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Rotimi SO, Rotimi OA, Salhia B. A Review of Cancer Genetics and Genomics Studies in Africa. Front Oncol 2021; 10:606400. [PMID: 33659210 PMCID: PMC7917259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is projected to overtake infectious disease as the leading cause of mortality in Africa within the next two decades. Cancer is a group of genomic diseases that presents with intra- and inter-population unique phenotypes, with Black populations having the burden of morbidity and mortality for most types. At large, the prevention and treatment of cancers have been propelled by the understanding of the genetic make-up of the disease of mostly non-African populations. By the same token, there is a wide knowledge gap in understanding the underlying genetic causes of, and genomic alterations associated with, cancer among black Africans. Accordingly, we performed a review of the literature to survey existing studies on cancer genetics/genomics and curated findings pertaining to publications across multiple cancer types conducted on African populations. We used PubMed MeSH terms to retrieve the relevant publications from 1990 to December 2019. The metadata of these publications were extracted using R text mining packages: RISmed and Pubmed.mineR. The data showed that only 0.329% of cancer publications globally were on Africa, and only 0.016% were on cancer genetics/genomics from Africa. Although the most prevalent cancers in Africa are cancers of the breast, cervix, uterus, and prostate, publications representing breast, colorectal, liver, and blood cancers were the most frequent in our review. The most frequently reported cancer genes were BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53. Next, the genes reported in the reviewed publications’ abstracts were extracted and annotated into three gene ontology classes. Genes in the cellular component class were mostly associated with cell part and organelle part, while those in biological process and molecular function classes were mainly associated with cell process, biological regulation, and binding, and catalytic activity, respectively. Overall, this review highlights the paucity of research on cancer genomics on African populations, identified gaps, and discussed the need for concerted efforts to encourage more research on cancer genomics in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon O Rotimi
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Oluwakemi A Rotimi
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Bodour Salhia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Zhou T, Li HY, Xie WJ, Zhong Z, Zhong H, Lin ZJ. Association of Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphism with bladder Cancer susceptibility. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1088. [PMID: 30419877 PMCID: PMC6233535 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between the glutathione S-transferase μ1 (GSTM1)- and glutathione S-transferase θ1 (GSTT1)- null genotypes and susceptibility to bladder cancer. METHODS We identified association reports from the databases of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and the China Biological Medicine Database (CBM disc) on July 1, 2017 and synthesized eligible investigations. Results were expressed using odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous data, and we also calculated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS In this meta-analysis, we found that the GSTM1-null genotype was associated with bladder cancer risk in the overall population, and individually in whites, Africans and Asians (overall population: OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.31-1.48, P<0.00001; whites: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.26-1.54, P<0.00001; Africans: OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.16-2.05, P = 0.003; Asians: OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.33-1.59, P<0.00001). The GSTT1-null genotype was associated with bladder cancer risk in the overall population, but not in whites, in Africans or Asians (overall population: OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.22, P = 0.03; whites: OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.99-1.36, P = 0.07; Africans: OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.65-1.76, P = 0.79; Asians: OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.91-1.22, P = 0.51). Interestingly, a dual-null GSTM1-GSTT1 genotype was associated with bladder cancer risk in the overall population and in Asians (overall population: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.15-1.92, P = 0.002; Asians: OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.15-2.28, P = 0.006). In conclusion, the GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null and dual-null GSTM1-GSTT1 genotypes might be associated with the onset of bladder cancer, but additional genetic-epidemiological studies should be conducted to explore this association further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbiao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ji Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Zhiqing Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Hongzhen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Zhi-Jun Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
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Yu Y, Li X, Liang C, Tang J, Qin Z, Wang C, Xu W, Hua Y, Shao P, Xu T. The relationship between GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms and bladder cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4900. [PMID: 27631264 PMCID: PMC5402607 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have investigated the relationship between GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms and bladder cancer (BCa) susceptibility, respectively, but the results remain inconsistent. So, we conducted this meta-analysis including 79 case-control studies to explore such relationships. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and CNKI for relevant available studies. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were implemented to evaluate the intensity of associations. Publication bias was estimated using Begg funnel plots and Egger regression test. To assess the stability of the results, we used sensitivity analysis with the method of calculating the results again by omitting 1 single study each time. Between-study heterogeneity was tested using the I statistic. RESULTS No significant association between GSTA1 polymorphism and BCa susceptibility (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.83-1.33) was noted. Besides, meaningful association between individuals who carried the GSTM1 null genotype and increased BCa risk was detected (OR = 1.39, 95%CI 1.28-1.51). When stratified by ethnicity, significant difference was found in both Caucasian (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.23-1.58) and Asian populations (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.31-1.61). Moreover, in the subgroup analysis by source of controls (SOC), the results were significant in both hospital-based control groups (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.35-1.64) and population-based control groups (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.07-1.37). Additionally, the analysis revealed no significant association between GSTP1 polymorphism and BCa risk (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.96-1.20). What is more, significant associations between GSTT1 polymorphism and BCa susceptibility were discovered (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significant associations between GSTT1 null genotype and BCa risk were observed only in Caucasians (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.44). Furthermore, when stratified by SOC, no obvious relationship was found between the GSTT1 null genotype polymorphism with hospital-based population (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.97-1.28) or population-based population (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.96-1.27). CONCLUSION This study suggested that GSTM1 null genotype and GSTT1 null genotype might be related to higher BCa risk, respectively. However, no associations were observed between GSTA1 or GSTP1 polymorphisms and BCa susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
- Department of Urologic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Jingyuan Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Weizhang Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province
| | - Yibo Hua
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Pengfei Shao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
- Correspondence: Pengfei Shao, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China (e-mail: ); Ting Xu, Department of Urologic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China (e-mail: )
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence: Pengfei Shao, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China (e-mail: ); Ting Xu, Department of Urologic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China (e-mail: )
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Gastrointestinal neoplasia associated with bowel parasitosis: real or imaginary? J Trop Med 2011; 2011:234254. [PMID: 22174720 PMCID: PMC3235815 DOI: 10.1155/2011/234254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several parasitic species are well known to have carcinogenic properties, namely; Schistosoma hematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) and the liver flukes Opisthorchis and Chlonorchis (cholangiocarcinoma). A large number of parasites are known to colonize the gastrointestinal tract. We sought to review the evidence that implicates these parasites in gastrointestinal neoplasia. Schistosoma japonicum, which is endemic primarily in east Asia, has been shown in multiple studies to convey a mildly increased risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma. The data supporting a causative role for Schistosoma mansoni in colorectal or other neoplastic processes are less convincing, limited primarily to small case-control studies and case series. Reports of possible associations between other gastrointestinal parasites (e.g., E. histolytica and A. lumbricoides) and neoplasia may be found in the literature but are limited to individual cases. We conclude that, other than S. japonicum and to a lesser extent S. mansoni, there is little evidence of an association between gastrointestinal parasites and neoplasia.
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Navarro P, Luzardo OP, Alvarez-León EE, Boada LD, Zumbado M, Pestano J, Suárez JR, Chesa N, Almeida M, Valerón PF. Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase μ and θ, MDR1 and VEGF genes as risk factors of bladder cancer: a case-control study. Urol Oncol 2011; 30:660-5. [PMID: 21292509 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed at examining the local distribution of GSTM1, GSTT1, MDR1, and VEGF gene polymorphisms as possible risk factors contributing to the development of bladder cancer among the population from Canary Islands, Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS The genotypes were determined by PCR-based methods in a hospital-based case-control study consisting of 119 cases and 110 controls. The socio-demographic and clinicopathologic data were collected, including the smoking habits of the population covered in the study. RESULTS The observed allelic frequencies were (%): GSTM1-GSTT1, (positive) 54 and (null) 46 in cases, and 65 and 35, respectively, in controls (P = 0.144); MDR1 C3435T, (C) 57 and (T) 43 in cases, and 54 and 46, respectively, in controls (P = 0.633); VEGF A2578C, (A) 40 and (C) 60 in cases, and 51 and 49, respectively, in controls (P = 0.221). Among Canary Islands subjects, GSTT1-null genotype appeared as a significant risk factor for bladder cancer (odds ratio (OR) 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-3.7; P = 0.041), in multivariate analysis adjusted by age and smoking habits. No statistical changes in genotype distribution of GSTM1, MDR1 C3435T, and VEGF A2578C gene polymorphisms were observed between cases and controls. The distribution of the initial clinical stage, clinical grade, or recurrence status was not significantly different among the polymorphic variants in the case group (P = NS). CONCLUSIONS Subjects with the GSTT1-null genotype might be at an increased risk of bladder cancer in Canary Islands, Spain. However, extensive studies are required for accurate confirmation of these results.
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