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Benderska-Söder N, Ecke T, Kleinlein L, Roghmann F, Bismarck E, van Rhijn BWG, Stenzl A, Witjes JA, Todenhöfer T, Hakenberg OW, Grimm MO, Goebell PJ, Burger M, Jensen JB, Schmitz-Dräger BJ. Simulation of the effects of molecular urine markers in follow-up of patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2024; 42:229-235. [PMID: 38403529 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A plethora of urine markers for the management of patients with bladder cancer has been developed and studied in the past. However, the clinical impact of urine testing on patient management remains obscure. The goal of this manuscript is to identify scenarios for the potential use of molecular urine markers in the follow-up of patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and estimate potential risks and benefits. Information on the course of disease of patients with high-risk NMIBC and performance data of a point-of-care test (UBC rapid™), an MCM-5 directed ELISA (ADXBLADDER™), and 2 additional novel assays targeting alterations of mRNA expression and DNA methylation (Xpert bladder cancer monitor™, Epicheck™) were retrieved from high-quality trials and/or meta-analyses. In addition, the sensitivity of white light cystoscopy (WLC) and the impact of a urine marker result on the performance of WLC were estimated based on fluorescence cystoscopy data and information from the CeFub trial. This information was applied to different scenarios in patient follow-up and sensitivity, estimated number of cystoscopies, and the numbers needed to diagnose were calculated. The sensitivity of guideline-based regular follow-up (SOC) at 1 year was calculated at 96%. For different marker-supported strategies sensitivities ranging from 77% to 97.9% were estimated. Calculations suggest that several strategies are effective for the SOC. While for the SOC 24.6 WLCs were required to diagnose 1 tumor recurrence (NND), this NND dropped below 5 in some marker-supported strategies. Based on the results of this simulation, a marker-supported follow-up of patients with HR NMIBC is safe and offers the option to significantly reduce the number of WLCs. Further research focusing on prospective randomized trials is needed to finally find a way to implement urine markers into clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten Ecke
- Department of Urology, Helios Klinikum, Bad Saarow, Germany; Department of Urology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Kleinlein
- Urologie 24, St. Theresienkrankenhaus, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Florian Roghmann
- Department of Urology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Bas W G van Rhijn
- Department Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Goebell
- Department of Urology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd J Schmitz-Dräger
- Urologie 24, St. Theresienkrankenhaus, Nürnberg, Germany; Studienpraxis Urologie, Nürtingen, Germany.
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2
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de Jong FC, Iflé IG, van der Made AC, Kooper D, de Jong JJ, Franckena M, Zuiverloon TC, van Criekinge W, Incrocci L, Zwarthoff EC, Boormans JL. A Genomic Urine Assay for Surveillance of Patients with Bladder Cancer Treated with Radiotherapy. EUR UROL SUPPL 2024; 62:131-139. [PMID: 38496820 PMCID: PMC10940129 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who receive radiotherapy with curative intent are followed by imaging, cystoscopy, and urine cytology. However, interpretation of cytology and cystoscopy is hampered by the impact of ionizing radiation on cells. Objective To assess the diagnostic performance of a genomic urine assay to detect urinary tract recurrences in patients with MIBC treated by (chemo)radiation. Design setting and participants Patients with nonmetastatic MIBC who underwent (chemo)radiation with curative intent from 2016 to 2020 were prospectively included. Follow-up consisted of cystoscopy and upper tract imaging. Prior to cystoscopy, a urine sample was analyzed to assess mutations in the genes FGFR3, HRAS, and TERT and methylation of OTX1, TWIST1, and ONECUT2. The treating physician was blinded for the assay result. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary endpoint was a urinary tract recurrence. Cross-sectional sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) were analyzed using a previously developed logistic regression model for the detection of bladder cancer with this assay. The secondary endpoint was the risk of a future urinary tract recurrence following a positive test and negative cystoscopy/imaging, using a time-dependent Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results and limitations A total of 143 patients were included, and 503 urine samples were analyzed. The median study duration was 20 mo (interquartile range [IQR] 10-33), and the median time to a recurrence was 16 mo (IQR 12-26). In 27 patients, 32 urinary tract recurrences were diagnosed, including three upper tract tumors. Of 32 recurrences, 18 (56%) had a concomitant urine test available. The diagnostic model had an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69-0.90) with corresponding sensitivity, specificity, and NPV of 78 (95% CI 52-94), 77% (95% CI 73-81), and 99% (95% CI 97-100). When taking into account the anticipatory effect of the test, 28/32 (88%) recurrences were detected. A Cox regression analysis showed a hazard ratio of 14.8 for the development of a future recurrence (p < 0.001). A major limitation was the lack of a concomitant urine test result in 14/32 (44%) recurrences. Conclusions A genomic urine assay detected urinary tract recurrences after (chemo)radiation in patients with MIBC, and a positive test was strongly associated with future recurrences. Although validation in a large cohort is warranted, the test has the potential to limit frequent cystoscopies. Patient summary Radiotherapy is a bladder-sparing treatment in patients with bladder cancer. After treatment, these patients undergo visual inspection of the bladder by cystoscopy to detect possible recurrences. However, interpretation of cystoscopy is difficult due to the effects of radiation on the bladder lining. Hence, we analyzed the diagnostic value of a molecular urine test to detect recurrent disease in bladder cancer patients treated by radiotherapy, and we showed that the urine test has the potential to limit the number of cystoscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florus C. de Jong
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris G. Iflé
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique C. van der Made
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Kooper
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep J. de Jong
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Franckena
- Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tahlita C.M. Zuiverloon
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Criekinge
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luca Incrocci
- Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen C. Zwarthoff
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost L. Boormans
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Han H, Oh TJ, Heo JE, Lee J, Jang WS, Lee SH, Ham WS, Hwang J, An S, Choi YD. Clinical Validation of the Proenkephalin ( PENK) Methylation Urine Test for Monitoring Recurrence of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. EUR UROL SUPPL 2024; 62:99-106. [PMID: 38496823 PMCID: PMC10940910 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective To assess the effectiveness of a urine-based proenkephalin (PENK) methylation test using linear target enrichment-quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (mePENK test) for detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) recurrence compared to cytology and the NMP22 test. Methods We first conducted a retrospective case-control study involving 54 patients with primary BC and 29 healthy individuals. We then prospectively enrolled 186 patients (January to December 2022) undergoing cystoscopy surveillance after transurethral resection of bladder tumor, of whom 59 had recurrent tumors. We analyzed voided urine samples for PENK methylation levels in urinary DNA. Cystoscopy with histology was used as the reference standard for assessing the diagnostic accuracy of the mePENK test in detecting BC recurrence. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Survival differences were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional-hazards model. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Key findings and limitations In the case-control study, the PENK test had sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 100%. For NMIBC patients undergoing cystoscopy surveillance, the sensitivity was 76.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 63.4-86.4%) and the specificity was 85% (95% CI 77.6-90.7%), outperforming cytology (sensitivity: 28.8%, 95% CI 17.8-42.1%; p < 0.001; specificity: 97.6%, 95% CI 93.2-99.5%) and the NMP22 test (sensitivity: 54.2%, 95% CI 40.7-67.2%; p = 0.016; specificity 81.9%, 95% CI 74.1-88.2%). In the high-risk group, the mePENK test had sensitivity of 89.7% (95% CI 75.8-97.1%) and a negative predictive value of 96.9%. For the group with low/intermediate risk, the sensitivity was 41.7%. In the group with negative cystoscopy, recurrence-free survival was shorter for patients with positive than for those with negative mePENK results (245 vs 503 d), with a hazard ratio of 9.4 (p < 0.001). The main study limitation is the small sample size. Conclusions and clinical implications The mePENK test showed good performance for detection of NMIBC recurrence and has potential for use for prognosis and prediction. Patient summary We found that a test used to analyze urine samples showed good performance in detecting recurrence of NMIBC. This noninvasive mePENK test may help in personalized follow-up care for patients with NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Han
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji Eun Heo
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsoo Lee
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sik Jang
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sik Ham
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sungwhan An
- Genomictree, Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Predicting Recurrence of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Current Techniques and Future Trends. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205019. [PMID: 36291803 PMCID: PMC9599984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common cancer globally and has a high mortality rate if not detected early and treated promptly. Non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) is a subclassification of BC associated with high rates of recurrence and progression. Current tools for predicting recurrence and progression on NMIBC use scoring systems based on clinical and histopathological markers. These exclude other potentially useful biomarkers which could provide a more accurate personalized risk assessment. Future trends are likely to use artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance the prediction of recurrence in patients with NMIBC and decrease the use of standard clinical protocols such as cystoscopy and cytology. Here, we provide a comprehensive survey of the most recent studies from the last decade (N = 70 studies), focused on the prediction of patient outcomes in NMIBC, particularly recurrence, using biomarkers such as radiomics, histopathology, clinical, and genomics. The value of individual and combined biomarkers is discussed in detail with the goal of identifying future trends that will lead to the personalized management of NMIBC.
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5
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RNA-based urinary assays for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2022; 32:523-530. [PMID: 35916010 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of the recent literature on RNA-based molecular urine assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). RECENT FINDINGS Articles were eligible for inclusion if performance metrics sensitivity, specificity, and negative-predictive value (NPV) were reported or could be calculated. Only prospective studies published between 2020-2022 were included. Five out of fourteen studies addressed the primary diagnostic setting; the proportion of gross hematuria patients in all study populations was >50%. Only one study reported performance metrics within a microscopic hematuria subgroup. This study evaluated Xpert Bladder and reported a sensitivity: 73%, specificity: 84%, NPV: 99%, and PPV: 12%. Ten studies assessed test performance during surveillance for NMIBC. For the detection of high-grade (HG) and high-risk (HR) NMIBC, sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV varied between 78-100%, 64-89%, 97.0-99.7%, and 9.2-39%. SUMMARY Multiple RNA-based urine assays have been investigated for the detection of urothelial cancer in the primary or surveillance setting. However, studies included within this review have important limitations, hampering the interpretation of study results. As such, performance metrics should be interpreted with caution and further research is required to evaluate the clinical impact of RNA-based urine assays in daily practice.
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Malinaric R, Mantica G, Lo Monaco L, Mariano F, Leonardi R, Simonato A, Van der Merwe A, Terrone C. The Role of Novel Bladder Cancer Diagnostic and Surveillance Biomarkers-What Should a Urologist Really Know? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159648. [PMID: 35955004 PMCID: PMC9368399 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to analyze and describe the current landscape of bladder cancer diagnostic and surveillance biomarkers. We researched the literature from 2016 to November 2021 to find the most promising new molecules and divided them into seven different subgroups based on their function and location in the cell. Although cystoscopy and cytology are still the gold standard for diagnosis and surveillance when it comes to bladder cancer (BCa), their cost is quite a burden for national health systems worldwide. Currently, the research is focused on finding a biomarker that has high negative predictive value (NPV) and can exclude with a certainty the presence of the tumor, considering missing it could be disastrous for the patient. Every subgroup has its own advantages and disadvantages; for example, protein biomarkers cost less than genomic ones, but on the other hand, they seem to be less precise. We tried to simplify this complicated topic as much as possible in order to make it comprehensible to doctors and urologists that are not as familiar with it, as well as encourage them to actively participate in ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Malinaric
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Guglielmo Mantica
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Monaco
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Mariano
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosario Leonardi
- Department of Urology, Casa di Cura Musumeci GECAS, 95030 Gravina di Catania, Italy
| | - Alchiede Simonato
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - André Van der Merwe
- Department of Urology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
| | - Carlo Terrone
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Fasulo V, Paciotti M, Lazzeri M, Contieri R, Casale P, Saita A, Lughezzani G, Diana P, Frego N, Avolio PP, Colombo P, Elefante GM, Guazzoni G, Buffi NM, Bates M, Hurle R. Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor May Avoid Cystoscopies in Patients Under "Active Surveillance" for Recurrent Bladder Cancer (BIAS Project): Longitudinal Cohort Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:832835. [PMID: 35155263 PMCID: PMC8830778 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.832835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that patients under active surveillance (AS) for Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) who were negative on longitudinal re-testing by the Xpert® Bladder Cancer Monitor (Xpert BC Monitor) assay may avoid unnecessary cystoscopies and urine cytology (UC). Subjects/Patients (or Materials) and Methods This is a prospective cohort study of patients enrolled in the AS protocol for recurrent NMIBC (Bladder Cancer Italian Active Surveillance, BIAS project), whose urine samples were analyzed by Xpert BC Monitor upon entry in the study (T0). Patients who had a negative Xpert test and did not fail AS, underwent additional Xpert tests after 4 (T1), 8 (T2), and 12 (T3) months. The clinical utility of Xpert was assessed by determining the number of cystoscopies and UC that could be avoided within 1 year. Results Overall, 139 patients were tested with Xpert at T0. Median follow-up was 23 (IQR 17–27) months. Sixty-eight (48.9%) patients failed AS, 65 (46.7%) are currently on AS, and 6 (4.3%) were lost at follow-up. At T0 57 (41.0%) patients had a negative test and 36 (63.2%) are still in AS. In patients with 2 consecutives negative Xpert tests, we could have avoided 73.9% of unnecessary cystoscopies, missing 26.4% failure, up to avoid all cystoscopies with 4 negative tests missing only 12% of failure. All the patients with negative Xpert had negative UC. Failure-free-survival at median follow-up (23 month) stratified for having 0, 1, or ≥2 negative tests was 67.0, 55.1. and 84.1, respectively. Conclusion Our findings suggest that Xpert BC Monitor assay, when it is longitudinally repeated, could significantly reduce the number of unnecessary cystoscopies and UC during their follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Fasulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Paciotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Lazzeri
- Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Contieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Casale
- Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Saita
- Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lughezzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Diana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Frego
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Avolio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Colombo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Elefante
- Department of Pathology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Guazzoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Maria Buffi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Bates
- Medical and Scientific Affairs and Strategy, Oncology, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
| | - Rodolfo Hurle
- Department of Urology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Sbizzera M, Descotes F, Arber T, Neuville P, Ruffion A. Bladder cancer detection in patients with neurogenic bladder: are cystoscopy and cytology effective, and are biomarkers pertinent as future diagnostic tools? A scoping review. World J Urol 2022; 40:1897-1913. [PMID: 35119523 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-022-03943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the current state of knowledge on bladder cancer diagnosis and screening in neurogenic bladder patients, and to explore the potential contribution of biomarkers in this context. METHODS A scoping review was performed to retrieve cystoscopy and urinary cytology performance for bladder cancer detection in neurogenic bladder patients. We also retrieved information of certified urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer detection and their potential application for this specific population. RESULTS A total of 1092 articles were identified; 19 of them were included in the scoping review regarding cytology and cystoscopy performance in patients with neurogenic bladder and 33 were included as related to biomarkers in bladder cancer. No significant study stood out to recommend bladder cancer screening in this specific population using cytology and cystoscopy because of the scarcity of results, low level-of-evidence studies, and lack of studies specifically designed to assess the test performance in this population. Two biomarkers were retained as potential future diagnostic tools: FISH analysis to detect chromosomal changes, and PCR for TERT and FGFR3 promoter mutation detection, associated or not with KRAS mutation detection. CONCLUSION There is no sufficient quality data to support cystoscopy and urinary cytology as effective tools for the diagnostic and surveillance of bladder cancer in neurogenic bladder patients. FISH analysis to detect chromosomal changes, and PCR for TERT and FGFR3 promoter mutation detection, associated or not with KRAS mutation detection, stand out as candidates of interest for bladder cancer detection in this specific population and should be prospectively tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sbizzera
- Department of Urology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre-Bénite, 69310, Lyon, France.
- Equipe 2 - Centre d'Innovation en Cancérologie de Lyon (EA 3738 CICLY) - Faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Françoise Descotes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre-Bénite, 69310, Lyon, France
| | - Théo Arber
- Department of Urology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre-Bénite, 69310, Lyon, France
- Equipe 2 - Centre d'Innovation en Cancérologie de Lyon (EA 3738 CICLY) - Faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Paul Neuville
- Department of Urology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre-Bénite, 69310, Lyon, France
- Equipe 2 - Centre d'Innovation en Cancérologie de Lyon (EA 3738 CICLY) - Faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Ruffion
- Department of Urology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre-Bénite, 69310, Lyon, France
- Equipe 2 - Centre d'Innovation en Cancérologie de Lyon (EA 3738 CICLY) - Faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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The Role of New Technologies in the Diagnosis and Surveillance of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Carcinoma: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Monocentric Study of the XPERT© Bladder Cancer Monitor and Narrow Band Imaging© Cystoscopy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030618. [PMID: 35158886 PMCID: PMC8833571 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with bladder cancer (BC) require close follow-up with white-light cystoscopy (WLC) and cytology. In this study, we sought to assess (a) the performance of a novel cystoscopy technology based on Narrow Band Imaging© (NBI), and (b) a new urine test (XPERT© Bladder Cancer Monitor, XBCM) that detects cancer proteins. We compared these to the established standard follow-up diagnostics. Our study showed that NBI cystoscopy does not provide any additional benefit over standard WLC. However, the XBCM urine test performed particularly well in instances of aggressive high-grade tumor recurrence. Therefore, XBCM may have enhanced utility in the early detection of potentially harmful BC recurrence. Abstract Follow-up is essential for the early detection of recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC). This study investigates the clinical relevance of new diagnostic tools such as an mRNA-based urine test (XPERT© Bladder Cancer Monitor, XBCM) and Narrow Band Imaging© (NBI) and compares them with the established follow-up diagnostics (white-light cystoscopy (WLC) and urine cytology). This was a prospective, double-blind, single-center study that involved patients undergoing NMIBC screening at a tertiary care center. Enrollment occurred between January 2018 and March 2020. In addition to standard care (WLC, cytology, and ultrasound), patients underwent XBCM urine testing and NBI cystoscopy. In total, 301 WLCs were performed; through this, 49 patients demonstrated NMIBC recurrence. NBI cystoscopy was congruent with WLC in all patients. Cytology showed a sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of 27% and 97% (PPV: 65%; NPV 87%), respectively, whereas XBCM showed SE and SP of 58% and 89%, respectively (PPV: 51%; NPV: 92%; AUC: 0.79 (0.716–0.871)). Subgroup analysis showed improved SE and similar SP (PPV, NPV) for high grade (HG) recurrence, with a SE of 74% and SP of 89% (39%, 97%). NBI cystoscopy does not necessarily provide additional benefit over standard WLC. However, the XBCM may provide better SE and a diagnostic advantage in instances of HG disease recurrence.
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Laukhtina E, Shim SR, Mori K, D'Andrea D, Soria F, Rajwa P, Mostafaei H, Compérat E, Cimadamore A, Moschini M, Teoh JYC, Enikeev D, Xylinas E, Lotan Y, Palou J, Gontero P, Babjuk M, Witjes JA, Kamat AM, Roupret M, Shariat SF, Pradere B. Diagnostic Accuracy of Novel Urinary Biomarker Tests in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol 2021; 4:927-942. [PMID: 34753702 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT During the past decade, several urinary biomarker tests (UBTs) for bladder cancer have been developed and made commercially available. However, none of these is recommended by international guidelines so far. OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic estimates of novel commercially available UBTs for diagnosis and surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) using diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) and network meta-analysis (NMA). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to April 2021 to identify studies addressing the diagnostic values of UBTs: Xpert bladder cancer, Adxbladder, Bladder EpiCheck, Uromonitor and Cxbladder Monitor, and Triage and Detect. The primary endpoint was to assess the pooled diagnostic values for disease recurrence in NMIBC patients using a DTA meta-analysis and to compare them with cytology using an NMA. The secondary endpoints were the diagnostic values for high-grade (HG) recurrence as well as for the initial detection of bladder cancer. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty-one studies, comprising 7330 patients, were included in the quantitative synthesis. In most of the studies, there was an unclear risk of bias. For NMIBC surveillance, novel UBTs demonstrated promising pooled diagnostic values with sensitivities up to 93%, specificities up to 84%, positive predictive values up to 67%, and negative predictive value up to 99%. Pooled estimates for the diagnosis of HG recurrence were similar to those for the diagnosis of any-grade recurrence. The analysis of the number of cystoscopies potentially avoided during the follow-up of 1000 patients showed that UBTs might be efficient in reducing the number of avoidable interventions with up to 740 cystoscopies. The NMA revealed that diagnostic values (except specificity) of the novel UBTs were significantly higher than those of cytology for the detection of NMIBC recurrence. There were too little data on UBTs in the primary diagnosis setting to allow a statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses support high diagnostic accuracy of the studied novel UBTs, supporting their utility in the NMIBC surveillance setting. All of these might potentially help prevent unnecessary cystoscopies safely. There are not enough data to reliably assess their use in the primary diagnostic setting. These results have to be confirmed in a larger cohort as well as in head-to-head comparative studies. Nevertheless, our study might help policymakers and stakeholders evaluate the clinical and social impact of the implementation of these tests into daily practice. PATIENT SUMMARY Novel urinary biomarker tests outperform cytology with the potential of improving routine clinical practice by preventing unnecessary cystoscopic examinations during the surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Laukhtina
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sung Ryul Shim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David D'Andrea
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Soria
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Studies of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Pawel Rajwa
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Hadi Mostafaei
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Eva Compérat
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Moschini
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dmitry Enikeev
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evanguelos Xylinas
- Department of Urology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Juan Palou
- Fundació Puigvert, Department of Urology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Gontero
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Studies of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marko Babjuk
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Hospital Motol, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University, Nijmegen Heyendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Morgan Roupret
- Urology, GRC n°5, Predictive Onco-Urology, Ap-Hp, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Urology, Hospital Motol, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Benjamin Pradere
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sharma G, Sharma A, Krishna M, Devana SK, Singh SK. Xpert bladder cancer monitor in surveillance of bladder cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol 2021; 40:163.e1-163.e9. [PMID: 34535354 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a need for sensitive and specific biomarkers for detecting recurrences in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) on surveillance. Xpert bladder cancer (BC) monitor is the latest rapid in vitro qualitative test that detects expression of 5 mRNAs using a GeneXpert instrument. The primary aim of this review was to systematically review and pool the data regarding the diagnostic performance of Xpert BC in patients with NMIBC. METHODS Systematic literature search using 4 electronic databases (PubMed, EMbase, Scopus and Web of science) was performed. Pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were estimated using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines were followed and the study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021249762). RESULTS In this review, 11 prospective studies with 2,896 patients were included. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for Xpert BC were 73% (95% confidence interval (CI) 65%-80%) and 77% (95% CI 69%-84%) respectively. Area under curve (AUC) for Xpert BC monitor was 0.81 (0.78-0.84) respectively. Subgroup analysis from 7 studies for patients with high-grade recurrence revealed sensitivity, specificity and AUC of 0.86 (0.77-0.92), 0.78 (0.75-0.81) and 0.87 (0.84-0.90) respectively. Similar analysis for patients with low-grade recurrence revealed sensitivity, specificity and AUC of 0.58 (0.47-0.68), 0.79 (0.75-0.82) and 0.79 (0.75-0.82) respectively. CONCLUSION Xpert BC monitor has overall acceptable diagnostic accuracy. Sensitivity is higher for high-grade disease for detecting recurrences in patients with NMIBC on surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Sharma
- Department of Urology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Abhay Sharma
- University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Elsawy AA, Abol-Enein H, Laymon M, Ahmed AE, Essam A, Hamam ET, Zidan AAA, Zahran MH, Shokeir AA, Awadalla A. Predictive value of immunological markers after bacille Calmette-Guérin induction in bladder cancer. BJU Int 2021; 130:444-453. [PMID: 34448522 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the predictive value of different immunological markers on treatment outcomes after bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induction in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour for NMIBC were assessed for study eligibility. Urine and blood samples were taken from patients at baseline (immediately before first dose of induction) and after induction (4 h after last [sixth] dose). Urine samples were evaluated for interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10 by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood samples were evaluated for tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and transcription factors (TFs) (GATA-binding protein 3 [GATA3], T-box expressed in T cells [T-bet], and forkhead box protein 3 [FoxP3]) using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Change pattern and fold change of each evaluable marker was assessed in relation to different treatment outcomes (initial complete response [ICR]/recurrence/progression). RESULTS Between July 2013 and May 2019, 204 patients were included. Among evaluable markers, urinary IL-2 and serum TNF-α increased in all patients, serum CTLA-4 and FoxP3+ showed a predominant decreased pattern in 188 (92.2%) and 192 (94.1%) patients, respectively. An ICR was achieved in 186 (91.2%) patients. Serum TNF-α fold change and urinary IL-10 change pattern were significantly associated with an ICR (P = 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). At a median (range) follow-up of 37 (20-88) months, 104 (56%) patients developed recurrence. Urinary IL-10, serum CTLA-4, T-bet+ , FoxP3+ change patterns and GATA3+ /T-bet+ ratio were significantly associated with tumour recurrence (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.02, P = 0.009 and P = 0.001, respectively). Tumour progression occurred in 34 (18.3%) patients. Urinary IL-10, serum CTLA-4, serum T-bet+ change patterns and GATA3+ /T-bet+ ratio were independent predictors of tumour progression (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.02 and P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Urinary IL-10 and serum TNF-α can significantly predict ICR. Moreover, change pattern of urinary IL-10, serum CTLA-4, TFs (GATA3, T-bet and FoxP3) and GATA3+ /T-bet+ ratio after BCG induction can independently predict further BCG response. These markers could be implemented in clinical practice when management options are discussed or in systems with severe BCG shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Elsawy
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud Laymon
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asmaa E Ahmed
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Essam
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman T Hamam
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Aziz A Zidan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Zahran
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Shokeir
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira Awadalla
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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A 25-year perspective on evaluation and understanding of biomarkers in urologic cancers. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:602-617. [PMID: 34315659 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The past 25 years have witnessed an explosion of investigative attempts to identify clinically useful biomarkers which can have meaningful impacts for patients with urologic cancers. However, in spite of the enormous amount of research aiming to identify markers with the hope of impacting patient care, only a handful have proven to have true clinical utility. Improvements in targeted imaging, pan-omics evaluation, and genetic sequencing at the tissue and single-cell levels have yielded many potential targets for continued biomarker investigation. This article, as one in this series for the 25th Anniversary Issue of Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, serves to give a perspective on our progress and failures over the past quarter-century in our highest volume urologic cancers: prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers.
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Miyake M, Nakai Y, Nishimura N, Ohnishi S, Oda Y, Fujii T, Owari T, Hori S, Morizawa Y, Gotoh D, Anai S, Torimoto K, Tanaka N, Hirao Y, Fujimoto K. Hexylaminolevulinate-mediated fluorescent urine cytology with a novel automated detection technology for screening and surveillance of bladder cancer. BJU Int 2021; 128:244-253. [PMID: 33580627 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic performance of fluorescent voided urine cytology (FVUC) using a novel automated detection technology to screen for primary bladder cancer and for surveillance of recurrent bladder tumour. PATIENTS AND METHODS We created a rapid, objective, automated, and high-throughput detection device for hexylaminolevulinate-mediated FVUC, named the cellular fluorescence analysis unit-II (CFAU-II). Two different cohorts were used in this study: (i) screening test for primary bladder cancer (165 patients with bladder cancer and 52 controls), and (ii) surveillance test for detecting intravesical recurrent tumour (192 patients with treated non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and 15 with post-nephroureterectomy upper urinary tract cancer). Voided urine samples were subjected to urine analysis, conventional VUC (cVUC), and FVUC. Diagnostic performance was compared between cVUC, FVUC, and a combination of the two. RESULTS A total of 614 urine samples were successfully collected, processed, and analysed. Comparative analysis of the screening test cohort demonstrated that the overall sensitivity of FVUC (63%, P < 0.001) and combination testing (72%, P < 0.001) was significantly higher than that of cVUC (29%). FVUC was found to be superior in most of the subgroups, especially in low-grade, Ta, and small tumours. Analysis of the surveillance test cohort showed that combination testing achieved a sensitivity of 82% and a negative predictive value of 98%, whereas those of cVUC were 39% and 96%, respectively. According to the pathological finding of recurrent tumours presenting false-negative result in the FVUC, the majority of the overlooked recurrent diseases were Ta low-grade tumours. Logistic regression analysis suggested an association between the risk of false-positive results and high density of urine white blood cells and alkaluria. CONCLUSION The present findings clearly demonstrate that FVUC using the newly developed automation technology has superior sensitivity to cVUC for both screening for primary bladder cancer and recurrent tumour detection. It is essential to confirm the clinical usefulness of this method via further large-scale studies, in addition to ensuring its affordability and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makito Miyake
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakai
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Sayuri Ohnishi
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Oda
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujii
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Takuya Owari
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shunta Hori
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yosuke Morizawa
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Gotoh
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoshi Anai
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Torimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.,Department of Prostate Brachytherapy, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirao
- Department of Urology, Osaka Gyoumeikan Hospital, Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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