The history of microsurgery in urology

Microsurgery Robots: Applications, Design, and Development

Microsurgical techniques have been widely utilized in various surgical specialties, such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology, which require intricate and precise surgical tool manipulation on a small scale. In microsurgery, operations on delicate vessels or tissues require high standards in surgeons' skills. This exceptionally high requirement in skills leads to a steep learning curve and lengthy training before the surgeons can perform microsurgical procedures with quality outcomes. The microsurgery robot (MSR), which can improve surgeons' operation skills through various functions, has received extensive research attention in the past three decades. There have been many review papers summarizing the research on MSR for specific surgical specialties. However, an in-depth review of the relevant technologies used in MSR systems is limited in the literature. This review details the technical challenges in microsurgery, and systematically summarizes the key technologies in MSR with a developmental perspective from the basic structural mechanism design, to the perception and human-machine interaction methods, and further to the ability in achieving a certain level of autonomy. By presenting and comparing the methods and technologies in this cutting-edge research, this paper aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the current state of MSR research and identify potential directions for future development in MSR.

The Renaissance of Male Infertility Management in the Golden Age of Andrology

Infertility affects nearly 186 million people worldwide and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Meta-regression data indicate an unexplained decline in sperm concentration and total sperm count over the last four decades, with an increasing prevalence of male infertility. This suggests an urgent need to implement further basic and clinical research in Andrology. Andrology developed as a branch of urology, gynecology, endocrinology, and, dermatology. The first scientific journal devoted to andrological sciences was founded in 1969. Since then, despite great advancements, andrology has encountered several obstacles in its growth. In fact, for cultural reasons, the male partner has often been neglected in the diagnostic and therapeutic workup of the infertile couple. Furthermore, the development of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) has driven a strong impression that this biotechnology can overcome all forms of infertility, with a common belief that having a spermatozoon from a male partner (a sort of sperm donor) is all that is needed to achieve pregnancy. However, clinical practice has shown that the quality of the male gamete is important for a successful ART outcome. Furthermore, the safety of ART has been questioned because of the high prevalence of comorbidities in the offspring of ART conceptions compared to spontaneous conceptions. These issues have paved the way for more research and a greater understanding of the mechanisms of spermatogenesis and male infertility. Consequently, numerous discoveries have been made in the field of andrology, ranging from genetics to several "omics" technologies, oxidative stress and sperm DNA fragmentation, the sixth edition of the WHO manual, artificial intelligence, management of azoospermia, fertility in cancers survivors, artificial testis, 3D printing, gene engineering, stem cells therapy for spermatogenesis, and reconstructive microsurgery and seminal microbiome. Nevertheless, as many cases of male infertility remain idiopathic, further studies are required to improve the clinical management of infertile males. A multidisciplinary strategy involving both clinicians and scientists in basic, translational, and clinical research is the core principle that will allow andrology to overcome its limits and reach further goals. This state-of-the-art article aims to present a historical review of andrology, and, particularly, male infertility, from its "Middle Ages" to its "Renaissance", a golden age of andrology.

Future of Male Infertility Evaluation and Treatment: Brief Review of Emerging Technology

Over the past few decades, there have been significant advances in male infertility, particularly in the development of novel diagnostic tools. Unfortunately, there remains a substantial number of patients that remain infertile despite these improvements. In this review, we take heed of the emerging technologies that will shape the future of male infertility diagnosis, evaluation and treatment. Improvement in computer-assisted semen analyses and portability allow males to obtain basic semen parameters from the comfort of their home. Additionally, breakthrough ultrasound technology allows for preoperative prediction of potential areas of spermatogenesis within the testes, high-resolution optics permits better visualization during microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE), and artificial intelligence improves sperm selection and identification.

Technological Advancements in Male Infertility Microsurgery

There have been significant advancements in male infertility microsurgery over time, and there continues to be significant promise for new and emerging techniques, technologies, and methodologies. In this review, we discuss the history of male infertility and the evolution of microsurgery, the essential role of education and training in male infertility microsurgery, and new technologies in this space. We also review the potentially important role of artificial intelligence (AI) in male infertility and microsurgery.

Narrative review of the history of microsurgery in urological practice

The clinical need for magnified visualization during surgery spurred the evolution of microscope and microsuture technology. Innovative surgeons across various surgical specialties recognized the importance of utilizing and advancing these technologies. Operative microscopy allows human dexterity to perform beyond direct visual limitations. Microsurgery started in otolaryngology and ophthalmology, became popular in reconstruction and transplantation, and was then adopted in urology. Microsurgery in urology involves renal and penile revascularization, penile transplantation and free flap phalloplasty, testicular autotransplantation, reproductive tract reconstruction of the vas deferens and epididymis, varicocele repair, and sperm retrieval. By examining the peer reviewed and lay literature, this review discusses the history of microsurgery and its subsequent development as a subspecialty in urology.

[45 years of microsurgery in urology : Contemporary witnesses report with special reference to vasectomy reversal]

On the occasion of the 45th anniversary of the introduction of microsurgery in urology, the author describes the historical development of urologic microsurgery in Germany, with special reference to vasectomy reversal. Together with contemporary witnesses, a critical historical review is drawn and the current status is analyzed as well as an outlook is given.

Survey of Microsurgery Training Availability in US Urology Residency Programs

Purpose

The Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) establishes surgical minimum numbers of cases for urologic training. Currently there is not a requirement for microsurgery, likely from a belief that programs do not offer exposure. In an effort to evaluate the availability of microsurgery training among urology residency programs we surveyed the programs.

Materials and Methods

We obtained a list of the 138 ACGME-accredited urology residencies and contact information the American Urology Association (AUA). We contacted the residency programs by phone and e-mail. For programs that did not reply, we performed a search of the program website. We answered 3-questions to assess resident subspecialty training in microsurgery and used penile implant and artificial urinary sphincters as a comparison. Data are reported as frequencies.

Results

We obtained data from 134 programs (97.1%). A total of 104 programs (77.6%) had fellowship-trained physicians for training in microsurgery, 86.6% for penile implants, and 88.8% for artificial urinary sphincters. The percentage of fellowship-trained microsurgeons per program did not vary significantly when comparing the different sections of the AUA. The northeast and southeast sections had the lowest percentage (67% and 68%).

Conclusions

Nearly 80% of urology residency programs have a fellowship-trained microsurgeon on faculty, we therefore believe that microsurgery should be added as part of the ACGME minimums. In order to provide an equal exposure to all graduating urology residents, urology residency programs that lack microsurgery should identify potential faculty with fellowship training.

[Microsurgical technique in coronary bypass surgery: possibilities, perspectives and limitations]

Microsurgical approach implies a special technique of operation under operating microscope with the use of special tools and ultra-thin atraumatic sutures. This method may be used in coronary artery bypass surgery in order to improve conventional technique, its quality and outcomes. The report summarizes information about technical features, capabilities and results of microsurgical coronary artery bypass grafting. The problem of popularizing microsurgical technologies in coronary bypass surgery is also discussed.

Formation of struvite urinary stones and approaches towards the inhibition-A review

BACKGROUND

Struvite is one of the most common urinary/kidney stones, composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNHPO₄·H₂O). They are also termed as infection stones as these are associated with urinary tract infections. Numerous studies have been carried out to examine the growth and inhibition of struvite stones.

OBJECTIVE

This review summarizes various reports on the factors responsible for inducing struvite stones in the kidney and gives a detailed account of studies on inhibition of growth of struvite crystals.

RESULTS

The presence of urea-splitting bacteria such as Proteus mirabilis and alkaline pH plays a crucial role in struvite formation. In vitro inhibition of struvite stones by various chemical agents were examined mainly in artificial urine whereas inhibition by herbal extracts was studied in vitro by gel diffusion technique. Herbal extracts of curcumin, Boerhaavia diffusa Linn, Rotula aquatica and many other plants, as well as some chemicals like pyrophosphate, acetohydroxamic acid, disodium EDTA and trisodium citrate, were reported to successfully inhibit struvite formation.

CONCLUSION

The present review recapitulates various factors affecting the growth of struvite urinary stones and the inhibitory role of certain chemicals and herbal extracts. Most of the tested plants are edible hence can be easily consumed without any adverse effects whereas the side effects of chemicals are unknown due to lack of toxicity studies. Thus, the use of herbal extracts might serve as an alternate and safe therapy for prevention of struvite stones.