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Xian TH, Sinniah K, Yean CY, Krishnamoorthy V, Bahari MB, Ravichandran M, Prabhakaran G. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live, oral cholera vaccine formulation stored outside-the-cold-chain for 140 days. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:29. [PMID: 32450807 PMCID: PMC7249306 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholera, an acute watery diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 and O139 across the continents. Replacing the existing WHO licensed killed multiple-dose oral cholera vaccines that demand ‘cold chain supply’ at 2–8 °C with a live, single-dose and cold chain-free vaccine would relieve the significant bottlenecks and cost determinants in cholera vaccination campaigns. In this direction, a prototype cold chain-free live attenuated cholera vaccine formulation (LACV) was developed against the toxigenic wild-type (WT) V. cholerae O139 serogroup. LACV was found stable and retained its viability (5 × 106 CFU/mL), purity and potency at room temperature (25 °C ± 2 °C, and 60% ± 5% relative humidity) for 140 days in contrast to all the existing WHO licensed cold-chain supply (2–8 °C) dependent killed oral cholera vaccines. Results The LACV was evaluated for its colonization potential, reactogenicity, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models after its storage at room temperature for 140 days. In suckling mice colonization assay, the LACV recorded the highest recovery of (7.2 × 107 CFU/mL) compared to those of unformulated VCUSM14P (5.6 × 107 CFU/mL) and the WT O139 strain (3.5 × 107 CFU/mL). The LACV showed no reactogenicity even at an inoculation dose of 104–106 CFU/mL in a rabbit ileal loop model. The rabbits vaccinated with the LACV or unformulated VCUSM14P survived a challenge with WT O139 and showed no signs of diarrhoea or death in the reversible intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhoea (RITARD) model. Vaccinated rabbits recorded a 275-fold increase in anti-CT IgG and a 15-fold increase in anti-CT IgA antibodies compared to those of rabbits vaccinated with unformulated VCUSM14P. Vibriocidal antibodies were increased by 31-fold with the LACV and 14-fold with unformulated VCUSM14P. Conclusion The vaccine formulation mimics a natural infection, is non-reactogenic and highly immunogenic in vivo and protects animals from lethal wild-type V. cholerae O139 challenge. The single dose LACV formulation was found to be stable at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) for 140 days and it would result in significant cost savings during mass cholera vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tew Hui Xian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Kurunathan Sinniah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Baidi Bahari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Manickam Ravichandran
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Guruswamy Prabhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia.
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Kim YR, Lee SE, Kim JR, Rhee JH. Safety and vaccine efficacy of an attenuated Vibrio vulnificus strain with deletions in major cytotoxin genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv169. [PMID: 26381905 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen causing a rapidly progressing fatal septicemia. We have previously reported that a V. vulnificus large toxin RtxA1 causes programmed necrotic cell death through calcium-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we developed a live attenuated vaccine strain (CMM781) having deletions in three genes encoding major virulence factors: RTX cytotoxin (rtxA1), hemolysin/cytolysin (vvhA) and metalloprotease (vvpE) of a clinical isolate strain CMCP6. The CMM781 strain showed significant attenuation in cytotoxicity and mouse lethality. The safety of CMM781 was also confirmed by measuring the transepithelial electric resistance of Caco-2 cell monolayers. Intragastric immunization of mice with the live attenuated V. vulnificus strain resulted in induction of systemic and mucosal antibodies specific to the pathogen. Moreover, the vaccinated mice were protected from challenges with high doses of the virulent strain through various injection routes. These results suggest that CMM781 appears to be a safe and effective vaccine candidate that would provide significant protection against V. vulnificus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ran Kim
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 519-763, Korea College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 519-763, Korea Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, Dental Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Jong Ro Kim
- Busung Food and Business, Jangheung, Jeonnam 529-873, Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 519-763, Korea Research Institute of Vibrio Infections and Genome Research Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 519-763, Korea Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 519-763, Korea
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Kabir S. Critical analysis of compositions and protective efficacies of oral killed cholera vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1195-205. [PMID: 25056361 PMCID: PMC4178583 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00378-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two cholera vaccines, sold as Shanchol and Dukoral, are currently available. This review presents a critical analysis of the protective efficacies of these vaccines. Children under 5 years of age are very vulnerable to cholera and account for the highest incidence of cholera cases and more than half of the resulting deaths. Both Shanchol and Dukoral are two-spaced-dose oral vaccines comprising large numbers of killed cholera bacteria. The former contains Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 cells, and the latter contains V. cholerae O1 cells with the recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin. In a field trial in Kolkata (India), Shanchol, the preferred vaccine, protected 45% of the test subjects in all of the age groups and only 17% of the children under 5 years of age during the first year of surveillance. In a field trial in Peru, two spaced doses of Dukoral offered negative protection in children under 5 years of age and little protection (15%) in vaccinees over 6 years of age during the first year of surveillance. Little is known about Dukoral's long-term protective efficacy. Both of these vaccines have questionable compositions, using V. cholerae O1 strains isolated in 1947 that have been inactivated by heat and formalin treatments that may denature protein. Immunological studies revealed Dukoral's reduced and short-lived efficacy, as measured by several immunological endpoints. Various factors, such as the necessity for multiple doses, poor protection of children under 5 years of age, the requirement of a cold supply chain, production costs, and complex logistics of vaccine delivery, greatly reduce the suitability of either of these vaccines for endemic or epidemic cholera control in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahjahan Kabir
- Academic Research and Information Management, Uppsala, Sweden
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Price GA, McFann K, Holmes RK. Immunization with cholera toxin B subunit induces high-level protection in the suckling mouse model of cholera. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57269. [PMID: 23468950 PMCID: PMC3585264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is the primary virulence factor responsible for severe cholera. Vibrio cholerae strains unable to produce CT show severe attenuation of virulence in animals and humans. The pentameric B subunit of CT (CTB) contains the immunodominant epitopes recognized by antibodies that neutralize CT. Although CTB is a potent immunogen and a promising protective vaccine antigen in animal models, immunization of humans with detoxified CT failed to protect against cholera. We recently demonstrated however that pups reared from mice immunized intraperitoneally (IP) with 3 doses of recombinant CTB were well protected against a highly lethal challenge dose of V. cholerae N16961. The present study investigated how the route and number of immunizations with CTB could influence protective efficacy in the suckling mouse model of cholera. To this end female mice were immunized with CTB intranasally (IN), IP, and subcutaneously (SC). Serum and fecal extracts were analyzed for anti-CTB antibodies by quantitative ELISA, and pups born to immunized mothers were challenged orogastrically with a lethal dose of V. cholerae. Pups from all immunized groups were highly protected from death by 48 hours (64–100% survival). Cox regression showed that percent body weight loss at 24 hours predicted death by 48 hours, but we were unable to validate a specific amount of weight loss as a surrogate marker for protection. Although CTB was highly protective in all regimens, three parenteral immunizations showed trends toward higher survival and less weight loss at 24 hours post infection. These results demonstrate that immunization with CTB by any of several routes and dosing regimens can provide protection against live V. cholerae challenge in the suckling mouse model of cholera. Our data extend the results of previous studies and provide additional support for the inclusion of CTB in the development of a subunit vaccine against V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Price
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kim McFann
- Colorado Biostatistics Consortium, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Randall K. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nguyen PH, Nguyen TNA, Kang KW, Ndinteh DT, Mbafor JT, Kim YR, Oh WK. Prenylated pterocarpans as bacterial neuraminidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3335-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stewart-Tull DES, Coote JG, Thompson DH, Candlish D, Wardlaw AC, Candlish A. Virulence spectra of typed strains of Campylobacter jejuni from different sources: a blinded in vivo study. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:546-553. [PMID: 19369514 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.005611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human diarrhoeal disease, but specific virulence mechanisms have not been well defined. The aims of the present blinded study were to measure and compare the in vivo properties of 40 serotyped, biotyped and genotyped C. jejuni isolates from different sources and genetic makeup. An 11-day-old chick embryo lethality assay, which measured embryo deaths and total viable bacteria over 72 h following inoculation of bacteria into the chorioallantoic membrane, revealed a spectrum of activity within the C. jejuni strains. Human and chicken isolates showed similar high virulence values for embryo deaths while the virulence of the bovine isolates was less pronounced. A one-way ANOVA comparison between the capacity of the strains to kill the chick embryos after 24 h with cytotoxicity towards cultured CaCo-2 cells was significant (P=0.025). After inoculation with a Campylobacter strain, mouse ligated ileal loops were examined histologically and revealed degrees of villous atrophy, abnormal mucosa, dilation of the lumen, congestion and blood in lumen, depending on the isolate examined. A 'total pathology score', derived for each C. jejuni strain after grading the pathology features for degree of severity, showed no apparent relationship with the source of isolation. Some relationship was found between amplified fragment length polymorphism groups and total ileal loop pathology scores, and a one-way ANOVA comparison of the mouse pathology scores against total chick embryo deaths after 72 h was significant (P=0.049).
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Affiliation(s)
- D E S Stewart-Tull
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - J G Coote
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - D H Thompson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Denise Candlish
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - A C Wardlaw
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - A Candlish
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Kobayashi RKT, Gaziri LCJ, Venancio EJ, Vidotto MC. Detection of Tsh protein mucinolytic activity by SDS-PAGE. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 68:654-5. [PMID: 17157399 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (Tsh, 140 kDa) produced by Escherichia coli is cleaved into a fragment (106 kDa) containing mucinase activity, and an agglutinin fragment (33 kDa). By incorporating mucins into SDS-PAGE gels stained by Schiff's periodic acid, we could simultaneously detect about 0.5 microg of mucinase activity and the fragment molecular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata K T Kobayashi
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Depto de Microbiologia-CCB, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 6001, 86051-970-Londrina, Pr, Brazil.
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Stewart-Tull DES, Bleakley CR, Galloway TS. Characteristics of Vibrio cholerae proteinases: potential, candidate vaccine antigens. Vaccine 2004; 22:3026-34. [PMID: 15297052 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae extracellular proteinases (proteases) have been studied as potential candidate antigens for acellular cholera vaccines. Proteinases from V. cholerae NCTC 10732 were prepared from batch culture either by ammonium sulphate precipitation and G100 Sephadex gel filtration or by isoelectric focusing (IEF). Proteinase activity was at a maximum level after 24 h, coincident with the late exponential phase and early stationary phase. Three major IEF peaks of activity were resolved with specific activities in the range 17.2-195 EU ml(-1 )mg(-1). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses (SDS-PAGE) of these fractions revealed 42, 45, 57 and 75 kDa bands in which proteinase activity was demonstrable. Peptide digest analysis suggested different catalytic specificities for each proteinase fraction. Metalloproteinase and serine proteinase inhibitors, alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)-M), the thiol proteinase inhibitor and N-ethylmaleimide inhibited the proteinases. The proteinases nicked Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin to yield catalytically active sub-units, confirmed by the measurement of intrinsic ADP-ribosylation activity. The possible value of these putative V. cholerae antigens in an acellular vaccine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E S Stewart-Tull
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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