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Yang S, Ye Z, Ning J, Wang P, Zhou X, Li W, Cheng F. Cholesterol Metabolism and Urinary System Tumors. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1832. [PMID: 39200296 PMCID: PMC11351655 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the urinary system account for 13.1% of new cancer cases and 7.9% of cancer-related deaths. Of them, renal cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer are most prevalent and pose a substantial threat to human health and the quality of life. Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the male urinary system. It is the second most common type of malignant tumor in men, with lung cancer surpassing its incidence and mortality. Bladder cancer has one of the highest incidences and is sex-related, with men reporting a significantly higher incidence than women. Tumor development in the urinary system is associated with factors, such as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diet, occupational exposure, and genetics. The treatment strategies primarily involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Cholesterol metabolism is a crucial physiological process associated with developing and progressing urinary system tumors. High cholesterol levels are closely associated with tumor occurrence, invasion, and metastasis. This warrants thoroughly investigating the role of cholesterol metabolism in urinary system tumors and identifying novel treatment methods for the prevention, early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and drug resistance of urinary system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyuan Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.N.); (P.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zehua Ye
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.N.); (P.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jinzhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.N.); (P.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Peihan Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.N.); (P.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangjun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.N.); (P.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China;
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (S.Y.); (Z.Y.); (J.N.); (P.W.); (X.Z.)
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Zmaili M, Alzubi J, Alkhayyat M, Albakri A, Alkhalaileh F, Longinow J, Moudgil R. Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: The Conjoined Twins. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1450. [PMID: 38672532 PMCID: PMC11048405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the two most common causes of death worldwide. As the fields of cardiovascular medicine and oncology continue to expand, the area of overlap is becoming more prominent demanding dedicated attention and individualized patient care. We have come to realize that both fields are inextricably intertwined in several aspects, so much so that the mere presence of one, with its resultant downstream implications, has an impact on the other. Nonetheless, cardiovascular disease and cancer are generally approached independently. The focus that is granted to the predominant pathological entity (either cardiovascular disease or cancer), does not allow for optimal medical care for the other. As a result, ample opportunities for improvement in overall health care are being overlooked. Herein, we hope to shed light on the interconnected relationship between cardiovascular disease and cancer and uncover some of the unintentionally neglected intricacies of common cardiovascular therapeutics from an oncologic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zmaili
- Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Jafar Alzubi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Motasem Alkhayyat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Almaza Albakri
- Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdullah II Ben Al-Hussein Street, Amman 11855, Jordan
| | - Feras Alkhalaileh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joshua Longinow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rohit Moudgil
- Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Peltomaa AI, Talala K, Taari K, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A, Murtola TJ. Statin use and outcomes of oncological treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18866. [PMID: 37914793 PMCID: PMC10620176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the effect of statin use in relation to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment, we assessed the risk of ADT-treated PCa-patients to initiate CRPC treatment by statin use and the outcomes of CRPC treatment by statin use. Our study cohort consisted of 1169 men who participated in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (FinRSPC) and initiated androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) during the follow-up (1996-2017). Statin use was associated with slightly decreased risk of initiating CRPC treatment (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.47-0.97) with a 5.7 years' median follow-up until CRPC for non-users and 7.5 years for statin users. The risk of discontinuation of first or second line CRPC treatment due to inefficacy was not modified by statin use and the results remained similar in subgroup analysis assessing separately patients treated with taxans or androgen receptor signaling inhibitors. We observed an inverse association between statin use and the risk of initiation of the CRPC treatment. No beneficial risk modification by statin use during CRPC treatment was observed. These results suggest that statins might be beneficial during hormone-sensitive phase but not in the later phases of prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Peltomaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521, Tampere, Finland.
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K Talala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Taari
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T L J Tammela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Urology, TAYS Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Auvinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - T J Murtola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Urology, TAYS Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
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Xiao M, Xu J, Wang W, Zhang B, Liu J, Li J, Xu H, Zhao Y, Yu X, Shi S. Functional significance of cholesterol metabolism in cancer: from threat to treatment. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1982-1995. [PMID: 37653037 PMCID: PMC10545798 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of membranes that contributes to membrane integrity and fluidity. Cholesterol homeostasis plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular activities. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that cholesterol is a major determinant by modulating cell signaling events governing the hallmarks of cancer. Numerous studies have shown the functional significance of cholesterol metabolism in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis through its regulatory effects on the immune response, ferroptosis, autophagy, cell stemness, and the DNA damage response. Here, we summarize recent literature describing cholesterol metabolism in cancer cells, including the cholesterol metabolism pathways and the mutual regulatory mechanisms involved in cancer progression and cholesterol metabolism. We also discuss various drugs targeting cholesterol metabolism to suggest new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Resurreccion EP, Fong KW. The Integration of Metabolomics with Other Omics: Insights into Understanding Prostate Cancer. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060488. [PMID: 35736421 PMCID: PMC9230859 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of prostate cancer (PCa) has shifted from solely caused by a few genetic aberrations to a combination of complex biochemical dysregulations with the prostate metabolome at its core. The role of metabolomics in analyzing the pathophysiology of PCa is indispensable. However, to fully elucidate real-time complex dysregulation in prostate cells, an integrated approach based on metabolomics and other omics is warranted. Individually, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics are robust, but they are not enough to achieve a holistic view of PCa tumorigenesis. This review is the first of its kind to focus solely on the integration of metabolomics with multi-omic platforms in PCa research, including a detailed emphasis on the metabolomic profile of PCa. The authors intend to provide researchers in the field with a comprehensive knowledge base in PCa metabolomics and offer perspectives on overcoming limitations of the tool to guide future point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazer P. Resurreccion
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Ka-wing Fong
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-562-3455
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Sun JX, Liu CQ, Zhong XY, Xu JZ, An Y, Xu MY, Hu J, Zhang ZB, Xia QD, Wang SG. Statin Use and the Risk of Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence Following Definitive Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887854. [PMID: 35615153 PMCID: PMC9124863 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have reported the role of statins on biochemical recurrence (BCR) among patients with prostate cancer (PCa) after definite treatment. However, the conclusions of these studies are contradictory. We aimed to determine the effect of statins on BCR of PCa using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched PubMed (Medline) and other databases for cohort studies evaluating the effect of statins on the BCR of patients with PCa between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2021. The random effects (RE) model and quality effects (QE) model were used to calculate the pooled hazard ratio (pHR) and pooled risk ratio (pRR) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results A total of 33 cohort studies were finally selected and included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Statin use was significantly associated with a 14% reduction in the HR of BCR (pHR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78 to 0.95, I2 = 64%, random effects model, 31 studies) and a 26% reduction in the RR of BCR (pRR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.94, 24,591 patients, I2 = 88%, random effects model, 15 studies) among patients with PCa. The subgroup analyses showed that statins could result in 22% reduction in the HR of BCR (pHR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.98, I2 = 57%, random effects model) among patients accepting radiotherapy (RT). Conclusions Our study suggests that statins have a unique role in the reduction of BCR in patients with PCa after definite treatment, especially RT. In the future, more clinical trials and in vitro and animal experiments are needed to further verify the effects of statins in PCa and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zong-Biao Zhang
- *Correspondence: Zong-Biao Zhang, ; Qi-Dong Xia, ; Shao-Gang Wang,
| | - Qi-Dong Xia
- *Correspondence: Zong-Biao Zhang, ; Qi-Dong Xia, ; Shao-Gang Wang,
| | - Shao-Gang Wang
- *Correspondence: Zong-Biao Zhang, ; Qi-Dong Xia, ; Shao-Gang Wang,
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Beyond Lipid-Lowering: Effects of Statins on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases and Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020151. [PMID: 35215263 PMCID: PMC8877351 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are administered as first-line therapy for hypercholesterolemia, both as primary and secondary prevention. Besides the lipid-lowering effect, statins have been suggested to inhibit the development of cardiovascular disease through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, vascular endothelial function-improving, plaque-stabilizing, and platelet aggregation-inhibiting effects. The preventive effect of statins on atherothrombotic stroke has been well established, but statins can influence other cerebrovascular diseases. This suggests that statins have many neuroprotective effects in addition to lowering cholesterol. Furthermore, research suggests that statins cause pro-apoptotic, growth-inhibitory, and pro-differentiation effects in various malignancies. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. The pleiotropic effects of statins on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have been well established; however, the effects of statins on cancer patients have not been fully elucidated and are still controversial. This review discusses the recent evidence on the effects of statins on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and cancer. Additionally, this study describes the pharmacological action of statins, focusing on the aspect of ‘beyond lipid-lowering’.
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The Effects of Statins on Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy or Definitive Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020131. [PMID: 35215243 PMCID: PMC8875347 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality associated with statin use has been reported in prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or definitive therapy in several observational studies, although the results have varied. This study aimed to analyze the association of statin use with all-cause mortality and cancer-specific mortality among PCa patients receiving ADT or definitive therapy as their primary treatment and to examine the effect of statin initiation (pre-ADT) timing on outcomes. A systematic literature search of PubMed, the Cochrane library, and Embase was conducted from database inception to 4 October 2021. In total, 12 eligible studies from 976 references were included in the final analysis. The results showed that statin use was associated with a significant reduction in the risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64–0.84, p < 0.0001) and cancer-specific mortality (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.49–0.77, p < 0.0001) in PCa patients receiving ADT. However, statin use before ADT initiation did not significantly lower the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.66–1.16, p = 0.35) or cancer-specific mortality (HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.62–1.13, p = 0.25) in advanced PCa patients receiving ADT. In contrast, statin use was not associated with a significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.39–1.21, p = 0.20), but it was associated with a reduced risk of cancer-specific mortality (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68–0.98, p = 0.03) in PCa patients receiving definitive therapy. This review indicated that statin use in combination with ADT was correlated with better all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in PCa patients. However, the beneficial effect might not come from statin use before ADT initiation. In addition, statin use in combination with definitive therapy was correlated with a reduced risk of cancer-specific mortality in PCa patients. In the future, randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the efficacy of statin use in combination with primary treatment for PCa among PCa patients.
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Yin P, Han S, Hu Q, Tong S. The association of statin use and biochemical recurrence after curative treatment for prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28513. [PMID: 35029911 PMCID: PMC8735759 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES : To investigate the association between statin use and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT) as a curative treatment, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. METHODS : We conducted a literature search of online databases for studies assessing BCR associated with statin use in patients with prostate cancer undergoing RP or RT. We performed a pooled analysis of BCR-free survival with subgroup analysis of treatment, cancer risk, and medication. RESULTS : We identified 27 studies and found that statin use was associated with a potential tendency to improve BCR-free survival in patients undergoing curative treatment (P = .05). In addition, we revealed that statin use after curative treatment did not improve BCR-free survival (P = .33), whereas statin use could improve BCR-free survival in high-risk patients (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS : Statin use is associated with a potential tendency to improve BCR-free survival in prostate cancer and could reduce BCR in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- Department of Urology, Jiaozhou People's Hospital, Jiaozhou, Shangdong, China
| | - Sheng Han
- Department of Urology, Jiaozhou People's Hospital, Jiaozhou, Shangdong, China
| | - Qingfeng Hu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijun Tong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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