and the migration of the bubble centers have positive significance for reducing cavitation erosion in engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chengchun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264402, China.
| | - Chun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhentao Xin
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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Hong S, Son G. Numerical investigation of ultrasound focusing and bubble collapse. ULTRASONICS 2023; 135:107133. [PMID: 37598500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound focusing and microbubble collapse are numerically investigated using a level-set interface tracking method for two-phase flows with multiple interfaces. The computations for ultrasound propagating through a spherical lens demonstrate the ultrasound refraction and pressure intensification at the rear of the lens. The focusing of the initial negative pressure wave through the lens induces a converging flow and the focusing of the subsequent positive pressure wave further intensifies the pressure at the lens. Computations are extended to bubble oscillations near the focusing lens and compared with the no-lens case. The lens not only amplifies the bubble expansion and contraction rates significantly but also generates a larger pressure gradient across the bubble. This ultrasound focusing effect contributes to the asymmetric collapse of the bubble and the formation of a liquid jet that penetrates the bubble. The effects of lens size, initial bubble radius and bubble-lens distance on bubble expansion and liquid jet are further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Gihun Son
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, South Korea.
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Xiang G, Chen J, Ho D, Sankin G, Zhao X, Liu Y, Wang K, Dolbow J, Yao J, Zhong P. Shock waves generated by toroidal bubble collapse are imperative for kidney stone dusting during Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106649. [PMID: 37866136 PMCID: PMC10623368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy (LL) has been the treatment of choice for kidney stone disease for more than two decades, yet the mechanisms of action are not completely clear. Besides photothermal ablation, recent evidence suggests that cavitation bubble collapse is pivotal in kidney stone dusting when the Ho:YAG laser operates at low pulse energy (Ep) and high frequency (F). In this work, we perform a comprehensive series of experiments and model-based simulations to dissect the complex physical processes in LL. Under clinically relevant dusting settings (Ep = 0.2 J, F = 20 Hz), our results suggest that majority of the irradiated laser energy (>90 %) is dissipated by heat generation in the fluid surrounding the fiber tip and the irradiated stone surface, while only about 1 % may be consumed for photothermal ablation, and less than 0.7 % is converted into the potential energy at the maximum bubble expansion. We reveal that photothermal ablation is confined locally to the laser irradiation spot, whereas cavitation erosion is most pronounced at a fiber tip-stone surface distance about 0.5 mm where multi foci ring-like damage outside the thermal ablation zone is observed. The cavitation erosion is caused by the progressively intensified collapse of jet-induced toroidal bubble near the stone surface (<100 μm), as a result of Raleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities. The ensuing shock wave-stone interaction and resultant leaky Rayleigh waves on the stone surface may lead to dynamic fatigue and superficial material removal under repeated bombardments of toroidal bubble collapses during dusting procedures in LL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoming Xiang
- Thomas Lord Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Current address: Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Junqin Chen
- Thomas Lord Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Derek Ho
- Thomas Lord Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Georgy Sankin
- Thomas Lord Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xuning Zhao
- Dept. of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yangyuanchen Liu
- Thomas Lord Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Dept. of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John Dolbow
- Thomas Lord Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Pei Zhong
- Thomas Lord Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Wei Z, Shi X, Cui D, Wei Z, Hong S. Effect of 3.5 % NaCl solution with different Na 2S concentrations on ultrasonic cavitation erosion behaviors of HVOF sprayed WC-Ni coatings. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106707. [PMID: 38039594 PMCID: PMC10711220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the WC-10Ni coatings were fabricated by HVOF spray, then the ultrasonic cavitation erosion performances of the coatings in distilled water and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution with various Na2S concentrations (0, 20 and 200 ppm) were investigated. The results of the cumulative volume loss of the coating in different mediums showed that the coating exhibited enhanced cavitation erosion resistance with the increase of Na2S concentrations in medium. The reason for the improvement on the cavitation erosion performance was the growth of corrosion product films containing sulphide. In comparison with the coating after cavitation erosion in medium without Na2S, no large craters and deep grooves were observed on the eroded coating surface in medium with Na2S. The ultrasonic cavitation damage of the coating manifests as the spall of the metal binder phase (Ni) and exposure of the hard phase (WC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China
| | - Xinlu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China
| | - Dandong Cui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China
| | - Zheng Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China
| | - Sheng Hong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China.
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8
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Shi X, Cui D, Wei Z, Hong S. The influence of sulphide on the ultrasonic cavitation erosion-corrosion behaviors of HVOF-sprayed WC-Cr 3C 2-Ni coating. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106629. [PMID: 37813045 PMCID: PMC10569981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study emphasizes the role of sulphide on ultrasonic cavitation erosion-corrosion (UCE-C) behaviors of HVOF-sprayed WC-Cr3C2-Ni coating in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution with different sulphide concentrations. The results indicated that the ultrasonic cavitation erosion (UCE) resistance of the coating decreased significantly with increasing sulphide concentration. The coating reacted with oxygen and anion those transferred by UCE, and the cavitation impact force led to the lack of support for tungsten carbide particles, which resulted in the reduction in the mass of the coating. There were two main factors those affected the UCE-C mechanism, in which the passivation film helped to reduce the mass loss of the coating, while the impact force caused by cavitation destroyed the passivation film, led to the accelerated anion diffusion and ultimately accelerated the mass loss of the coating. Mechanical erosion dominated the UCE-C of the coating in all tested solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Shi
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China
| | - Dandong Cui
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China
| | - Zheng Wei
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China
| | - Sheng Hong
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, 8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing 211100, PR China.
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Nagalingam N, Raghunathan A, Korede V, Poelma C, Smith CS, Hartkamp R, Padding JT, Eral HB. Laser-Induced Cavitation for Controlling Crystallization from Solution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:124001. [PMID: 37802957 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.124001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a cavitation bubble initiated by a Nd:YAG laser pulse below breakdown threshold induces crystallization from supersaturated aqueous solutions with supersaturation and laser-energy-dependent nucleation kinetics. Combining high-speed video microscopy and simulations, we argue that a competition between the dissipation of absorbed laser energy as latent and sensible heat dictates the solvent evaporation rate and creates a momentary supersaturation peak at the vapor-liquid interface. The number and morphology of crystals correlate to the characteristics of the simulated supersaturation peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj Nagalingam
- Process and Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Aswin Raghunathan
- Process and Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Vikram Korede
- Process and Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Christian Poelma
- Process and Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Carlas S Smith
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Remco Hartkamp
- Process and Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Johan T Padding
- Process and Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Hüseyin Burak Eral
- Process and Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, Netherlands
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Pandur Ž, Zevnik J, Podbevšek D, Stojković B, Stopar D, Dular M. Water treatment by cavitation: Understanding it at a single bubble - bacterial cell level. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119956. [PMID: 37087917 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation is a potentially useful phenomenon accompanied by extreme conditions, which is one of the reasons for its increased use in a variety of applications, such as surface cleaning, enhanced chemistry, and water treatment. Yet, we are still not able to answer many fundamental questions related to efficacy and effectiveness of cavitation treatment, such as: "Can single bubbles destroy contaminants?" and "What precisely is the mechanism behind bubble's cleaning power?". For these reasons, the present paper addresses cavitation as a tool for eradication and removal of wall-bound bacteria at a fundamental level of a single microbubble and a bacterial cell. We present a method to study bubble-bacteria interaction on a nano- to microscale resolution in both space and time. The method allows for accurate and fast positioning of a single microbubble above the individual wall-bound bacterial cell with optical tweezers and triggering of a violent microscale cavitation event, which either results in mechanical removal or destruction of the bacterial cell. Results on E. coli bacteria show that only cells in the immediate vicinity of the microbubble are affected, and that a very high likelihood of cell detachment and cell death exists for cells located directly under the center of a bubble. Further details behind near-wall microbubble dynamics are revealed by numerical simulations, which demonstrate that a water jet resulting from a near-wall bubble implosion is the primary mechanism of wall-bound cell damage. The results suggest that peak hydrodynamic forces as high as 0.8 μN and 1.2 μN are required to achieve consistent E. coli bacterial cell detachment or death with high frequency mechanical perturbations on a nano- to microsecond time scale. Understanding of the cavitation phenomenon at a fundamental level of a single bubble will enable further optimization of novel water treatment and surface cleaning technologies to provide more efficient and chemical-free processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Pandur
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Zevnik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Podbevšek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, USA
| | - Biljana Stojković
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stopar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Dular
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Lokar Ž, Horvat D, Petelin J, Petkovšek R. Ultrafast measurement of laser-induced shock waves. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100465. [PMID: 36874590 PMCID: PMC9974415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of laser-induced shockwave pressure rise time in liquids on a sub-nanosecond scale, using custom-designed single-mode fiber optic hydrophone. The measurements are aimed at the study of the shockwave generation process, helping to improve the effectiveness of various applications and decrease possible accidental damage from shockwaves. The developed method allows measurement of the fast shockwave rise time as close as 10 µm from an 8 µm sized laser-induced plasma shockwave source, significantly improving the spatial and temporal resolution of the pressure measurement over other types of hydrophones. The spatial and temporal limitations of the presented hydrophone measurements are investigated theoretically, with actual experimental results agreeing well with the predictions. To demonstrate the capabilities of the fast sensor, we were able to show that the shockwave rise time is linked to liquid viscosity exhibiting logarithmic dependency in the low viscosity regime (from 0.4 cSt to 50 cSt). Additionally, the shockwave rise time dependency on propagation distance close to the source in water was investigated, with shock wave rise times measured down to only 150 ps. It was found that at short propagation distances in water halving the shock wave peak pressure results in the rise time increase by approximately factor of 1.6. These results extend the understanding of shockwave behavior in low viscosity liquids.
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12
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Xiang G, Li D, Chen J, Mishra A, Sankin G, Zhao X, Tang Y, Wang K, Yao J, Zhong P. Dissimilar cavitation dynamics and damage patterns produced by parallel fiber alignment to the stone surface in holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser lithotripsy. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2023; 35:033303. [PMID: 36896246 PMCID: PMC9986958 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that cavitation may play a vital role in laser lithotripsy. However, the underlying bubble dynamics and associated damage mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we use ultra-high-speed shadowgraph imaging, hydrophone measurements, three-dimensional passive cavitation mapping (3D-PCM), and phantom test to investigate the transient dynamics of vapor bubbles induced by a holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and their correlation with solid damage. We vary the standoff distance (SD) between the fiber tip and solid boundary under parallel fiber alignment and observe several distinctive features in bubble dynamics. First, long pulsed laser irradiation and solid boundary interaction create an elongated "pear-shaped" bubble that collapses asymmetrically and forms multiple jets in sequence. Second, unlike nanosecond laser-induced cavitation bubbles, jet impact on solid boundary generates negligible pressure transients and causes no direct damage. A non-circular toroidal bubble forms, particularly following the primary and secondary bubble collapses at SD = 1.0 and 3.0 mm, respectively. We observe three intensified bubble collapses with strong shock wave emissions: the intensified bubble collapse by shock wave, the ensuing reflected shock wave from the solid boundary, and self-intensified collapse of an inverted "triangle-shaped" or "horseshoe-shaped" bubble. Third, high-speed shadowgraph imaging and 3D-PCM confirm that the shock origins from the distinctive bubble collapse form either two discrete spots or a "smiling-face" shape. The spatial collapse pattern is consistent with the similar BegoStone surface damage, suggesting that the shockwave emissions during the intensified asymmetric collapse of the pear-shaped bubble are decisive for the solid damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoming Xiang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Daiwei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Junqin Chen
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Arpit Mishra
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Georgy Sankin
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Xuning Zhao
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Pei Zhong
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Abedini M, Hanke S, Reuter F. In situ measurement of cavitation damage from single bubble collapse using high-speed chronoamperometry. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 92:106272. [PMID: 36566520 PMCID: PMC9803948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We quantitatively study cavitation damage non-invasively, in-place and time-resolved at microsecond resolution. A single, laser-induced bubble is generated in an aqueous NaCl solution close to the surface of an aluminum sample. High-speed chronoamperometry is used to record the corrosion current flowing between the sample and an identical aluminum electrode immersed in the same solution. This configuration makes it possible to measure the cavitation damage in the nanometer thin passive layer of the aluminum surface via the corrosion current from the repassivation. Synchronously with the corrosion current, the bubble dynamics is recorded via high-speed imaging. Correlation between the two measurements allows contributing cavitation damage to the respective stages of the bubble dynamics. The largest cavitation-induced currents were observed for the smallest initial bubble-to-surface stand-off distances. As the bubble re-expands and collapses again in several stages, further current peaks were detected implying a sequence of smaller damage. At intermediate stand-offs the bubble was not damaging and at large stand-off distances, the bubble was only damaging during the second collapse which again occurs at the solid surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Abedini
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran; Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Metal Technologies, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Hanke
- Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Metal Technologies, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Reuter
- Department Soft Matter, Institute for Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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