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Wu Z, Zhu Y, Xu L, Lai W, Chen X, Long H. Development of a novel three-dimensional injection guide for trigeminal ganglia. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 409:110197. [PMID: 38878976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal ganglion (TG) plays an important role in the process of orthodontic pain. It's necessary to design an accurate, precise and minimally invasive trigeminal ganglion injection guide plate to study TG. METHODS Micro-CT was used to obtain the Dicom format data, and three-dimensional (3D) software (mimics and magics23.03) was used to reconstruct 3D head models. Design and modifications of the TG injection guide plate were performed in Magic 23.03 software, and the guide plate was produced by a 3D stereolithography printer. X-ray, micro-CT, Evans blue, and virus transduction were used to demonstrate the accuracy of the guide-assisted injection. Pain levels were evaluated after using the injection guide by a bite force test and Von Frey test. RESULTS X-ray and micro-CT tests confirmed that the injection needle reached the bilateral trigeminal ganglia fossa. The Evans blue test and virus transduction proved that the injected drug could be accurately injected into the bilateral trigeminal ganglion and the lentivirus could be successfully transfected. The percentage of accurate injection was 10/10 (bilateral trigeminal ganglia). Orofacial pain induced by the trigeminal ganglion injection was mild and returned to baseline within seven days. CONCLUSION The injection guide described in this study is viable and reliable for the delivery of drugs and virus transduction into the trigeminal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China; Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China; Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lehan Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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Ma X, Zhu T, Ke J. Progress in animal models of trigeminal neuralgia. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 154:105765. [PMID: 37480619 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to systematically summarize the methods of establishing various models of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), the scope of application, and current animals used in TN research and the corresponding pain measurements, hoping to provide valuable reference for researchers to select appropriate TN animal models and make contributions to the research of pathophysiology and management of the disease. DESIGN The related literatures of TN were searched through PubMed database using different combinations of the following terms and keywords including but not limited: animal models, trigeminal neuralgia, orofacial neuropathic pain. To find the maximum number of eligible articles, no filters were used in the search. The references of eligible studies were analyzed and reviewed comprehensively. RESULTS This study summarized the current animal models of TN, categorized them into the following groups: chemical induction, photochemical induction, surgery and genetic engineering, and introduced various measurement methods to evaluate animal pain behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Although a variety of methods are used to establish disease models, there is no ideal TN model that can reflect all the characteristics of the disease. Therefore, there is still a need to develop more novel animal models in order to further study the etiology, pathological mechanism and potential treatment of TN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Taomin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Jin Ke
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Temporomandibular Joint Surgery, Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
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Lai YHE, Lascelles BDX, Nolan MW. Behavioral phenotyping of cancer pain in domesticated cats with naturally occurring squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: initial validation studies provide evidence for regional and widespread algoplasticity. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11984. [PMID: 34458024 PMCID: PMC8375511 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is a common and naturally occurring condition that recapitulates many features of human head and neck cancer (HNC). In both species, there is need for improved strategies to reduce pain caused by HNC and its treatment. Research to benefit both species could be conducted using pet cats as a comparative model, but this prospect is limited by lack of validated methods for quantifying FOSCC-associated pain. A prospective non-randomized pilot study was performed for initial validation of: (1) a pet owner administered quality of life questionnaire and visual assessment scoring tool (FORQ/CLIENT); (2) a clinician assessment questionnaire (UFEPS/VET); (3) electronic von Frey testing [EVF]; and (4) Cochet-Bonnet (COBO) aesthesiometry. To assess intra-rater reliability, discriminatory ability, and responsiveness of each assay, 6 cats with sublingual SCC and 16 healthy control cats were enrolled. The intra-rater reliability was moderate-to-good for the clinical metrology instruments and EVF (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥ 0.68), but poor for COBO (ICC = 0.21). FORQ/CLIENT scores were higher (worse quality of life) in FOSCC cats vs healthy controls. The internal reliability of FORQ/CLIENT scoring was high (Cronbach α = 0.92); sensitivity and specificity were excellent (100% when using cut-offs determined using receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curves). For the FORQ/CLIENT, there was strong and inverse correlation between scores from the questions and visual assessment (r = − 0.77, r2 = 0.6, P < 0.0001). For the UFEPS/VET, Cronbach’s α was 0.74 (high reliability). Sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 94%, respectively, when using a cut-off score (3.5) based on ROC curves (Youden index of 0.94). Total UFEPS/VET scores were positively correlated with FORQ/CLIENT scores (r2 = 0.72, P < 0.0001). Sensitivity of EVF and COBO ranged from 83 to 100% and specificity ranged from 56 to 94%. Cats with cancer were more sensitive around the face (lower response thresholds) and on the cornea (longer filament lengths) than control animals (P < 0.03). Reduced pressure response thresholds were also observed at a distant site (P = 0.0002) in cancer cats. After giving buprenorphine, EVF pressure response thresholds increased (P = 0.04) near the mandible of cats with OSCC; the length of filament required to elicit a response in the COBO assay also improved (shortened; P = 0.017). Based on these preliminary assessments, the assays described herein had reasonable inter-rater reliability, and they were able to both discriminate between cats with and without oral cancer, and respond in a predictable manner to analgesic therapy. In cats with tongue cancer, there was evidence for regional peripheral sensitization, and widespread somatosensory sensitization. These results provide a basis for multi-dimensional assessments of pain and sensitivity in cats with oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hao Erik Lai
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.,Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael W Nolan
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.,Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Godinho PAR, Silva PGB, Lisboa MRP, Costa BA, Gifoni MAC, Rocha Filho DR, Lima-Júnior RCP, Vale ML. Electronic von Frey as an objective assessment tool for oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: A prospective longitudinal study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2020; 30:e13360. [PMID: 33219575 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is wide discrepancy on how to perform clinical assessment of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. In this scenario, the Electronic von Frey (EVF), which evaluates pain objectively based upon mechanical pain thresholds (MPTs), may be a valuable tool. The present study aims to quantify hyperalgesia in the hands and feet of patients treated with oxaliplatin and to propose a novel method to classify the degree of neurotoxicity using EVF-derived measures as cut-off points. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study including 46 patients treated for colorectal cancer with the FLOX regimen. Before each oxaliplatin administration, patients were evaluated with the Acute and Chronic Neuropathy Questionnaire, Oxaliplatin-Specific Neurotoxicity Scale and National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events scale. Also, objective pain assessment with the EVF was performed. RESULTS For both upper and lower extremities, EVF was shown to correlate well with patients' symptoms and functional impairment, as assessed by subjective scales. Also, when cut-off MPT variations were determined for diagnosis of neurotoxicity grade 2 or 3, the method showed good sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION Electronic von Frey is a noninvasive and easy-to-perform objective method with potential to supplement the current assessment tools for oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, which are mostly subjective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla A R Godinho
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Paulo G B Silva
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mario R P Lisboa
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Costa
- Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Markus A C Gifoni
- Clinical Oncology Department, Instituto do Câncer do Ceará (ICC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Duílio R Rocha Filho
- Clinical Oncology Department, Instituto do Câncer do Ceará (ICC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Roberto C P Lima-Júnior
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mariana L Vale
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Concurrent validity of electronic von Frey as an assessment tool for burn associated pain. Burns 2020; 46:1328-1336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge regarding osteoarthritis-related pain in cats as a structure in which to discuss the assessment of chronic pain in the research and clinical settings. The scientific evidence available for current and emerging drug therapies is described. The importance of environmental enrichment and positive emotions to reduce pain, stress, and anxiety as means to promote feline welfare and human-pet bond is discussed.
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Machin H, Pevere S, Adami C. Inter- and intra-observer reliability of quantitative sensory testing performed with the SMall animal ALGOmeter (SMALGO) to evaluate pain associated with feline gingivostomatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:271-276. [PMID: 30900939 PMCID: PMC10814669 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19837343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the inter- and intra-observer reliability of quantitative sensory testing performed with the SMall animal ALGOmeter (SMALGO) in healthy cats and in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis (CGS), and to evaluate the SMALGO as a tool to detect and quantify pain in cats with CGS. METHODS Thirty cats from a private shelter were included and assigned to one of two groups: group C (healthy cats; n = 15) or group CGS (cats with CGS; n = 15). In all cats the mechanical thresholds were measured with the SMALGO, with the sensor tip applied to the superior lip above the canine root, by two independent investigators (A, experienced; B, unexperienced), on two different occasions (day 1 and day 2) with a 24 h interval. A CGS scale was used in the diseased cats to assess the severity of the condition. For the reliability analysis, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. Other statistical tests used were Pearson correlation coefficient and a paired t-test. RESULTS The inter- and intra-observer levels of agreement were fair (ICC = 0.50) and good, respectively (ICC = 0.73 for investigator A; ICC = 0.60 for investigator B). However, the thresholds measured in healthy cats (169 ± 59 g) did not differ from those obtained from diseased cats (156 ± 82 g; P = 0.35). There was no correlation between the scores of the CGS scale and the thresholds measured in diseased cats (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.047; P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Quantitative sensory testing performed with the SMALGO in cats is repeatable and reliable, regardless of the expertise of the investigator. However, the findings of this study suggest that the mechanical thresholds measured with the SMALGO may not be a valuable indicator of pain in cats with CGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Machin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Serena Pevere
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Adami
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Use of nociceptive threshold testing in cats in experimental and clinical settings: a qualitative review. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:419-436. [PMID: 32507715 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review the scientific articles on the use of nociceptive threshold testing (NTT) in cats and to summarize the clinical and experimental applications in this species. DATABASES USED Pertinent literature was searched with PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Universitätsbibliothek Basel (swissbib Basel Bern) and Google Scholar. The search was then refined manually based first on article titles and abstracts, and subsequently on full texts. CONCLUSIONS Of the four classical acute nociceptive models used for NTT, thermal and mechanical are most commonly used in cats. Thermal stimulation is applicable in experimental settings and has been used in pharmacodynamics studies assessing feline antinociception. Although mechanical stimulation is currently less used in cats, in the future it might play a role in the evaluation of clinical feline pain. However, the low response reliability after stimulus repetition within a narrow time interval represents a major limitation for the clinical use of mechanical thresholds in this species. Challenges remain when thermal thresholds are used to investigate analgesics that have the potential to affect skin temperature, such as opioids and α2-adrenergic agonists, and when a model of inflammatory pain is reproduced in experimental cats with the purpose of evaluating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as analgesics.
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Kerns AT, Cook LB, Kieves N, Moore SA. Interobserver agreement of an electronic von Frey device for measuring mechanical sensory thresholds in normal dogs. Vet J 2019; 252:105375. [PMID: 31554594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electronic von Frey Aesthesiometry (VFA) has been previously reported as a useful method of mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) for evaluating neuropathic pain in dogs. Intraobserver agreement has been shown to be good to excellent; however, interobserver agreement has not been evaluated and is vital to the use of this technique in multicenter veterinary clinical trials in neuropathic pain. The goal of this study was to evaluate the interobserver agreement of sensory thresholds obtained using electronic VFA in a group of normal small breed dogs. Twenty healthy dogs (<20 kg) were recruited from the general practice population at the Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center. Three clinically experienced yet QST novice evaluators used an electronic von Frey device to measure mechanical sensory threshold (ST) after a standardised training session conducted by an expert evaluator. Each dog was assessed by all three evaluators on the same day with both evaluator and limb test order randomised and testing sessions separated by 5 min. Mean ST values were averaged for all four limbs to produce a single value per dog for comparison between evaluators. Agreement between evaluators was determined using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC; two-way model for consistency, single measures). ICC across all three evaluators was 0.48, indicating moderate agreement. Moderate interobserver agreement is not sufficient to support the use of this technique in multi-center clinical trials, and our results underscore the importance of using a single evaluator for this QST technique until better agreement can be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Kerns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - L B Cook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - N Kieves
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - S A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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