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Ma Z, Yin X, Wu P, Hu R, Wang Y, Yi J, Wang Z, Chen C. The Recombinant Expression Proteins FnBP and ClfA From Staphylococcus aureus in Addition to GapC and Sip From Streptococcus agalactiae Can Protect BALB/c Mice From Bacterial Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666098. [PMID: 34250059 PMCID: PMC8263938 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cow mastitis is a serious disease that is mainly caused by intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae [group B streptococcus (GBS)]. FnBP and ClfA are the virulence factors of S. aureus, while GapC is the respective factor for S. agalactiae. Sip is a highly immunogenic protein, and it is conserved in all GBS serotypes. In this study, we analyzed the abovementioned four genes prepared a FnBP+ClfA chimeric protein (FC), a GapC+Sip chimeric protein (GS), and a FnBP+ClfA+GapC+Sip chimeric protein (FCGS) based on the antigenic sites to evaluate their use in vaccine development. After expression and purification of the recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, BALB/c mice were immunized with them to examine resistance effects. The total lethal and half lethal doses of S. aureus and S. agalactiae were then measured, and the immunoprotective effects of the fusion proteins were evaluated. The FC and FCGS chimeric proteins could induce mice to produce high levels of antibodies, and bacterial loads were significantly reduced in the spleens and livers after challenge. After immunization with FCGS, the recipients resisted the attacks of both S. aureus and S. agalactiae, indicating the potential of the fusion protein as a mastitis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinyue Yin
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Agina OA, Shaari MR, Isa NMM, Ajat M, Zamri-Saad M, Hamzah H. Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E697. [PMID: 32854179 PMCID: PMC7558346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Rosly Shaari
- Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Headquarters, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Mahiza Md Isa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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Evaluation of the humoral immune response to a multicomponent recombinant vaccine against S. aureus in healthy pregnant heifers. Vet J 2018; 235:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ghosh S, Nishat S, Andreana PR. Synthesis of an Aminooxy Derivative of the Tetrasaccharide Repeating Unit of Streptococcus dysgalactiae 2023 Polysaccharide for a PS A1 Conjugate Vaccine. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4475-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry
and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Sharmeen Nishat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry
and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry
and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Gogoi-Tiwari J, Williams V, Waryah CB, Mathavan S, Tiwari HK, Costantino P, Mukkur T. Intramammary Immunization of Pregnant Mice with Staphylococcal Protein A Reduces the Post-Challenge Mammary Gland Bacterial Load but Not Pathology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148383. [PMID: 26862761 PMCID: PMC4749186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein A, encoded by the spa gene, is one of the major immune evading MSCRAMM of S. aureus, demonstrated to be prevalent in a significant percentage of clinical bovine mastitis isolates in Australia. Given its’ reported significance in biofilm formation and the superior performance of S. aureus biofilm versus planktonic vaccine in the mouse mastitis model, it was of interest to determine the immunogenicity and protective potential of Protein A as a potential vaccine candidate against bovine mastitis using the mouse mastitis model. Pregnant Balb/c mice were immunised with Protein A emulsified in an alum-based adjuvant by subcutaneous (s/c) or intramammary (i/mam) routes. While humoral immune response of mice post-immunization were determined using indirect ELISA, cell-mediated immune response was assessed by estimation of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) produced by protein A-stimulated splenocyte supernatants. Protective potential of Protein A against experimental mastitis was determined by challenge of immunized versus sham-vaccinated mice by i/mam route, based upon manifestation of clinical symptoms, total bacterial load and histopathological damage to mammary glands. Significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of IgG1 isotype were produced in mice immunized by the s/c route. In contrast, significantly higher levels of the antibody isotype IgG2a were produced in mice immunized by the i/mam route (p<0.05). There was significant reduction (p<0.05) in bacterial loads of the mammary glands of mice immunized by Protein A regardless of the route of immunization, with medium level of clinical symptoms observed up to day 3 post-challenge. However, Protein A vaccine failed to protect immunized mice post-challenge with biofilm producing encapsulated S. aureus via i/mam route, regardless of the route of immunization, as measured by the level of mammary tissue damage. It was concluded that, Protein A in its’ native state was apparently not a suitable candidate for inclusion in a cell-free vaccine formulation against mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India
| | - Vincent Williams
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Charlene Babra Waryah
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America
| | - Sangeetha Mathavan
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Harish Kumar Tiwari
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Paul Costantino
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Trilochan Mukkur
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Which are important targets in development of S. aureus mastitis vaccine? Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Camussone C, Pujato N, Renna M, Veaute C, Morein B, Marcipar I, Calvinho L. Immune response and functional role of antibodies raised in heifers against a Staphylococcus aureus CP5 lysate and recombinant antigens vaccine formulated with Iscom Matrix adjuvant. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Renna MS, Pereyra EA, Baravalle C, Camussone CM, Dallard BE, Marcipar IS, Calvinho LF. Functional role of antibodies generated in heifers through immunization withStaphylococcus aureusvaccines in invasion and phagocytosis assays. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 360:62-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María S. Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Elizabet A.L. Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Cecilia M. Camussone
- Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Bibiana E. Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ivan S. Marcipar
- Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Luis F. Calvinho
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Santa Fe Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santa Fe Argentina
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Middleton JR. Staphylococcus aureusantigens and challenges in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:805-15. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.6.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Factores de virulencia de Staphylococcus aureus asociados con infecciones mamarias en bovinos: relevancia y rol como agentes inmunógenos. Rev Argent Microbiol 2013; 45:119-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(13)70011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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12
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Hamada K, Yoshihara C, Ito T, Tani K, Tagawa M, Sakuragawa N, Itoh H, Koyama Y. Antitumor effect of chondroitin sulfate-coated ternary granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor plasmid complex for ovarian cancer. J Gene Med 2012; 14:120-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine; Ehime University; Shitsukawa, Toon; Ehime; Japan
| | - Chieko Yoshihara
- Department of Textile Science; Otsuma Women's University; Sanbancho; Chiyoda-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Musashino University; Shinmachi; NishiTokyo-shi; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy; Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University; Maidashi; Higashi-ku; Fukuoka; Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy; Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute; Nitona; Chuo-ku; Chiba; Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Animal Medical Center; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Saiwai-cho; Fuchu-shi; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Koyama
- Department of Textile Science; Otsuma Women's University; Sanbancho; Chiyoda-ku; Tokyo; Japan
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Evaluation of a novel chimeric B cell epitope-based vaccine against mastitis induced by either Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:893-900. [PMID: 21508165 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00066-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To construct a universal vaccine against mastitis induced by either Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus, the B cell epitopes of the surface immunogenic protein (Sip) from S. agalactiae and clumping factor A (ClfA) from S. aureus were analyzed and predicted. sip-clfA, a novel chimeric B cell epitope-based gene, was obtained by overlap PCR, and then the recombinant Sip-ClfA (rSip-ClfA) was expressed and purified. rSip-ClfA and inactivated S. agalactiae and S. aureus were formulated into different vaccines with mineral oil as the adjuvant and evaluated in mouse models. The rSip-ClfA vaccination induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers higher than those seen in groups immunized with inactivated bacteria. Furthermore, the response to rSip-ClfA immunization was characterized as having a dominant IgG1 subtype, whereas both bacterial immunizations produced similar levels of IgG1 and IgG2a. The antiserum capacities for opsonizing adhesion and phagocytosis were significantly greater in the rSip-ClfA immunization group than in the killed-bacterium immunization groups (P < 0.05). The immunized lactating mice were challenged with either S. agalactiae or S. aureus via the intramammary route. At 24 h postinfection, the numbers of bacteria recovered from the mammary glands in the rSip-ClfA group were >5-fold lower than those in both inactivated-bacterium groups (P < 0.01). Histopathological examination of the mammary glands showed that rSip-ClfA immunization provided better protection of mammary gland tissue integrity against both S. agalactiae and S. aureus challenges. Thus, the recombinant protein rSip-ClfA would be a promising vaccine candidate against mastitis induced by either S. agalactiae or S. aureus.
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Evaluation of clumping factor A binding region A in a subunit vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1746-52. [PMID: 20826613 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00162-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential of recombinant binding region A of clumping factor A (rClfA-A) to be an effective component of a vaccine against mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus in the mouse. rClfA-A and inactivated S. aureus were each emulsified in Freund's adjuvant, mineral oil adjuvant, and Seppic adjuvant; phosphate-buffered saline was used as a control. Seven groups of 12 mice each were immunized intraperitoneally three times at 2-week intervals. The titers of IgG and subtypes thereof (IgG1 and IgG2a) in the rClfA-A-immunized group were more than 1,000-fold higher than those in the killed-bacteria-immunized group (P < 0.01). Of the three adjuvants used, mineral oil adjuvant induced the highest antibody levels for both antigens (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the anti-rClfA-A antibody capacities for bacterial adhesion and opsonizing phagocytosis were significantly greater in the rClfA-A-immunized group than in the killed-bacteria-immunized group (P < 0.05). Lactating mice immunized with either rClfA-A or inactivated vaccine were challenged with S. aureus via the intramammary route. The numbers of bacteria recovered from the murine mammary glands 24 h after inoculation were significantly lower in the rClfA-A group than in the killed-bacteria-immunized group (P < 0.001). Histologic examination of the mammary glands showed that rClfA-A immunization effectively preserved tissue integrity. Thus, rClfA-A emulsified in an oil adjuvant provides strong immune protection against S. aureus-induced mastitis in the mouse.
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Pellegrino M, Giraudo J, Raspanti C, Odierno L, Bogni C. Efficacy of immunization against bovine mastitis using a Staphylococcus aureus avirulent mutant vaccine. Vaccine 2010; 28:4523-8. [PMID: 20450870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is responsible of major economic losses on dairy farms worldwide. In Argentine dairy herds, Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of the disease. The ineffectiveness of some current practices to control S. aureus infections, often leads to a chronic and recurrent infection with persistent bacterial reservoir within a herd. Vaccination against S. aureus seems to be a rational approach for the control of the disease. In the present study, we investigate the response of dairy heifers after a combined immunization schedule with the avirulent mutant RC122 S. aureus vaccine. Vaccinated and non-vaccinated heifers were challenged 40 days after calving with the parental virulent strain. After challenge, and during the study period, milk bacterial recovery was significantly higher in non-vaccinated heifers than vaccinates. Importantly, inoculated bacteria could not be isolated from the milk of vaccinated heifers until 72 h after challenge, and the overall percentage of infected quarters in these animals was significantly lower. An increase in the level of specific IgG was observed in blood and milk of vaccinated heifers during the trial. At calving, IgG(2) was the main antibody isotype found in blood. Immune sera from vaccinated heifers increased phagocytosis over sera from non-vaccinated heifers and were able to opsonize heterologous S. aureus strains. Results demonstrated that immunization of dairy heifers with strain RC122 was able to elicit a significant opsonic antibody production in blood and milk and provides protection by a significant reduction in bacterial shedding after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Pellegrino
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Hu C, Gong R, Guo A, Chen H. Protective effect of ligand-binding domain of fibronectin-binding protein on mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Vaccine 2010; 28:4038-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Block copolymers have differing adjuvant effects on the primary immune response elicited by genetic immunization and on further induced allergy. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:36-42. [PMID: 19923567 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00275-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers were recently used to promote gene delivery in various tissues. Using a plasmid encoding a food allergen, bovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), we studied the effects of block copolymers on gene expression levels and primary immune response and on further induced allergy. Block copolymers (i.e., Tetronic 304, 908, and 1107) and various quantities of DNA were injected into the tibialis muscles of BALB/c mice. The BLG levels in injected muscle and the BLG-specific induced immune response were analyzed after injection. DNA-immunized mice were further experimentally sensitized with BLG, and the effects of block copolymer and DNA doses on allergic sensitization and elicitation were compared. Tetronic 304 induced a 12-fold increase in BLG production, while Tetronic 1107 increased the duration of BLG expression. Different Th1 primary specific immune responses were observed, either strong humoral and cellular (304), only cellular (1107), or weak cellular and humoral (908) responses. After BLG sensitization, increased BLG-specific IgG2a production was observed in all groups of mice independently of the presence and nature of the block copolymer. Increased BLG-specific IgG1 production was also detected after sensitization, except with Tetronic 1107. Compared with naked DNA, Tetronic 304 was the only block polymer that decreased BLG-specific IgE concentrations. However, after allergen challenge, Tetronic 1107 was the only block copolymer to reduce eosinophils and Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Tetronic 304 amplified local inflammation. Each block copolymer elicited a different immune response, although always Th1 specific, in BALB/c mice.
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Antibodies to capsular polysaccharide and clumping factor A prevent mastitis and the emergence of unencapsulated and small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5738-44. [PMID: 18809660 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00874-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections is influenced by multiple virulence factors that are expressed under variable conditions, and this has complicated the design of an effective vaccine. Clinical trials that targeted the capsule or clumping factor A (ClfA) failed to protect the recipients against staphylococcal infections. We passively immunized lactating mice with rabbit antibodies to S. aureus capsular polysaccharide (CP) serotype 5 (CP5) or CP8 or with monoclonal antibodies to ClfA. Mice immunized with antibodies to CP5 or CP8 or with ClfA had significantly reduced tissue bacterial burdens 4 days after intramammary challenge with encapsulated S. aureus strains. After several passages in mice passively immunized with CP-specific antiserum, increasing numbers of stable unencapsulated variants of S. aureus were cultured from the infected mammary glands. Greater numbers of these unencapsulated S. aureus variants than of the corresponding encapsulated parental strains were internalized in vitro in MAC-T bovine cells. Furthermore, small-colony variants (SCVs) were recovered from the infected mammary glands after several passages in mice passively immunized with CP-specific antiserum. A combination of antibodies effectively sterilized mammary glands in a significant number of passively immunized mice. More importantly, passive immunization with antibodies to both CP and ClfA fully inhibited the emergence of unencapsulated "escape mutants" and significantly reduced the appearance of SCVs. A vaccine formulation comprising CP conjugates plus a surface-associated protein adhesin may be more effective than either antigen alone for prevention of S. aureus infections.
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DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:341-56. [PMID: 18425596 PMCID: PMC7089108 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases.
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Abstract
As early as 900 years ago, the Bedouins of the Negev desert were reported to kill a rabid dog, roast its liver and feed it to a dog-bitten person for three to five days according to the size and number of bites [1] . In sixteenth century China, physicians routinely prescribed pills made from the fleas collected from sick cows, which purportedly prevented smallpox. One may dismiss the wisdom of the Bedouins or Chinese but the Nobel laureate, Charles Richet, demonstrated in 1900 that feeding raw meat can cure tuberculous dogs - an approach he termed zomotherapy. Despite historical clues indicating the feasibility of oral vaccination, this particular field is notoriously infamous for the abundance of dead-end leads. Today, most commercial vaccines are delivered by injection, which has the principal limitation that recipients do not like needles. In the last few years, there has been a sharp increase in interest in needle-free vaccine delivery; new data emerges almost daily in the literature. So far, there are very few licensed oral vaccines, but many more vaccine candidates are in development. Vaccines delivered orally have the potential to take immunization to a fundamentally new level. In this review, the authors summarize the recent progress in the area of oral vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Compounding
- Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/trends
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Edible/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Edible/chemistry
- Vaccines, Edible/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro S Silin
- Queen's University Belfast, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Medical and Biology Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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Abstract
Staphylococci are among the most frequently encountered pathogens in both the inpatient and the outpatient setting. Management of infections caused by these organisms is complicated by the increasingly common resistance of staphylococcal pathogens to commonly used antibacterials. As a consequence, novel approaches to prevention and treatment are urgently required. Such approaches include the development of vaccines and immunoglobulin preparations targeted at virulence factors expressed in vivo by staphylococci. This article reviews the biopharmaceutical progress made to date in this field and suggests approaches to further progress.
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Jiang L, Qian F, He X, Wang F, Ren D, He Y, Li K, Sun S, Yin C. Novel chitosan derivative nanoparticles enhance the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding hepatitis B virus core antigen in mice. J Gene Med 2007; 9:253-64. [PMID: 17397104 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan has been shown to possess useful properties such as non-toxicity, high biocompatibility and non-antigenicity that offer advantages for vaccine delivery systems. In this study, we prepared novel chitosan derivative nanoparticles as DNA vaccine carriers and the potential and mechanism of the DNA-nanoparticle complexes in inducing augmented immune responses were explored. METHODS The pVAX(HBc)DNA-nanoparticle complexes as vaccine delivery systems were studied in several aspects: the protection against DNase I degradation was measured by an in vitro inhibition assay; the sustained expression of the plasmid in vivo was determined by RT-PCR; the elevated uptake efficiency by phagocytes was observed with confocal microscopy; the biocompatibility was evaluated by cytotoxicity and histology assay; the complexes were administrated to C57BL/6 mice and the humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated by ELISA, IFN-gamma production and cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)-specific lysis assay. RESULTS The remaining relative activity of DNase I after inhibition varied from 32.3% to 77.6%. The complexes were observed with higher uptake efficiency by phagocytes than naked DNA. Three types of nanoparticles did not induce significant cytotoxicity at concentrations<or=400 microg/ml. No specific histological alteration related to the injection of the complexes was observed. The formulations of DNA-nanoparticle complexes significantly enhanced the immunogenicity in several parameters: elevated antibody production, higher level of IFN-gamma secretion, and augmented specific cell lysis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the potential of the novel chitosan derivative nanoparticles for safe and effective DNA vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
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Brady RA, Leid JG, Camper AK, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus proteins recognized by the antibody-mediated immune response to a biofilm infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3415-26. [PMID: 16714572 PMCID: PMC1479260 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00392-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes persistent, recurrent infections (e.g., osteomyelitis) by forming biofilms. To survey the antibody-mediated immune response and identify those proteins that are immunogenic in an S. aureus biofilm infection, the tibias of rabbits were infected with methicillin-resistant S. aureus to produce chronic osteomyelitis. Sera were collected prior to infection and at 14, 28, and 42 days postinfection. The sera were used to perform Western blot assays on total protein from biofilm grown in vitro and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Those proteins recognized by host antibodies in the harvested sera were identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis. Using protein from mechanically disrupted total and fractionated biofilm protein samples, we identified 26 and 22 immunogens, respectively. These included a cell surface-associated beta-lactamase, lipoprotein, lipase, autolysin, and an ABC transporter lipoprotein. Studies were also performed using microarray analyses and confirmed the biofilm-specific up-regulation of most of these genes. Therefore, although the biofilm antigens are recognized by the immune system, the biofilm infection can persist. However, these proteins, when delivered as vaccines, may be important in directing the immune system toward an early and effective antibody-mediated response to prevent chronic S. aureus infections. Previous works have identified S. aureus proteins that are immunogenic during acute infections, such as sepsis. However, this is the first work to identify these immunogens during chronic S. aureus biofilm infections and to simultaneously show the global relationship between the antigens expressed during an in vivo infection and the corresponding in vitro transcriptomic and proteomic gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Brady
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland-Baltimore, 666 W. Baltimore Street, Rm. 4-G-11, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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