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Tamura K, Watanabe K, Matsushita Y, Watanabe H, Motoyama D, Ito T, Sugiyama T, Otsuka A, Miyake H. Enhanced Sensitivity to NVP-BEZ235 by Inhibition of p62/SQSTM1 in Human Bladder Cancer KoTCC-1 Cells Both In Vitro and In Vivo. In Vivo 2021; 34:1001-1008. [PMID: 32354885 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The prognosis of patients with invasive bladder cancer remains poor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of NVP-BEZ235 (NVP), a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, combined with the inactivation of p62/SQSTM1 (p62) in a human bladder cancer KoTCC-1 model. MATERIALS AND METHODS An expression plasmid with short hairpin RNA targeted against p62 was transfected into KoTCC-1 cells (KoTCC-1/sh-p62). The antitumor effects of NVP on KoTCC-1/sh-p62 were investigated in comparison with those on KoTCC-1 transfected with a control plasmid alone (KoTCC-1/C). RESULTS KoTCC-1/sh-p62 showed significantly higher sensitivity to NVP than KoTCC-1/C. Treatment of both cell lines with NVP markedly inactivated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. However, NVP treatment stimulated the autophagic pathway in KoTCC-1/C, but not in KoTCC-1/sh-p62. Furthermore, compared with KoTCC-1/C, NVP treatment induced apoptosis of KoTCC-1/sh-p62 cells, which was accompanied by significant downregulation of c-IAP-1 and XIAP as well as upregulation of Bax. Moreover, the in vivo growth of KoTCC-1/sh-p62 tumors was significantly suppressed by treatment with NVP compared to KoTCC-1/C tumors. CONCLUSION Inhibition of p62 expression combined with NVP may represent an effective therapeutic approach for patients with invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tamura
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kyohei Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuto Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motoyama
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ito
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sugiyama
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyake
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Hernández-Prat A, Rodriguez-Vida A, Juanpere-Rodero N, Arpi O, Menéndez S, Soria-Jiménez L, Martínez A, Iarchouk N, Rojo F, Albanell J, Brake R, Rovira A, Bellmunt J. Novel Oral mTORC1/2 Inhibitor TAK-228 Has Synergistic Antitumor Effects When Combined with Paclitaxel or PI3Kα Inhibitor TAK-117 in Preclinical Bladder Cancer Models. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1931-1944. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang S, Hu B, Lv X, Chen S, Liu W, Shao Z. The Prognostic Role of Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 Pathway in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:390. [PMID: 31139572 PMCID: PMC6527894 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies supported the predictive role of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), phosphorylated S6K1 (p-S6K1), and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-S6) for the outcome of cancer patients. However, inconsistent results were acquired across different researches. To comprehensively and quantitatively elucidate their prognostic significance in solid malignancies, the current meta-analysis was carried out utilizing the results of clinical studies. Methods: We conducted the literature retrieval by searching PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane library to identify eligible publications. Data were collected from included articles to calculate pooled overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and progression-free survival (PFS). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) served as appropriate parameters to assess prognostic significance. Results: Forty-four original studies were included, of which 7 studies were analyzed for S6K1, 24 for p-S6K1, and 16 for p-S6. The overexpression of p-S6K1 was significantly associated with poorer prognosis of solid tumor patients in OS (HR = 1.706, 95%CI: 1.369–2.125, p < 0.001), DFS (HR = 1.665, 95%CI: 1.002–2.768, p = 0.049). However, prognostic role of p-S6K1 in RFS and PFS was not found. The result also revealed that S6K1 and p-S6 were significantly associated with reduced OS (HR = 1.691, 95%CI: 1.306–2.189, p < 0.001; HR = 2.019, 95%CI: 1.775–2.296, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The present meta-analysis demonstrated that elevated expression of S6K1, p-S6K1, or p-S6 might indicate worse prognosis of patients with solid tumors, and supported a promising clinical test to predict solid tumor prognosis based on the level of S6K1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binwu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ramon Y Cajal S, Castellvi J, Hümmer S, Peg V, Pelletier J, Sonenberg N. Beyond molecular tumor heterogeneity: protein synthesis takes control. Oncogene 2018; 37:2490-2501. [PMID: 29463861 PMCID: PMC5945578 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the daunting challenges facing modern medicine lies in the understanding and treatment of tumor heterogeneity. Most tumors show intra-tumor heterogeneity at both genomic and proteomic levels, with marked impacts on the responses of therapeutic targets. Therapeutic target-related gene expression pathways are affected by hypoxia and cellular stress. However, the finding that targets such as eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E (and its phosphorylated form, p-eIF4E) are generally homogenously expressed throughout tumors, regardless of the presence of hypoxia or other cellular stress conditions, opens the exciting possibility that malignancies could be treated with therapies that combine targeting of eIF4E phosphorylation with immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ramon Y Cajal
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josep Castellvi
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Hümmer
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Meta-analysis of the prognostic value of p-4EBP1 in human malignancies. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2761-2769. [PMID: 29416809 PMCID: PMC5788677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated 4E-binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1) is the inactivated form of 4EBP1, which is a downstream mediator in the mTOR signaling pathway and a vital factor in the synthesis of some oncogenic proteins. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the predicative value of p-4EBP1 expression in human malignancies. The PubMed and Embase databases were carefully searched. Articles comparing the prognostic worthiness of different p-4EBP1 levels in human malignancies were collected for pooled analyses and methodologically appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A total of 39 retrospective cohorts with an overall sample size of 3,980 were selected. Patients with lower p-4EBP1 expression had better 3-year (P < 0.00001), 5-year (P < 0.00001), and 10-year (P = 0.03) overall survival and better 3-year (P < 0.0001) and 5-year (P = 0.0005) disease-free survival. Subgroup analyses confirmed the unfavorable prognosis associated with p-4EBP1 overexpression. These findings were further validated by sensitivity analyses. Harbord and Peters tests revealed no publication bias within the included studies. It thus appears higher expression of p-4EBP1 indicates a poor prognosis in human malignancies.
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Zou Y, Wang J, Leng X, Huang J, Xue W, Zhang J, Huang Y. The selective MEK1 inhibitor Selumetinib enhances the antitumor activity of everolimus against renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20825-20833. [PMID: 28212559 PMCID: PMC5400548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a urologic malignant cancer and often diagnosed at an advanced stage, which results in high mortality. Targeted therapy may improve the quality of life and survival of patients who are not suitable for nephrectomy. Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, is currently used as sequential or second-line therapy for RCC refractory to Sunitinib or sorafenib. However, its efficiency is palliative. In this study, we evaluated whether the antitumor activity of everolimus against RCC is enhanced by Selumetinib, a selective MEK1 inhibitor. We discovered that everolimus in combination with Selumetinib synergistically inhibited the proliferation of Caki-1, 786-O and 769-P cells in vitro. Mechanistically, this combination decreased p-RPS6 and p-4E-BP1 dramatically, which causes G1 cell cycle arrest and prevents reactivation of AKT and ERK. In vivo, the antitumor efficacy and pharmacodynamic biomarkers of the combination therapy were recapitulated in Caki-1 xenograft model. In addition, this combination treatment potently inhibited angiogenesis in xenograft models by impairing VEGF secretion from tumor cells. Our findings provide a sound evidence that combination of everolimus and Selumetinib is a potential dual-targeted strategy for renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejiao Leng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwei Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Combination treatment of RAD001 and BEZ235 exhibits synergistic antitumor activity via down-regulation of p-4E-BP1/Mcl-1 in small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106486-106498. [PMID: 29290965 PMCID: PMC5739750 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant cancer with few targeted therapies. In the study, by mining the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) database, we found that PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was aberrant in 92% of SCLC cell lines. Moreover, we found that the phosphorylation level of 4E-BP1 was significantly correlated with SCLC sensitivity to RAD001 (mTOR inhibitor) and BEZ235 (PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor). Combination of RAD001 and BEZ235 synergistically inhibited the growth of SCLC cells, which was accompanied by enhanced induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Such a combination dramatically inhibited the activation of AKT, and strongly reduced the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and its downstream target Mcl-1. Knock-down of Mcl-1 enhanced the growth inhibition of SCLC cells induced by RAD001 and BEZ235 co-treatment, whereas over-expression of Mcl-1 reduced the growth inhibitory effect. Furthermore, in vivo study demonstrated that the combination treatment suppressed tumor growth more effectively than RAD001 or BEZ235 treatment alone. In summary, our study suggests that combination of BEZ235 and RAD001 may be an effective regimen for SCLC treatment, and p-4E-BP1 may serve as a predictive biomarker for SCLC response to mTOR inhibitor.
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8
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Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1): a master regulator of mRNA translation involved in tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2016; 35:4675-88. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Madka V, Mohammed A, Li Q, Zhang Y, Biddick L, Patlolla JMR, Lightfoot S, Towner RA, Wu XR, Steele VE, Kopelovich L, Rao CV. Targeting mTOR and p53 Signaling Inhibits Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer In Vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:53-62. [PMID: 26577454 PMCID: PMC4839263 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial tumors, accompanied by mutations of the tumor suppressor protein TP53 and dysregulation of mTOR signaling, are frequently associated with aggressive growth and invasiveness. We investigated whether targeting these two pathways would inhibit urothelial tumor growth and progression. Six-week-old transgenic UPII-SV40T male mice (n = 15/group) were fed control diet (AIN-76A) or experimental diets containing mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin, 8 or 16 ppm), p53 stabilizing agent [CP31398 (CP), 150 ppm], or a combination. Mice were euthanized at 40 weeks of age. Urinary bladders were collected and evaluated to determine tumor weight and histopathology. Each agent alone, and in combination, significantly inhibited tumor growth. Treatment with rapamycin alone decreased tumor weight up to 67% (P < 0.0001). Similarly, CP showed approximately 77% (P < 0.0001) suppression of tumor weight. The combination of low-dose rapamycin and CP led to approximately 83% (P < 0.0001) inhibition of tumor weight. There was no significant difference in tumor weights between rapamycin and CP treatments (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference between 8 ppm rapamycin and the combination treatment. Tumor invasion was also significantly inhibited in 53% (P < 0.005) and 66% (P < 0.0005) mice after 8 ppm and 16 ppm rapamycin, respectively. However, tumor invasion was suppressed in 73% (P < 0.0001) mice when CP was combined with 8 ppm rapamycin. These results suggest that targeting two or more pathways achieve better treatment efficacy than a single-agent high-dose strategy that could increase the risk of side effects. A combination of CP and rapamycin may be a promising method of inhibiting muscle-invasive urothelial transitional cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Laura Biddick
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jagan M R Patlolla
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Stan Lightfoot
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, NYU Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
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Kiselyov A, Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky S, Startsev V. Key signaling pathways in the muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma: Clinical markers for disease modeling and optimized treatment. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:2562-9. [PMID: 26547270 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we evaluate key molecular pathways and markers of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Overexpression and activation of EGFR, p63, and EMT genes are suggestive of basal MIBC subtype generally responsive to chemotherapy. Alterations in PPARγ, ERBB2/3, and FGFR3 gene products and their signaling along with deregulated p53, cytokeratins KRT5/6/14 in combination with the cellular proliferation (Ki-67), and cell cycle markers (p16) indicate the need for more radical treatment protocols. Similarly, the "bell-shape" dynamics of Shh expression levels may suggest aggressive MIBC. A panel of diverse biological markers may be suitable for simulation studies of MIBC and development of an optimized treatment protocol. We conducted a critical evaluation of PubMed/Medline and SciFinder databases related to MIBC covering the period 2009-2015. The free-text search was extended by adding the following keywords and phrases: bladder cancer, metastatic, muscle-invasive, basal, luminal, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell, mutations, immune response, signaling, biological markers, molecular markers, mathematical models, simulation, epigenetics, transmembrane, transcription factor, kinase, predictor, prognosis. The resulting selection of ca 500 abstracts was further analyzed in order to select the latest publications relevant to MIBC molecular markers of immediate clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kiselyov
- NBIC, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), 9 Institutsky per, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir Startsev
- Department of Oncology, State Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia
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Costa C, Pereira S, Lima L, Peixoto A, Fernandes E, Neves D, Neves M, Gaiteiro C, Tavares A, Gil da Costa RM, Cruz R, Amaro T, Oliveira PA, Ferreira JA, Santos LL. Abnormal Protein Glycosylation and Activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway: Role in Bladder Cancer Prognosis and Targeted Therapeutics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141253. [PMID: 26569621 PMCID: PMC4646664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC, stage ≥T2) is generally associated with poor prognosis, constituting the second most common cause of death among genitourinary tumours. Due to high molecular heterogeneity significant variations in the natural history and disease outcome have been observed. This has also delayed the introduction of personalized therapeutics, making advanced stage bladder cancer almost an orphan disease in terms of treatment. Altered protein glycosylation translated by the expression of the sialyl-Tn antigen (STn) and its precursor Tn as well as the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway are cancer-associated events that may hold potential for patient stratification and guided therapy. Therefore, a retrospective design, 96 bladder tumours of different stages (Ta, T1-T4) was screened for STn and phosphorylated forms of Akt (pAkt), mTOR (pmTOR), S6 (pS6) and PTEN, related with the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In our series the expression of Tn was residual and was not linked to stage or outcome, while STn was statically higher in MIBC when compared to non-muscle invasive tumours (p = 0.001) and associated decreased cancer-specific survival (log rank p = 0.024). Conversely, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway intermediates showed an equal distribution between non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and MIBC and did not associate with cancer-specif survival (CSS) in any of these groups. However, the overexpression of pAKT, pmTOR and/or pS6 allowed discriminating STn-positive advanced stage bladder tumours facing worst CSS (p = 0.027). Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that overexpression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway proteins in STn+ MIBC was independently associated with approximately 6-fold risk of death by cancer (p = 0.039). Mice bearing advanced stage chemically-induced bladder tumours mimicking the histological and molecular nature of human tumours were then administrated with mTOR-pathway inhibitor sirolimus (rapamycin). This decreased the number of invasive lesions and, concomitantly, the expression of STn and also pS6, the downstream effector of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, STn was found to be marker of poor prognosis in bladder cancer and, in combination with PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway evaluation, holds potential to improve the stratification of stage disease. Animal experiments suggest that mTOR pathway inhibition could be a potential therapeutic approach for this specific subtype of MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céu Costa
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Health Sciences Faculty of University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Pereira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Health Sciences Faculty of University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Lima
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
- Nucleo de Investigação e Informação em Farmácia - Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), School of Allied Health Sciences – Polytechnic Institute of Oporto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Fernandes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Neves
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Neves
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Gaiteiro
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Tavares
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, Laboratory for Process, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering (LEPABE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cruz
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresina Amaro
- Department of Urology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Center of the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail: (JAF); (LLS)
| | - Lúcio L. Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
- Health Sciences Faculty of University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (JAF); (LLS)
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