Clinical Significance of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α in Prostatic Secretion of Patients With Chronic Prostatitis

Association between circulating inflammatory proteins and benign prostatic disease: a Mendelian randomization study

Previous research has suggested that circulating inflammatory proteins are associated with benign prostatic disease (BPD). This Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to further investigate the causal relationship between 91 inflammatory proteins and BPD. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summarized data of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis were obtained from the FinnGen Biobank. The latest study offered the GWAS data on 91 proteins related to inflammation. We performed a bidirectional MR to investigate the causal association between inflammatory proteins and BPD. The outcomes of the IVW method indicated that decreased levels of circulating interleukin-17 C (IL-17 C) (OR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.85-0.99, p-value = 0.0344) were suggestively associated with a higher risk of BPH and elevated levels of interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha (IL-10RA) (OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.05-1.47, p-value = 0.0132) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) (OR = 1.13, 95%CI = 1.00-1.28, p-value = 0.0421) were suggestively related to a higher risk of prostatitis. Furthermore, reverse MR revealed that BPH may promote the expression of circulating factors, including natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (CD244) (OR = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.01-1.13, p-value = 0.0192), T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform (CD6) (OR = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.01-1.13, p-value = 0.0192), and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIF-R) (OR = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.01-1.15, p-value = 0.0163). Moreover, the results of sensitivity analyses indicate that heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy are unlikely to distort the findings. The results of this study indicate a potential association between circulating inflammatory proteins and BPD, which may become new diagnostic indicators or drug targets for clinical application in the prevention and treatment of BPD. However, further investigation is required.

Multiple Regulatory Signals and Components in the Modulation of Bicarbonate Transporters

Bicarbonate transporters are responsible for the appropriate flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane to perform various fundamental cellular functions. The functions of bicarbonate transporters, including pH regulation, cell migration, and inflammation, are highlighted in various cellular systems, encompassing their participation in both physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on recently identified modulatory signaling components that regulate the expression and activity of bicarbonate transporters. Moreover, we addressed recent advances in our understanding of cooperative systems of bicarbonate transporters and channelopathies. This current review aims to provide a new, in-depth understanding of numerous human diseases associated with the dysfunction of bicarbonate transporters.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome From 2000 to 2022

Purpose

Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome has attracted a lot of attention in the new century, and an increasing number of relevant studies have been published. Therefore, we performed a bibliometric analysis of these publications, hoping to show the current research hotspots and future research trends.

Methods

The articles on were selected from the Web of Science Core Collection. Countries, authors, references and keywords in the field were visualized and analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSViewer software.

Results

A total of 1014 articles on urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome were identified, with "chronic pelvic pain syndrome" being the most common keyword, with a strong association with "interstitial cystitis" and "chronic prostatitis". The hotspot of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome research has gradually shifted from chronic prostatitis / urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome to cystitis/bladder pain syndrome over the past few years. Future research tends to focus on urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome etiology, including oxidative stress and inflammation.

Conclusion

Research on urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome is steadily growing. The United States has made the most prominent contribution in this area, and the share of China's contribution is expected to grow further. The etiology of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome, including inflammation and oxidative stress, have been the focus of current research and developmental trends in the future research.

Acupuncture for Chronic Prostatitis or Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a complex male dysfunction, mostly seen in young and middle-aged men with a history of more than 3 months. As a traditional therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, acupuncture has been proven an effective method to treat CP/CPPS in recent years. Though some meta-analyses on acupuncture for chronic prostatitis were published in 2018 and 2019, most of the included studies were low in quality according to the JADAD score (JADAD < 4). The conclusions of acupuncture for CP/CPPS remain indefinite.

Purpose

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture for CP/CPPS by including high-quality literature only (JADAD ≥ 4) to provide a reliable basis for clinical applications and research.

Method

Nine electronic databases were searched from inception to March 1, 2022, and only randomized controlled trials (RCT) with high-quality (JADAD ≥ 4) were included. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3. and was verified through trial sequential analysis (TSA). We carried out a sensitivity analysis for the heterogeneity (I ² ≥ 50%). Publication bias was explored using a funnel plot.

Result

Ten RCTs (11 trials) of high-quality methodology involving 798 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that compared to sham acupuncture (SAT) and western medicine (WM), acupuncture (AT) played superior roles for CP/CPPS patients in pain score, NIH-CPSI score, quality of life score, urinary symptom, and efficacy rate. As for the adverse effects, 4 RCTs described mild hematoma and pain in AT and SAT groups, while specific symptoms including nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and low blood pressure were reported in WM groups.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis indicated that acupuncture has measurable benefits on CP/CPPS, and security has also been ensured. However, this meta-analysis only included 10 RCTs; thus, RCTs with a larger sample size and longer-term observation are required to verify the effectiveness of acupuncture further in the future.

Resveratrol could attenuate prostatic inflammation in rats with Oestradiol-induced chronic prostatitis

To evaluate the effect of resveratrol in rats with chronic prostatitis, 24 rats were randomly divided into the negative control, vehicle-treated and resveratrol groups. The rats in the vehicle-treated group and the resveratrol group were injected subcutaneously with 17-β-oestradiol (0.25 mg/kg) daily for 6 weeks while the rats in the control group were injected with equivalent normal saline. From the 45th day, the rats in the resveratrol group were given resveratrol (10 mg/kg) by gavage per day while the rest rats were given normal saline. After 55 days, all the rats were sacrificed and the prostatic tissue was removed. Morphological changes were examined by light microscope after H&E staining. The expressions of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were determined through ELISA and immunohistochemical staining. As a result, significant inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblastic hyperplasia were observed in prostatic stroma in the vehicle-treated group compared with the negative control group, as well as the high expression of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. After resveratrol treatment, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblastic hyperplasia were shown prominently reduced. Meanwhile, the expression of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α was significantly suppressed. For conclusion, resveratrol could attenuate the prostatic inflammation and downregulate the expression of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in rat with oestradiol-induced chronic prostatitis.

Immunological alterations in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and experimental autoimmune prostatitis model: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

As one of the most common conditions in urological outpatients, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) puzzles many individuals because of its unclear etiology and lack of effective treatment. Recently, immunological alterations underpinning CP/CPPS have been extensively investigated.

METHODS

The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and EMBASE databases were used to search original articles on immune mediators in patients with CP/CPPS and in experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) models through April 10, 2020. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated to summarize the differences in immune mediator levels between groups. Funnel plot, Begg's funnel plot, Egger's regression test, and the sensitivity analysis were applied to determine and visualize the stability of our findings.

RESULTS

A total of 34 original studies were included in the meta-analysis, including 24 studies on patients with CP/CPPS and 10 studies on EAP models. We found that TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were the four immune mediators that elevated in most of the samples derived from patients with CP/CPPS and the EAP models. The adjusted publication bias analysis indicated that publication bias was not existed, and the sensitivity analyses showed that the results were stable.

CONCLUSIONS

Immune responses play significant roles during the pathogenesis of CP/CPPS by promoting intraprostatic inflammation. Our findings provide potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for CP/CPPS patients.

Experimental autoimmune prostatitis: different antigens induction and antigen-specific therapy

PURPOSE

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has uncertain etiology and lacks effective treatment. Autoimmunity is an important pathogeny, and experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) models have long been used for studying CP/CPPS. This review presents the detailed current knowledge of EAP models based on evaluation criteria aspects to provide a tool for model selection in pathogenesis studies and therapeutic drug screening.

METHODS

We extensively searched the published literature on CP/CPPS and different antigen-induced EAP models focusing on the histopathology, clinical-related phenotypes, and biochemical indicators. We also cover the changes in the prostate function and other organs in EAP. Finally, we try to get some insights about antigen-based therapeutic approaches for CP/CPPS.

RESULTS

Several inciting autoantigens were reported in EAP, including male accessory gland extracts, prostate extracts (PE), prostatic steroid-binding protein, prostatic spermine-binding protein (p25), prostatic acid phosphatase, seminal vesicle secretory protein 2, and T2 peptide. All of these models mimicked histological prostatitis, however only p25- and T2-induced models developed both pelvic pain and voiding behaviors. PE immunization is the most widely used method. Diminished fertility and mental health disorders can be found in PE model. Oral and intravenous T2 peptide have been studied for antigen-specific therapy and achieved preliminary progress in EAP models.

CONCLUSIONS

PE-induced model is the most commonly used, while T2- or p25-model could serve as a promising CP/CPPS model. Antigen-specific therapy in CP/CPPS deserves further study.

Lycopene attenuates chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via the interaction of NF-κB, MAPKs, and Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats

Background

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is identified as a urinary andrological diseases that afflict men due to various discomforts. It is urgent and meaningful to develop the novel and effective treatments as a result of the unclear etiology and dismal therapeutic effect of CP/CPPS. Lycopene exerts a crucial role in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases owing to its potent antioxidant capacity.

Objective

This study aimed to observe the effect of lycopene on CP/CPPS and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Materials and Methods

A CP/CPPS model with complete Freund's adjuvant was established in this study. Afterward, intragastric lycopene or corn oil was administered daily for 4 consecutive weeks. Finally, the cardiac blood and prostate tissue samples were collected from rats to carry out related evaluation and testing.

Results

It was found in this study that lycopene alleviated changes in prostate histopathology compared with those in the complete Freund's adjuvant‐induced CP/CPPS model rats without lycopene treatment. Furthermore, lycopene was suggested to reduce the levels of chemokines MCP1 and MIP‐1α, down‐regulate the expression levels of cytokines (such as TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐2, and IL‐6), and up‐regulate those of CAT, GSH‐PX, and T‐SOD, decrease that of malondialdehyde. Moreover, it also inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs, NF‐κB, and enhanced phosphorylation of the Nrf2 in the CP/CPPS rat model.

Discussion and Conclusions

The findings in this study suggest that lycopene exerts potent anti‐ CP/CPPS Seffects through alleviating inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which is probably attributed to the interaction of NF‐κB, MAPKs, and Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats. As a natural antioxidant, lycopene may serve as a promising pharmaceutical preparation for treating CP/CPPS.

Tadalafil is sufficiently effective for severe chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the efficacy of tadalafil for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

METHODS

Tadalafil 5 mg was given each morning for 12 weeks to patients diagnosed as having either moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms. Voiding symptoms were compared between patients with a high (≥4; high group) and low (<4; low group) pain subscore of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index before and after tadalafil administration. The correlation between changes in the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index and the International Prostate Symptom Score during treatment was also investigated.

RESULTS

At baseline, the pain subscore of the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index was high (≥4) in 24 of 74 (32.4%) patients. The International Prostate Symptom Score in the group with a high pain subscore was significantly higher than that in the group with a low pain subscore. International Prostate Symptom Score, National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index total score and pain subscore were all significantly improved after treatment. The change in the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index total score correlated positively with the change in the International Prostate Symptom Score. The decrease in the International Prostate Symptom Score was significantly greater in the group with high versus low pain subscore.

CONCLUSIONS

Tadalafil is sufficiently effective in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and severe chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

The application of IL-10 and TNF-α in expressed prostatic secretions and prostatic exosomal protein in urine in the diagnosis of patients with chronic prostatitis

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in expressed prostatic secretions (EPSs) of patients with chronic prostatitis (CP) and the expression of prostatic exosomal protein (PSEP) in urine, and to evaluate its correlation with the condition.

METHODS

Urine samples from 310 patients with CP (101 National Institutes of Health [NIH] II, 112 NIH IIIa, and 97 NIH IIIb, classified according to the US National Institutes of Health) and 110 control group subjects were collected. The samples were tested for PSEP by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the same time, EPSs in 60 patients from 310 patients with CP and 20 control group subjects were collected. The levels of IL-10 and TNF-α in the collected samples that EPS were determined by double antibody sandwich ELISA. SPSS 23.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis of the measured data.

RESULTS

The level of PSEP in patients with CP was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < .001). The levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in the EPS of patients with NIH II and NIH IIIa CP were higher than those of the patients with NIH IIIb and the control group (P < .001). There was a positive correlation between PSEP and IL-10 and TNF-α, while TNF-α and IL-10 were also positively correlated.

CONCLUSION

PSEP, TNF-α, and IL-10 may serve as a basis for the classification diagnosis of CP. Their combination can provide more accurate diagnostic information for clinical CP typing.

Effect of maternal folic acid supplementation on prostatitis risk in the rat offspring

PURPOSE

Folic acid (FA) intake has increased to high levels in many countries for the prevention of neural tube defects. However, the impact of excess FA intake, particularly before and during pregnancy, requires further investigation. Our aim was to investigate the effect of maternal folic acid supplementation on prostatitis risk in the rat offspring.

METHODS

Female SD rats were administrated with different doses of FA by oral gavage from 2 weeks prior to mating to GD14: 0 mg/kg (distilled water), 0.2 mg/kg FA and 2.0 mg/kg FA respectively. The male rat offspring from each maternal FA group were castrated on PND56 and injected different doses of 17β-estradiol (E₂) subcutaneously for 30 days to induce prostatitis: 0 mg/kg (corn oil) and 1.25 mg/kg E₂ respectively. At necropsy, the prostates were collected for histopathological analysis. Fasting blood was collected for the determination of serum E₂, T, DHT, and folic acid levels. The expression of TNF-α, COX-2, and ER-α was determined by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

High-dose (2.0 mg/kg) maternal folic acid supplementation significantly increased the proportion of prostatitis in FA(2.0) + E₂(1.25) group (87.5%) compared with FA(0) + E₂(1.25) group (25%). The inflammation was focal and severe, and large amounts of inflammatory cells appeared in different regions of the prostate in FA(2.0) + E₂(1.25) group. The serum T, DHT, and FA levels in FA(2.0) + E₂(1.25) group were significantly higher than those in FA(0) + E₂(1.25) group. The expression of TNF-α, COX-2, and ER-α in three 1.25 mg/kg E₂ groups presented positive, and the number and distribution of positive cells increased as FA dosage increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that high-dose (2.0 mg/kg) maternal folic acid supplementation significantly increases the proportion of prostatitis and the prostatic inflammation is more obvious and severe in the rat offspring.

Quercetin protects against chronic prostatitis in rat model through NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common disease of urology, of which the pathogenesis and therapy remain to be further elucidated. Quercetin has been reported to improve the symptoms of CP/CPPS patients. We aimed to verify the therapeutic effect of quercetin on CP/CPPS and identify the mechanism responsible for it.

METHODS

A novel CP/CPPS model induced with Complete Freund Adjuvant in Sprague Dawley rats was established and the prostates and blood specimens were harvested for further measurement after oral administration of quercetin for 4 weeks.

RESULTS

Increased prostate index and infiltration of lymphocytes, up-regulated expression of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, MCP1, and TNFα, decreased T-SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, and increased MDA, enhanced phosphorylation of NF-κB, P38, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK were detected in CP/CPPS rat model. Quercetin was identified to ameliorate the histo-pathologic changes, decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, MCP1, and TNFα, improve anti-oxidant capacity, and suppress the phosphorylation of NF-κB and MAPKs.

CONCLUSIONS

Quercetin has specific protective effect on CP/CPPS, which is mediated by anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and at least partly through NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Relation between histological prostatitis and lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile function

BACKGROUND

Chronic prostatitis (CP) significantly worsens a patient's quality of life (QOL), but its etiology is heterogeneous. Although the inflammatory process must be associated with CP symptoms, not all patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and histological prostatitis complain of CP symptoms. The relation between the severity of histological inflammation and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile function is not fully understood.

METHODS

This study comprised 26 men with suspected prostate cancer but with no malignant lesion by pathological examination of prostate biopsy specimens. LUTS were assessed by several questionnaires including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), QOL index, Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), and erectile function was assessed by the Sexual Health Inventory for Men. Prostate volume (PV) measured by transabdominal ultrasound, maximum flow rate by uroflowmetry, and serum concentration of prostate-specific antigen were also evaluated. All data collections were performed before prostate biopsy. Histological prostatitis was assessed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD45 antibody as the Quick score. The relation between the Quick score and several factors was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient and a multivariate linear regression model after adjustment for PV.

RESULTS

The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a correlation between the Quick score and several factors including PV, IPSS, QOL index, OABSS, and NIH-CPSI. A multivariate linear regression model after adjustment for PV showed only the NIH-CPSI to be associated with the Quick score. The relation between the Quick score and each domain score of the NIH-CPSI showed only the subscore of urinary symptoms to be an associated factor.

CONCLUSION

We found a correlation only between histological prostatitis and LUTS, but not erectile dysfunction. Especially, the subscore of urinary symptoms (residual feeling and urinary frequency) was associated with histological prostatitis.

Microbubble-mediated ultrasound promotes accumulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell to the prostate for treating chronic bacterial prostatitis in rats

Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is an intractable disease. Although bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are able to regulate inflammation in CBP, the effect of microbubble-mediated ultrasound- induced accumulation of BMMSCs on CBP remains unclear. To address this gap, a model of CBP was established in SD rats, which were then treated with BMMSCs alone (BMMSC group), BMMSCs with ultrasound (ultrasound group), BMMSCs with microbubble-mediated ultrasound (MMUS group) and compared with a healthy control group. A therapeutic-ultrasound apparatus was used to treat the prostate in the presence of circulating microbubbles and BMMSCs. The BMMSC distribution was assessed with in vivo imaging, and the prostate structure with light microscopy. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β. More BMMSCs were found in the prostate in the MMUS group than in the CBP, ultrasound, and BMMSC groups. Inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrous tissue hyperplasia, and tumor-like epithelial proliferation were significantly reduced in the MMUS group, as were the mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β. Microbubble-mediated ultrasound-induced accumulation of BMMSCs can inhibit inflammation and decrease TNF-α and IL-1β expressions in the prostate of CBP rats, suggesting that this method may be therapeutic for CPB.

Redundant prepuce increases the odds of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)

Some published evidence has revealed that the dendritic cells can interact with pathogens that exist in the inner foreskin. This information provides a new vision that pathogens could play a role through the redundant prepuce; numerous studies have failed to find pathogens in prostates of patients who had chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). However, no studies have reported an association between foreskin length and CP/CPPS. Hence, we conducted a retrospective case-control study of clinical data from 322 CP/CPPS patients (case group) and 341 nonCP/CPPS patients (control group). Demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and foreskin lengths were collected and analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was adopted to calculate the odds of foreskin length for CP/CPPS. According to the multivariate logistic regression results, when the foreskin length covered up more than half of the glans penis, the odds for CP/CPPS were higher with an increased foreskin (odds ratio (OR): 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–2.66). In comparison, when the glans penis was completely covered by the foreskin, the OR value increased to 1.86 (95% CI, 1.2–2.88). The study results showed an association between foreskin length and the odds of CP/CPPS. When the foreskin length covered up more than half of the glans penis, there were greater odds for CP/CPPS. This possible mechanism might result from interaction between pathogens and DCs in the inner foreskin, consequently activating T-cells to mediate allergic inflammation in the prostate and producing the autoimmunizations causing CP/CPPS.

Classification and treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome using the UPOINT system

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common condition; however, many of the traditional therapies used in clinical practice fail to show efficacy when subjected to large randomized placebo-controlled trials. This may be because CP/CPPS is a heterogeneous syndrome rather than a specific disease which would explain the failure of "one size fits all" therapy. In order to direct appropriate therapy, we have developed a six-point clinical phenotyping system to evaluate patients with chronic urologic pelvic pain. The clinical domains are urinary symptoms, psychosocial dysfunction, organ-specific findings, infection, neurologic/systemic, and tenderness of muscles, which produces the acronym UPOINT. Each domain is diagnosed clinically and is associated with specific therapies. This approach is simple and has proven effective in our hands for patients even after many years of failed therapies.

Quercetin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common condition with a heterogeneous origin that responds best to multimodal therapy. The bioflavonoid quercetin has antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects that have proven useful for treating this condition. Using the clinical phenotype system UPOINT, quercetin can be helpful for those with organ-specific complaints (bladder or prostate) and pelvic floor spasm. This article discusses the current understanding of CP/CPPS and how treatment with quercetin can be used alone or as part of multimodal therapy.

Association of IL10, IL10RA, and IL10RB polymorphisms with benign prostate hyperplasia in Korean population

Cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL10) may play an important role in the process of inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between IL10, IL10RA and IL10RB single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in Korean population. All patients with BPH were divided into two groups according to international prostate symptom score (IPSS), prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, Q(max), and prostate volume. We selected two IL10 SNPs (rs1518111 and rs1554286), three IL10RA SNPs (rs2256111, rs4252243, and rs2228054), and two IL10RB SNPs (rs999788 and rs2834167). Genotypes of seven SNPs were determined through direct sequencing. The G/G genotype of IL10RB polymorphism (rs2834167) was associated with a high PSA level compared with the A/G + A/A genotypes (P = 0.009). Of IL10 SNP, the A/A genotype of rs1518111 and T/T genotype of rs1554286 were associated with small prostate volume, respectively (P = 0.011, P = 0.014). Moreover, the T/T genotype of IL10RB polymorphism (rs999788) was associated with high prostatic volume compared with the T/C + C/C genotypes (P = 0.033). The linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks were formed in IL10 and IL10RA. However, haplotypes in the LD block were not associated with BPH. It is concluded that there is a strong association between the IL10 and IL10RB SNPs, and BPH in Korean population.

In vivo study of four preparative extracts of Clematis terniflora DC. for antinociceptive activity and anti-inflammatory activity in rat model of carrageenan-induced chronic non-bacterial prostatitis

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Clematis terniflora DC. extracts and fractions and to further support its traditional use as Chinese folk medicine in treatment of urinary infections, especially the disease of prostatitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The antinociceptive activity of its water extract (WE), 70% ethanol extract (EE), water eluted part of EE from AB-8 macroporous resin (WEPMR) and 70% ethanol eluted part of EE from AB-8 macroporous resin (EEPMR) was conducted using mice writhing test with different doses. Then the anti-inflammatory activity of the four parts was evaluated on rat models of carrageenan-induced chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP). Preliminary study was taken to determine the phytochemical compositions of the four preparative extracts.

RESULTS

Significant writhing inhibitory effect was found with EE at small (7.5 g/kg body wt.), moderate (15 g/kg body wt.) and large (30 g/kg body wt.) doses (doses here are presented as crude herbs) as well as EEPMR at moderate and large doses by oral administration (OA) (p≤0.01). Data from prostatic index, lecithin microsome density and white blood cell level showed that moderate dose of EE and EEPMR both had significant (p≤0.05 or p≤0.01) inhibition effect on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat prostate. The HPLC analytical results showed that flavonoids were the main active compounds in WE, EE and EEPMR. And most flavonoids were accumulated into the part of EEPMR by AB-8 macroporous resin leaving only few compounds in WEPMR. No acute toxicity was identified in oral administration of the four parts at a dose of 100g/kg body wt.

CONCLUSIONS

The results described here suggest that extracts of the aerial part of Clematis terniflora DC. might be of therapeutic interest in the treatment of prostatitis.

A host defense mechanism involving CFTR-mediated bicarbonate secretion in bacterial prostatitis

Background

Prostatitis is associated with a characteristic increase in prostatic fluid pH; however, the underlying mechanism and its physiological significance have not been elucidated.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In this study a primary culture of rat prostatic epithelial cells and a rat prostatitis model were used. Here we reported the involvement of CFTR, a cAMP-activated anion channel conducting both Cl⁻ and HCO₃⁻, in mediating prostate HCO₃⁻ secretion and its possible role in bacterial killing. Upon Escherichia coli (E coli)-LPS challenge, the expression of CFTR and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), along with several pro-inflammatory cytokines was up-regulated in the primary culture of rat prostate epithelial cells. Inhibiting CFTR function in vitro or in vivo resulted in reduced bacterial killing by prostate epithelial cells or the prostate. High HCO₃⁻ content (>50 mM), rather than alkaline pH, was found to be responsible for bacterial killing. The direct action of HCO₃⁻ on bacterial killing was confirmed by its ability to increase cAMP production and suppress bacterial initiation factors in E coli. The relevance of the CFTR-mediated HCO₃⁻ secretion in humans was demonstrated by the upregulated expression of CFTR and CAII in human prostatitis tissues.

Conclusions/Significance

The CFTR and its mediated HCO₃⁻ secretion may be up-regulated in prostatitis as a host defense mechanism.