1
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Sun Q, Liu X, Li X. Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:981-993. [PMID: 35076738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique component in the cytoderm of prokaryotes which can be recognized by different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in eukaryotes, followed by a cascade of immune responses via different pathways. This review outlined the basic structure of PGN, its immunologic functions. The immunomodulation pathways mediated by PGN were elaborated. PGN induces specific immunity through stimulating different cytokine release and Th1/Th2-dominated immune responses during humoral/cellular immune response. The nonspecific immunity activation by PGN involves immunomodulation by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including PGN recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The sources and classification of PGRPs were summarized. In view of the stimulating activities of PGN and its monomers, the potential application of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected. This review provides systematic information on PGN functionalities from the point of immunoregulation, which might be useful in the deep exploitation of PGN.Key points. The immunological functions of PGN were illustrated. Cellular and humoral immunomodulation by PGN were outlined. The use of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiuliang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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2
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Zou Y, Wu N, Miao C, Yue H, Wu J, Ma G. A novel multiple emulsion enhanced immunity via its biomimetic delivery approach. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7365-7374. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01318h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A special emulsion with biomimetic structural dynamic properties was fabricated, inducing efficient vaccine–cell interaction and robust immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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3
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Xu J, Bai X, Wang LB, Shi HN, van der Giessen JWB, Boireau P, Liu MY, Liu XL. Influence of adjuvant formulation on inducing immune response in mice immunized with a recombinant serpin from Trichinella spiralis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28445612 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are one of the most widespread zoonotic pathogens on the world, and they can still cause major public health problems in many parts of the world. Vaccination against the helminth nematode Trichinella could be a good strategy to reduce the risk of human and animal infection. It was our aim to evaluate three adjuvants, which could be used as an efficient vaccine for animals in combination with rTs-Serpin antigen. In this study, BALB/c mice were vaccinated by an intramuscular route with rTs-Serpin antigen from the parasite Trichinella spiralis in combination with three different adjuvant formulations: Montanide ISA201, Montanide IMS 1313 N PR VG and Freund's complete adjuvant/Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FCA/FIA). The dynamics of IgG, IgM, IgE and cytokine production from spleen cells and worm reduction rate of the vaccinated mice were analysed. The results showed that rTs-serpin can induce partial protection against Trichinella larvae challenge in mice, when compared to the FCA-/FIA-formulated vaccination, the IMS1313 plus rTs-serpin mixture showed higher humoral immunity and similar levels of cellular immunity and worm reduction rate. The study suggested that Montanide IMS nanoparticles 1313 are as effective as FCA but less toxic; thus, Montanide IMS nanoparticles 1313 can be used as a good candidate of adjuvant for developing vaccine against Trichinella spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China
| | - X Bai
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China
| | - L B Wang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China
| | - H N Shi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J W B van der Giessen
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Boireau
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China.,Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons Alfort, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Universite Paris Est, Paris, France
| | - M Y Liu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - X L Liu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, PR, China
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4
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Klimka A, Michels L, Glowalla E, Tosetti B, Krönke M, Krut O. Montanide ISA 71 VG is Advantageous to Freund's Adjuvant in Immunization AgainstS. aureusInfection of Mice. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:291-7. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Klimka
- Institute of Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - L. Michels
- Institute of Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - E. Glowalla
- Institute of Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - B. Tosetti
- Institute of Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - M. Krönke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - O. Krut
- Institute of Medical Microbiology; Immunology and Hygiene; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
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5
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Sun Q, Fan J, Han D, Zhang J, Jiang B, Li X, Li X, Song Y. Evaluation of toxicity and adjuvant effects of peptidoglycan microspheres orally administered to mice. J Microencapsul 2014; 32:46-53. [PMID: 25090591 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.944948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, peptidoglycan microspheres were evaluated for their toxicity and adjuvant effects after oral administration to mice. The liver and spleen indexes, CD cell content in peripheral blood and spleen, and immunoglobulin content in peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry and indirect ELISA, respectively. Peptidoglycan microspheres with a loading capacity of 46.41 ± 0.83 g/100 g were prepared. In vivo tests showed that peptidoglycan microspheres revealed an immuno-enhancing profile as indicated by the slow increase of IgG content in peripheral blood compared with that of the untreated peptidoglycan group. In conclusion, peptidoglycan microspheres may be used as a new oral adjuvant in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Sun
- University Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin , P. R. China
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Asadi Karam MR, Oloomi M, Mahdavi M, Habibi M, Bouzari S. Vaccination with recombinant FimH fused with flagellin enhances cellular and humoral immunity against urinary tract infection in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:1210-6. [PMID: 23306365 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is one of the most common infections in the world. Despite extensive efforts, a vaccine that confers protection against UTIs in human is currently lacking. In this study, the ability of flagellin (FliC), a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist of UPEC strain, and the conventional adjuvant Montanide ISA 206 to enhance the protective immune responses of FimH against urinary tract infection have been compared. Mice immunized with the fused FimH.FliC protein induced significantly higher humoral (IgG1 and IgG2a) and cellular (IFN-γ and IL-4) immune responses than with FimH alone or FimH admixed with FliC. The immune responses of Montanide formulations were comparable to that of the fusion protein and were significantly higher than that of FimH alone. Our results showed that based on the IgG1/IgG2a ratios, FliC directed the anti-FimH responses preferentially toward Th2 and Montanide toward Th1. The FimH.FliC fusion and FimH admixed with FliC and Montanide formulations gave the best results in protection of bladder colonization, compared to the control mice. The results propose new promising vaccine formulation based on the adjuvant properties of FliC and Montanide against UTI caused by UPEC strains.
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7
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Karam MRA, Oloomi M, Mahdavi M, Habibi M, Bouzari S. Assessment of immune responses of the flagellin (FliC) fused to FimH adhesin of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Immunol 2012; 54:32-9. [PMID: 23220068 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. Despite extensive efforts, a vaccine that protects humans against UTI is currently missing. In this study, the immunogenicity of flagellin (FliC) of UPEC strain in different vaccine combinations with FimH antigen of UPEC and conventional adjuvant Montanide ISA 206 was assessed. Finally, efficacy of the immune responses was evaluated for protection of the bladder and kidney of challenged immunized mice. Mice immunized with the fusion FimH·FliC induced significantly higher anti-FliC humoral (IgG1) and cellular (Th1 and Th2) immune responses than with FliC alone or FliC admixed with FimH. The Montanide enhanced the immune responses of FliC antigen and directed the anti-FliC responses preferentially toward Th1. The FliC vaccine combinations reduced bladder infection as compared to control mice. The fusion FimH·FliC and FliC admixed with FimH and Montanide combinations gave the best results in protection of kidney infection, compared to the control mice. The results of this study propose new promising vaccine combinations based on the FliC antigen and Montanide against UTI caused by UPEC.
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Kurtović T, Leonardi A, Lang Balija M, Brgles M, Habjanec L, Križaj I, Halassy B. The standard mouse assay of anti-venom quality does not measure antibodies neutralising the haemorrhagic activity of Vipera ammodytes venom. Toxicon 2012; 59:709-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Kurtović T, Brgles M, Leonardi A, Balija ML, Križaj I, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Halassy B. Ammodytagin, a heterodimeric metalloproteinase from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom with strong hemorrhagic activity. Toxicon 2011; 58:570-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Halassy B, Habjanec L, Balija ML, Kurtović T, Brgles M, Krizaj I. Ammodytoxin content of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom as a prognostic factor for venom immunogenicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:455-60. [PMID: 20139032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, peptides and other compounds whose biochemical and biological variability has been clearly demonstrated. These molecules have been used as antigens for immunization of anti-venom-producing animals (horses or sheep). Ammodytoxins (Atx) are potently neurotoxic compounds, and the most toxic compounds isolated so far from the Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (Vaa) venom. Recently we have shown that the level of antibodies specific to Vaa venom's most toxic component, ammodytoxin A (AtxA), (anti-AtxA IgG) in Vaa venom immunized rabbit sera highly correlated to the venom toxicity-neutralization potential of these sera. Here we investigated whether Atx content of Vaa venom could influence the outcome of immunization procedure. The novel ELISA was developed for precise determination of Atx content and Atx was quantified in venom samples used for immunization of rabbits. We clearly showed that animals immunized with the venom containing lower amount of Atx produced sera with significantly lower venom toxicity-neutralizing power and, vice versa, animals immunized with venoms containing higher amount of Atx produced sera with higher venom toxicity-neutralizing ability. Thus, the content of Atx in Vaa venom is a relevant parameter of its suitability in the production of highly protective Vaa anti-venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Halassy
- Research and Development Department, Institute of Immunology, Inc., Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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11
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Habjanec L, Halassy B, Tomasić J. Comparative study of structurally related peptidoglycan monomer and muramyl dipeptide on humoral IgG immune response to ovalbumin in mouse. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:751-9. [PMID: 20403461 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Structurally related peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) differ in several aspects of biological activity but have in common immunostimulating properties. Comparative study of the effects of these adjuvants on humoral IgG immune response specific for protein antigen ovalbumin (OVA) was carried out in two inbred mouse strains, CBA and NIH/OlaHsd, and their ability to modulate the bias of immune response towards Th1/Th2 was evaluated. MDP had better adjuvant activity at some points than PGM, whereas both adjuvants stimulated Th2-biased immune response specific for OVA. In comparison to Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), as a golden standard of adjuvant action, both PGM and MDP exhibited considerably lower activity. Addition of PGM to Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) on humoral immune response was studied also, and the effect of such adjuvant formulation was compared to the effect of CFA. While CFA induced the switch towards Th1-biased immune response, the addition of PGM into IFA did have no impact on modulating the immune response towards more pronounced Th2-type of immune response, defined by IFA itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Habjanec
- Research and Development Department, Institute of Immunology, Inc., Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Trichinella spiralis: immune response and protective immunity elicited by recombinant paramyosin formulated with different adjuvants. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:403-8. [PMID: 20045697 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that immunization with recombinant paramyosin from Trichinella spiralis (rTs-Pmy) formulated with Freund's adjuvant significantly reduced larval burden in mice after T. spiralis larval challenge. Since Freund's adjuvant is toxic and not a suitable adjuvant for clinical vaccine trials, we evaluated the ability of the adjuvants Montanide ISA206 and ISA720 to stimulate immune responses during rTs-Pmy immunization and to enhance protective immunity. The results revealed that immunization of BALB/c mice with rTs-Pmy formulated with either ISA206 or ISA720 triggered Th1 and Th2 immune responses similar to those produced by the conventional Freund's adjuvant formulation and also provided a similar level of protection against T. spiralis larval challenge. This indicates that the recombinant Ts-Pmy formulated with Montanide ISA206 or ISA720 may be an effective and safety vaccine strategy for trichinellosis.
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13
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Liposome fusogenicity and entrapment efficiency of antigen determine the Th1/Th2 bias of antigen-specific immune response. Vaccine 2009; 27:5435-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Halassy B, Habjanec L, Brgles M, Balija ML, Leonardi A, Kovacic L, Prijatelj P, Tomasić J, Krizaj I. The role of antibodies specific for toxic sPLA2s and haemorrhagins in neutralizing potential of antisera raised against Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:178-83. [PMID: 18571473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of antibodies directed against the two main toxic groups of proteins in the Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom, haemorrhagic metalloproteinases (H) and neurotoxic sPLA2s (Atxs), to the overall protective efficacy of the whole venom antisera was investigated. Using ELISA assays we established a high correlation between the protective efficacy of the whole venom antisera in mice and their anti-Atxs antibody content. As the haemorrhage is the prevailing toxic effect of the venom in human, the lack of correlation also with anti-H IgG content exposed that the mouse model might not be optimal to evaluate the neutralizing potential of the venom-specific antisera for human therapy. We further revealed that Atxs and structurally very similar but non-toxic AtnI2 from the venom are not immuno cross-reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Halassy
- Research and Development Department, Institute of Immunology, Inc., Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Habjanec L, Halassy B, Tomašić J. Immunomodulatory activity of novel adjuvant formulations based on Montanide ISA oil-based adjuvants and peptidoglycan monomer. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:717-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Generation of ammodytoxin-anti-cathepsin B immuno-conjugate as a model for delivery of secretory phospholipase A2 into cancer cells. Toxicon 2008; 51:754-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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17
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Habjanec L, Halassy B, Vdović V, Balija ML, Tomašić J. Comparison of mouse and rabbit model for the assessment of strong PGM-containing oil-based adjuvants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:232-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Halassy B, Brgles M, Habjanec L, Lang Balija M, Tomašić J, Križaj I, Štrancar A, Barut M. Use of Convective Interaction Media for Analysis of Long‐Nosed Viper Venom. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701665535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Križaj
- b Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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