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Krishnan MA, Pandit A, Sharma R, Chelvam V. Imaging of prostate cancer: optimizing affinity to prostate specific membrane antigen by spacer modifications in a tumor spheroid model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:9909-9930. [PMID: 34180367 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1936642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is crucial for staging, treatment and management of patients. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), highly over-expressed on PCa cells, is an excellent target for selective imaging of PCa. In recent years, various scaffolds have been explored as potential carriers to target diagnostic and therapeutic agents to PSMA+ tumour cells. Numerous fluorescent or radioisotope probes linked via a peptide linker have been developed that selectively binds to PCa cells. However, there are very few reports that examine the effects of chemical modifications in the peptide linker of an imaging probe on its affinity to PSMA protein. This report systematically investigates the impact of hydrophobic aromatic moieties in the peptide linker on PSMA affinity and in vitro performance. For this, a series of fluorescent bioconjugates 12-17 with different aromatic spacers were designed, synthesized, and their interactions within the PSMA pocket were first analysed in silico. Cell uptake studies were then performed for 12-17 in PSMA+ cell lines and 3D tumour models in vitro. Binding affinity values of 12-17 were found to be in the range of 36 to 157.9 nM, and 12 with three aromatic groups in the spacer exhibit highest affinity (KD = 36 nM) compared to 17 which is devoid of aromatic groups. These studies suggest that aromatic groups in the spacer region can significantly affect deep tissue imaging of fluorescent bioconjugates. Bioconjugate 12 can be a promising diagnostic tool, and conjugation to near-infrared agents would further its applications in deep-tissue imaging and surgery. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Asha Krishnan
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Amit Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India
| | - Venkatesh Chelvam
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Jaulim A, Aydın A, Ebrahim F, Ahmed K, Elhage O, Dasgupta P. Imaging modalities aiding nerve-sparing during radical prostatectomy. Turk J Urol 2019; 45:325-330. [PMID: 31509505 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2019.19007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy has decreased the post-surgical complications of prostate surgery, but has not eliminated it. The ability to view the microstructure will enable better surgical decisions and lead to better post-surgical outcomes. An ideal imaging modality should provide rapid image acquisition, be low cost, and be specific to the tissue being examined. This article aims to review the current literature to compare three main techniques: multiphoton microscopy (MPM), optical coherence tomography, and confocal microscopy, to see which of these techniques may be best applied in surgical procedures in the future. Embase and Medline were used as the primary databases. Combinations of various key words were used while researching the literature. These included: "Radical prostatectomy," "nerve-sparing," "nerve mapping," "multiphoton microscopy," "Confocal microscopy," and "Optical Coherence Tomography." Thereafter, the relevant results were selected and used in the review. Although optical coherence tomography is a low cost and compact modality, it lacks cellular resolution, while confocal microscopy offers great cellular resolution but lacks depth. MPM, on the other hand, provides sufficient depth and produces high-resolution images. The limitation of MPM is its lack of portability, however the advent of dual-modality MPM may be a way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Jaulim
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge; Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abdüllatif Aydın
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, UK.,The London Clinic Centre for Robotics, London, UK
| | - Farheen Ebrahim
- Department of Surgery, Colchester General Hospital, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - Kamran Ahmed
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, UK
| | - Oussama Elhage
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, UK.,The London Clinic Centre for Robotics, London, UK.,Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, UK.,The London Clinic Centre for Robotics, London, UK.,Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Yoon Y, Jeon SH, Park YH, Jang WH, Lee JY, Kim KH. Visualization of prostatic nerves by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3170-3183. [PMID: 27699090 PMCID: PMC5030002 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of prostatic nerves is critical to recovery of a man's sexual potency after radical prostatectomy. A real-time imaging method of prostatic nerves will be helpful for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (NSRP). Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), which provides both structural and birefringent information of tissue, was applied for detection of prostatic nerves in both rat and human prostate specimens, ex vivo. PS-OCT imaging of rat prostate specimens visualized highly scattering and birefringent fibrous structures superficially, and these birefringent structures were confirmed to be nerves by histology or multiphoton microscopy (MPM). PS-OCT could easily distinguish these birefringent structures from surrounding other tissue compartments such as prostatic glands and fats. PS-OCT imaging of human prostatectomy specimens visualized two different birefringent structures, appearing fibrous and sheet-like. The fibrous ones were confirmed to be nerves by histology, and the sheet-like ones were considered to be fascias surrounding the human prostate. PS-OCT imaging of human prostatectomy specimens along the perimeter showed spatial variation in the amount of birefringent fibrous structures which was consistent with anatomy. These results demonstrate the feasibility of PS-OCT for detection of prostatic nerves, and this study will provide a basis for intraoperative use of PS-OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoreum Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Jeon
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–040, South Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Park
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–040, South Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Jang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–040, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
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Current Perspectives in the Use of Molecular Imaging To Target Surgical Treatments for Genitourinary Cancers. Eur Urol 2014; 65:947-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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