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Gole E, Mitsioni A, Darema M, Malakasioti G, Askiti V. Effect of Leflunomide on Treatment of Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients With BK Virus Infection. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2023; 21:826-830. [PMID: 37965958 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2023.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infection with the BK virus is a significant complication after renal transplant and can progress to BK virus nephropathy and graft dysfunction. There is no consensus on the management of BK virus infection in pediatric renal transplant recipients. The most common therapeutic option is immunosuppression reduction, which can increase rejection risk. We aimed to examine the effect of leflunomide, an agent with antiviral and immunosuppressive actions, in a case series of pediatric renal transplant recipients with BK virus infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Routine screening with blood BK virus DNA polymerase chain reaction was performed regularly in all of our renal transplant patients. When BK virus was detected, we reduced tacrolimus levels, discontinued mycophenolate mofetil, and started active treatment with leflunomide. Treatment with leflunomide was continued until BK virus was undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in at least 2 blood samples 2 weeks apart. RESULTS All pediatric patients developed BK virus infection in a mean period of 3.9 months after transplant. Graft dysfunction was evident in all patients with 20% to 100% elevation of creatinine from baseline. Afterleflunomide initiation, all patients had undetectable levels of BK virus by plasma polymerase chain reaction in at least 2 different samples within a mean period of 3.4 months, and renal function had normalized back to the baseline. None of our patients had evidence of hepatotoxicity or anemia on regular monitoring, with no other adverse events. Renal function remained stable in the follow-up period with no reoccurrence of BK viremia up to the date of this writing. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with leflunomide resulted in rapid BK virus clearance and preservation of renal function with no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Gole
- From the Pediatric Nephrology Department, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Kamal M, Govil A, Anand M, Abu Jawdeh BG, Shah S. Severe BK polyomavirus-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in a kidney transplant recipient with the absence of renal allograft involvement. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahwash Kamal
- Nephrology and Hypertension; University of Cincinnati Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Amit Govil
- Nephrology and Hypertension; University of Cincinnati Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Manish Anand
- Nephrology and Hypertension; University of Cincinnati Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Bassam G. Abu Jawdeh
- Nephrology and Hypertension; University of Cincinnati Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Silvi Shah
- Nephrology and Hypertension; University of Cincinnati Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
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Qiao L, Qu Q, Jiang X. Clinical significance of quantitative and qualitative detection of BK and JC virus in blood and urine of renal transplantation recipients. Pak J Med Sci 2016; 32:435-9. [PMID: 27182256 PMCID: PMC4859039 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.322.8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate value of quantitative and qualitative detection of BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV) in timely diagnosing polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) occurring inrenal transplantation recipients. Methods: We collected 306 cases of urine specimen and 310 cases of blood specimen from 306 patients who underwent renal transplant. Levels of BKV and JCV in blood and urine were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Detection rate of BKV DNA was 33.3% (102/306) in urine and 34.8% (108/310); while that of JCV DNA was 30.7% (94/306) and 33.5% (104/310) respectively. The lowest detectable limit of BCK and JCV detection for patients who underwent renal transplant was 2×103 copies/ml, suggesting high specificity and sensitivity. Conclusion: Real-time quantitative PCR is able to monitor BCV and JCV in renal transplant recipients in a convenient and rapid way, thus it is beneficial for early discovery, diagnosis and treatment of PVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Qiao
- Liangwei Qiao, Department of Kidney Transplantation, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Qingshan Qu
- Qingshan Qu, Department of Kidney Transplantation, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Xin Jiang, Department of Kidney Transplantation, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
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Helanterä I, Hirsch HH, Wernli M, Ortiz F, Lempinen M, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Auvinen E, Mannonen L, Lautenschlager I. Simultaneous BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis after living donor kidney transplantation. J Clin Virol 2015; 76:4-7. [PMID: 26771744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) commonly reactivates after kidney transplantation, and can cause polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), whereas after allogeneic stem cell transplantation the most frequent manifestation of BKPyV is polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis (PyVHC). Despite high-level BKPyV replication in both, the pathogenesis and manifestation of both BKPyV entities appears to differ substantially. We describe an unusual case of simultaneous PyVAN and PyVHC presenting with acute symptoms in a BKPyV-IgG positive recipient eight months after kidney transplantation from a haploidentical living donor, who was BKPyV-IgG negative. Symptoms of cystitis and viremia subsided rapidly after reduction of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Helanterä
- Transplantation and Liver Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 372, FI 00029HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marion Wernli
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernanda Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 372, FI 00029HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Lempinen
- Transplantation and Liver Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 372, FI 00029HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB), PO Box 400, FI 00029HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB), PO Box 400, FI 00029HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mannonen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB), PO Box 400, FI 00029HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irmeli Lautenschlager
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB), PO Box 400, FI 00029HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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Drake KA, Najera L, Reed RC, Verghese PS. Unusual presentations of BK virus infections in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2013; 17:E9-15. [PMID: 23171066 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BKV has emerged as a significant pathogen in the field of transplantation, predominantly causing BKV nephropathy in renal transplant recipients and hemorrhagic cystitis in HSCT recipients. However, case reports describe more diverse complications, and we too present three unusual cases of BKV infections in pediatric renal transplant recipients. First, we describe a case of biopsy-proven renal damage secondary to BKV prior to the onset of viremia, demonstrating that BKV nephropathy can occur without preceding viremia. We also present two renal transplant recipients with persistent BK viruria, one with BKV-associated hemorrhagic cystitis and the other with microscopic hematuria. Therefore, we conclude that BKV manifestations may be more diverse than previously thought and suggest clinical utility in urine BKV qPCR testing in specific transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Drake
- Department of Pediatrics, Fairview and Amplatz Hospital, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Costa C, Cavallo R. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. World J Transplant 2012; 2:84-94. [PMID: 24175200 PMCID: PMC3782238 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v2.i6.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses BK and JC are ubiquitous viruses with high seroprevalence rates in general population. Following primary infection, polyomaviruses BK and JC persist latently in different sites, particularly in the reno-urinary tract. Reactivation from latency may occur in normal subjects with asymptomatic viruria, while it can be associated to nephropathy (PVAN) in kidney transplantat recipients. PVAN may occur in 1%-10% of renal transplant patients with loss of the transplanted organ in 30% up to 80% of the cases. Etiology of PVAN is mainly attributable to BK virus, although approximately 5% of the cases may be due to JC. Pathogenesis of PVAN is still unknown, although viral replication and the lack of immune control play a major role. Immunosuppression represents the condicio sine qua non for the development of PVAN and the modulation of anti-rejection treatment represents the first line of intervention, given the lack of specific antiviral agents. At moment, an appropriate immunemodulation can only be accomplished by early identification of viral reactivacation by evaluation of polyomavirus load on serum and/or urine specimens, particularly in the first year post-trasplantation. Viro-immunological monitoring of specific cellular immune response could be useful to identify patients unable to recover cellular immunity posttransplantation, that are at higher risk of viral reactivation with development of PVAN. Herein, the main features of polyomaviruses BK and JC, biological properties, clinical characteristics, etiopathogenesis, monitoring and diagnosing of PVAN will be described and discussed, with an extended citation of related relevant literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Costa
- Cristina Costa, Rossana Cavallo, Virology Unit, University Hospital San Giovanni Battista di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Abstract
Dysfunction of the urinary bladder is often faced in kidney transplantation due to various structural, neurological, infectious, or other pathologies. As the goal is to obtain a well functioning urinary bladder or at least, a low-pressure reservoir without reflux, specific urologic examinations and therapies should be performed. This review based on a Medline and PubMed search as well as on international guidelines and personal experience, reflects the actual knowledge in the field of pretransplant urologic evaluation as well as pre- and posttransplant optimal therapeutic options. The evaluation of these factors and interventional strategies will help to improve long-term transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karam
- Department of Urology, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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Abstract
In the last 10 years, better immunosuppression drugs have decreased the rates of acute rejection in kidney transplantation but have also led to the emergence of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN). This occurs in 1% to 10% of patients with kidney transplantion and is caused by BK virus in more than 95% of cases. Less than 5% of cases are attributed to the JC virus. Initially, lack of recognition or late diagnosis of PVAN resulted in rapid loss of graft function in more than 50% of patients. In recent years, it has become clear that early diagnosis and timely reduction in immunosuppression is the only proven measure, which significantly affects the outcome of PVAN. Diverse interventions have been explored including the adjunctive use of cidofovir, leflunomide, fluoroquinolones, and intravenous immunoglobulins. Allograft histology is needed to definitively establish the diagnosis of PVAN, but is of limited sensitivity in the early stage of disease. Well-established techniques and protocols for systematic screening by urine cytology and quantitative molecular-genetic techniques allow now for timely intervention before irreversible parenchymal changes occur. Moreover, preemptive reduction in immunosuppression is most effective in presumptive PVAN as defined by surrogate markers (i.e., high BK virus viremia). In this setting, preservation of graft function can be considered the rule. Nevertheless, the recovery of BK virus-specific T-cell immunity may require prolonged periods during which cytopathic damage may continue to accumulate. Despite remarkable progress in the field, important challenges remain, such as the rare patient with PVAN refractory to any intervention and the newly recognized association of PVAN with urogenital tumors.
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Abstract
Lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common among the general population and are most often caused by bacterial pathogens. Viruses are an uncommon cause of UTIs in an immunocompetent host; however, viruses are increasingly recognized as the cause of lower UTI, especially hemorrhagic cystitis, among immunocompromised patients. BK virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus are predominant pathogens involved in hemorrhagic cystitis after stem cell and solid organ transplantation, and their early diagnosis and treatment may prevent significant morbidity of hemorrhagic cystitis. The diagnosis of viral lower UTI is based on molecular techniques, and real-time polymerase chain reaction is often the method of choice because it allows for quantification of viral load. Cidofovir is becoming a drug of choice in viral UTIs because it is active against the most common viral pathogens. This review discusses the epidemiology, pitfalls in diagnosis, and current treatment of viral UTIs.
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Paduch DA. Viral lower urinary tract infections. CURRENT PROSTATE REPORTS 2007; 5:40-50. [PMID: 32214913 PMCID: PMC7088526 DOI: 10.1007/s11918-007-0006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common among the general population and are most often caused by bacterial pathogens. Viruses are an uncommon cause of UTIs in an immunocompetent host; however, viruses are increasingly recognized as the cause of lower UTI, especially hemorrhagic cystitis, among immunocompromised patients. BK virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus are predominant pathogens involved in hemorrhagic cystitis after stem cell and solid organ transplantation, and their early diagnosis and treatment may prevent significant morbidity of hemorrhagic cystitis. The diagnosis of viral lower UTI is based on molecular techniques, and real-time polymerase chain reaction is often the method of choice because it allows for quantification of viral load. Cidofovir is becoming a drug of choice in viral UTIs because it is active against the most common viral pathogens. This review discusses the epidemiology, pitfalls in diagnosis, and current treatment of viral UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius A Paduch
- Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, ST-924A, New York, NY 10021 USA
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