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Pietri GP, Bertuzzi S, Karnicar K, Unione L, Lisnic B, Malic S, Miklic K, Novak M, Calloni I, Santini L, Usenik A, Romano MR, Adamo R, Jonjic S, Turk D, Jiménez-Barbero J, Lenac Rovis T. Antigenic determinants driving serogroup-specific antibody response to Neisseria meningitidis C, W, and Y capsular polysaccharides: Insights for rational vaccine design. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122349. [PMID: 38876728 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines sourced from capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis strains are well-established measures to prevent meningococcal disease. However, the exact structural factors responsible for antibody recognition are not known. CPSs of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups Y and W differ by a single stereochemical center, yet they evoke specific immune responses. Herein, we developed specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting serogroups C, Y, and W and evaluated their ability to kill bacteria. We then used these mAbs to dissect structural elements responsible for carbohydrate-protein interactions. First, Men oligosaccharides were screened against the mAbs using ELISA to select putative lengths representing the minimal antigenic determinant. Next, molecular interaction features between the mAbs and serogroup-specific sugar fragments were elucidated using STD-NMR. Moreover, X-ray diffraction data with the anti-MenW CPS mAb enabled the elucidation of the sugar-antibody binding mode. Our findings revealed common traits in the epitopes of all three sialylated serogroups. The minimal binding epitopes typically comprise five to six repeating units. Moreover, the O-acetylation of the neuraminic acid moieties was fundamental for mAb binding. These insights hold promise for the rational design of optimized meningococcal oligosaccharides, opening new avenues for novel production methods, including chemical or enzymatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Pietri
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sara Bertuzzi
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Katarina Karnicar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca Unione
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Euskadi Plaza 5, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Suzana Malic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karmela Miklic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Matej Novak
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ilaria Calloni
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Aleksandra Usenik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dusan Turk
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Euskadi Plaza 5, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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2
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Tian G, Qin C, Hu J, Zou X, Yin J. Effect of Side-Chain Functional Groups in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Surface Glycans. Molecules 2023; 28:7112. [PMID: 37894591 PMCID: PMC10609480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans on the surface of bacteria have diverse and essential biological functions and have widely been employed for treating various bacterial infectious diseases. Furthermore, these glycans comprise various functional groups, such as O-, N-, and carboxyl-modified, which significantly increase the diversity of glycan structures. These functional groups are not only crucial for glycans' structural identity but are also essential for their biological functions. Therefore, a clear understanding of the biological functions of these modified groups in corresponding bacterial glycans is crucial for their medical applications. Thus far, the activities of functional groups in some biomedical active carbohydrates have been elucidated. It has been shown that some functional groups are key constituents of biologically active bacterial glycans, while others are actually not essential and may even mask the functions of the glycans. This paper reviews the structures of naturally occurring side-chain functional groups in glycans located on the bacterial surface and their roles in immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Hu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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3
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Chang MJ, Ollivault-Shiflett M, Schuman R, Ngoc Nguyen S, Kaltashov IA, Bobst C, Rajagopal SP, Przedpelski A, Barbieri JT, Lees A. Genetically detoxified tetanus toxin as a vaccine and conjugate carrier protein. Vaccine 2022; 40:5103-5113. [PMID: 35871872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tetanus toxoid (TTxd), developed over 100 years ago, is a clinically effective, legacy vaccine against tetanus. Due to the extreme potency of native tetanus toxin, manufacturing and regulatory efforts often focus on TTxd production, standardization, and safety, rather than product modernization. Recently, a genetically detoxified, full-length tetanus toxin protein (8MTT) was reported as a tetanus vaccine alternative to TTxd (Przedpelski et al. mBio, 2020). Here we describe the production of 8MTT in Gor/MetTM E. coli, a strain engineered to have an oxidative cytoplasm, allowing for the expression of soluble, disulfide-bonded proteins. The strain was also designed to efficiently cleave N-terminal methionine, the obligatory start amino acid for E. coli expressed proteins. 8MTT was purified as a soluble protein from the cytoplasm in a two-column protocol to > 99 % purity, yielding 0.5 g of purified 8MTT/liter of fermentation broth with low endotoxin contamination, and antigenic purity of 3500 Lf/mg protein nitrogen. Mouse immunizations showed 8MTT to be an immunogenic vaccine and effective as a carrier protein for peptide and polysaccharide conjugates. These studies validate 8MTT as commercially viable and, unlike the heterogenous tetanus toxoid, a uniform carrier protein for conjugate vaccines. The development of a recombinant, genetically detoxified toxin produced in E. coli aligns the tetanus vaccine with modern manufacturing, regulatory, standardization, and safety requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Chang
- Fina Biosolutions LLC, 9430 Key West Ave, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | | | - Richard Schuman
- Antibody and Immunoassay Consultants, 9430 Key West Ave, Suite 201, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Son Ngoc Nguyen
- University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories N369, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories N369, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Cedric Bobst
- University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories N369, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Shalini P Rajagopal
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Amanda Przedpelski
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Microbiology and Immunology BSB-2830, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Joseph T Barbieri
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Microbiology and Immunology BSB-2830, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Andrew Lees
- Fina Biosolutions LLC, 9430 Key West Ave, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
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de Souza IM, da Silva MN, Bastos RC, Pereira DDSG, Figueira ECS, Jessouroun E, Leal MDLM, Barreto-Bergter E, da Silveira IAFB. Development and Immunogenicity of a Brazilian Glycoconjugate vaccine against Meningococcal W in a Pilot Scale. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:539-549. [PMID: 34515909 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent changes in the epidemiology of meningococcal have been reported and meningococcal group W (MenW) has become the third most prevalent group isolated in Brazil in the last 10 years. In this study we have developed a conjugate vaccine for MenW using a modified reductive amination conjugation method through a covalent linkage between periodate-oxidized MenW non-O-acetylated polysaccharide and hydrazide-activated monomeric tetanus toxoid. Process control of bulks was done by physicochemical analysis including polysaccharide and protein quantification, high performance liquid chromatography - size exclusion chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance. Conjugate bulks were best produced with concentration of polysaccharide twice as high as protein, at room temperature, and pH approximately 6.0. A scaled-up bulk (100 mg scale) was formulated and inoculated intramuscularly in mice in a dose-response study (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 µg of polysaccharide/dose). The immunogenicity of conjugate bulks was determined by serum bactericidal assay and ELISA assays of serum from immunized mice. ELISA and SBA titers revealed high titers of IgG and demonstrated the functionality of the antibodies produced in all doses studied 15 days after the third dose. However, significant differences were observed among them by ELISA. In conclusion, this study established the best conditions to produce MenW conjugate bulks and showed the efficacy of the obtained conjugate bulk in induce a good immune response in mice. Further experiments will need to be done to scale up the conjugation reaction and then allow the use of this conjugate in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iaralice Medeiros de Souza
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Bio-ManguinhosRio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Química Biológica de Microrganismos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Química Biológica de Microrganismos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Milton Neto da Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Bio-ManguinhosRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Chagas Bastos
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Bio-Manguinhos Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ellen Jessouroun
- Programa de Vacinas Bacterianas, Bio-Manguinhos Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Laboratório de Química Biológica de Microrganismos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Li R, Kooner AS, Muthana SM, Yuan Y, Yu H, Chen X. A Chemoenzymatic Synthon Strategy for Synthesizing N-Acetyl Analogues of O-Acetylated N. meningitidis W Capsular Polysaccharide Oligosaccharides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16157-16165. [PMID: 33164526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
O-Acetylated sialic acid has been found in the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W (NmW) capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and is a required structural component of clinically used NmW CPS-based polysaccharide and polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines. The role of sialic acid O-acetylation in NmW CPS, however, is not clearly understood. This is partially due to the lack of a precise control of the percentage and the location of O-acetylation which is labile and susceptible to migration. We explore chemoenzymatic synthetic strategies for preparing N-acetylated analogues of O-acetylated NmW CPS oligosaccharides which can serve as structurally stable probe mimics. Substrate specificity studies of NmW CPS polymerase (NmSiaDW) identified 4-azido-4-deoxy-N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc4N3) and 6-azido-6-deoxy-N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc6N3) as suitable chemoenzymatic synthons for synthesizing N-acetyl analogues of NmW CPS oligosaccharides containing 7-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,7Ac2) and/or 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2). The synthesis was achieved by NmSiaDW-dependent sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) strategy with in situ generation of the corresponding sugar nucleotides from simple monosaccharides or derivatives to form N3-oligosaccharides which were converted to the desired NAc-oligosaccharides by an efficient one-step chemical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Anoopjit S Kooner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Saddam M Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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6
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Abstract
Chemical inactivation is a clinically effective mechanism to detoxify protein toxins to produce vaccines against microbial infections and to serve as a platform for production of conjugate polysaccharide vaccines. This method is widely used for the production of protein toxin vaccines, including tetanus toxoid. However, chemical modification alters the protein structure with unknown effects on antigenicity. Here, a recombinant full-length tetanus toxin (TT) is engineered with 8 mutations (8MTT) that inactivate three toxin functions: catalysis, translocation, and receptor binding. 8MTT is nontoxic and elicits a potent immune response in outbred mice. 8MTT also represents a malleable platform for the production of conjugate vaccines, which can facilitate a rapid vaccine response against emerging microbial pathogens. Chemically inactivated tetanus toxoid (CITT) is clinically effective and widely used. However, CITT is a crude nonmalleable vaccine that contains hundreds of Clostridium tetani proteins, and the active component is present in variable and sometimes minor percentages of vaccine mass. Recombinant production of a genetically inactivated tetanus vaccine offers an opportunity to replace and improve the current tetanus vaccine. Previous studies showed the feasibility of engineering full-length tetanus toxin (TT) in Escherichia coli. In the present study, full-length TT was engineered with eight individual amino acid mutations (8MTT) to inactivate catalysis, translocation, and host receptor-binding functions, retaining 99.4% amino acid identity to native tetanus toxin. 8MTT purified as a 150-kDa single-chain protein, which trypsin nicked to a 100-kDa heavy chain and 50-kDa light chain. The 8MTT was not toxic for outbred mice and was >50 million-fold less toxic than native TT. Relative to CITT, 8MTT vaccination elicited a strong immune response and showed good vaccine potency against TT challenge. The strength of the immune response to both vaccines varied among individual outbred mice. These data support 8MTT as a candidate vaccine against tetanus and a malleable candidate conjugate vaccine platform to enhance the immune response to polysaccharides and other macromolecular molecules to facilitate a rapid response to emerging microbial pathogens.
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7
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Ou L, Kong WP, Chuang GY, Ghosh M, Gulla K, O'Dell S, Varriale J, Barefoot N, Changela A, Chao CW, Cheng C, Druz A, Kong R, McKee K, Rawi R, Sarfo EK, Schön A, Shaddeau A, Tsybovsky Y, Verardi R, Wang S, Wanninger TG, Xu K, Yang GJ, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Arnold FJ, Doria-Rose NA, Lei QP, Ryan ET, Vann WF, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Preclinical Development of a Fusion Peptide Conjugate as an HIV Vaccine Immunogen. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3032. [PMID: 32080235 PMCID: PMC7033230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccine elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 is a long-sought goal. We previously reported the amino-terminal eight residues of the HIV-1-fusion peptide (FP8) - when conjugated to the carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) - to be capable of inducing broadly neutralizing responses against HIV-1 in animal models. However, KLH is a multi-subunit particle derived from a natural source, and its manufacture as a clinical product remains a challenge. Here we report the preclinical development of recombinant tetanus toxoid heavy chain fragment (rTTHC) linked to FP8 (FP8-rTTHC) as a suitable FP-conjugate vaccine immunogen. We assessed 16 conjugates, made by coupling the 4 most prevalent FP8 sequences with 4 carrier proteins: the aforementioned KLH and rTTHC; the H. influenzae protein D (HiD); and the cross-reactive material from diphtheria toxin (CRM197). While each of the 16 FP8-carrier conjugates could elicit HIV-1-neutralizing responses, rTTHC conjugates induced higher FP-directed responses overall. A Sulfo-SIAB linker yielded superior results over an SM(PEG)2 linker but combinations of carriers, conjugation ratio of peptide to carrier, or choice of adjuvant (Adjuplex or Alum) did not significantly impact elicited FP-directed neutralizing responses in mice. Overall, SIAB-linked FP8-rTTHC appears to be a promising vaccine candidate for advancing to clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Mridul Ghosh
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Krishana Gulla
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Varriale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Nathan Barefoot
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Anita Changela
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Cara W Chao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Rui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Edward K Sarfo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Andrew Shaddeau
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Shuishu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Timothy G Wanninger
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Gengcheng J Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Yaqiu Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Frank J Arnold
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Willie F Vann
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
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8
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Role of O-Acetylation in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Polysaccharide Vaccines. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061340. [PMID: 29865239 PMCID: PMC6100563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infectious diseases caused by several bacterial pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis, has been dramatically reduced over the last 25 years through the use of glycoconjugate vaccines. The structures of the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens, extracted and purified from microbial cultures and obtained with very high purity, show that many of them are decorated by O-acetyl groups. While these groups are often considered important for the structural identity of the polysaccharides, they play a major role in the functional immune response to some vaccines such as meningococcal serogroup A and Salmonella typhi Vi, but do not seem to be important for many others, such as meningococcal serogroups C, W, Y, and type III Group B Streptococcus. This review discusses the O-acetylation status of CPSs and its role in the immunological responses of these antigens.
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9
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Frasch CE, Kapre SV, Lee CH, Préaud JM. Technical Development of a New Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 5:S404-9. [PMID: 26553667 PMCID: PMC4639497 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Group A Neisseria meningitidis has been a major cause of bacterial meningitis in the sub-Saharan region of Africa in the meningitis belt. Neisseria meningitidis is an encapsulated pathogen, and antibodies against the capsular polysaccharide are protective. Polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccines have proven to be highly effective against several different encapsulated bacterial pathogens. Purified polysaccharide vaccines have been used to control group A meningococcal (MenA) epidemics with minimal success. Methods. A monovalent MenA polysaccharide–tetanus toxoid conjugate was therefore developed. This vaccine was developed by scientists working with the Meningitis Vaccine Project, a partnership between PATH and the World Health Organization. Results. A high-efficiency conjugation method was developed in the Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides in the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and transferred to the Serum Institute of India, Ltd, which then developed methods for purification of the group A polysaccharide and used its tetanus toxoid as the carrier protein to produce the now-licensed, highly effective MenAfriVac conjugate vaccine. Conclusions. Although many years of application of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines have had minimal success in preventing meningococcal epidemics in the meningitis belt of Africa, our collaborative efforts to develop a MenA conjugate vaccine yielded a safe and highly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Frasch
- Frasch Biologics Consulting, Martinsburg, West Virginia
| | | | - Che-Hung Lee
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland
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Gauthier C, Chassagne P, Theillet FX, Guerreiro C, Thouron F, Nato F, Delepierre M, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A, Mulard LA. Non-stoichiometric O-acetylation of Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide: synthesis and antigenicity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 12:4218-32. [PMID: 24836582 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42586j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic functional mimics of the O-antigen from Shigella flexneri 2a are seen as promising vaccine components against endemic shigellosis. Herein, the influence of the polysaccharide non-stoichiometric di-O-acetylation on antigenicity is addressed for the first time. Three decasaccharides, representing relevant internal mono- and di-O-acetylation profiles of the O-antigen, were synthesized from a pivotal protected decasaccharide designed to tailor late stage site-selective O-acetylation. The latter was obtained via a convergent route involving the imidate glycosylation chemistry. Binding studies to five protective mIgGs showed that none of the acetates adds significantly to broad antibody recognition. Yet, one of the five antibodies had a unique pattern of binding. With IC50 in the micromolar to submicromolar range mIgG F22-4 exemplifies a remarkable tight binding antibody against diversely O-acetylated and non-O-acetylated fragments of a neutral polysaccharide of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Gauthier
- Institut Pasteur, Chimie des Biomolécules, Dépt de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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11
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Bröker M, Berti F, Costantino P. Factors contributing to the immunogenicity of meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1808-24. [PMID: 26934310 PMCID: PMC4964817 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various glycoprotein conjugate vaccines have been developed for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease, having significant advantages over pure polysaccharide vaccines. One of the most important features of the conjugate vaccines is the induction of a T-cell dependent immune response, which enables both the induction of immune memory and a booster response after repeated immunization. The nature of the carrier protein to which the polysaccharides are chemically linked, is often regarded as the main component of the vaccine in determining its immunogenicity. However, other factors can have a significant impact on the vaccine's profile. In this review, we explore the physico-chemical properties of meningococcal conjugate vaccines, which can significantly contribute to the vaccine's immunogenicity. We demonstrate that the carrier is not the sole determining factor of the vaccine's profile, but, moreover, that the conjugate vaccine's immunogenicity is the result of multiple physico-chemical structures and characteristics.
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12
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Brazilian meningococcal C conjugate vaccine: Scaling up studies. Vaccine 2015; 33:4281-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chang J, Serrano Y, Garrido R, Rodríguez LM, Pedroso J, Cardoso F, Valdés Y, García D, Fernández-Santana V, Verez-Bencomo V. Relevance of O-acetyl and phosphoglycerol groups for the antigenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 18C capsular polysaccharide. Vaccine 2012; 30:7090-6. [PMID: 23036500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides are important virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The polysaccharide has been used as a component of vaccines against pneumococcal diseases either as plain polysaccharide or better conjugated to a protein. The last one is the vaccine of choice to target child protection. The immune responses depend on several polysaccharide physicochemical properties that can be affected during either purification or modification in the case of conjugate vaccines. In serotype 18C, the repeating unit has a complex structure having a branched pentasaccharide with two apparently labile subtituents: glycerol-phosphate and O-acetyl group. The loss of these groups may potentially reduce the ability of the 18C polysaccharide to induce the desired immune response. Therefore, the relationship of both groups with the antigenicity and immunogenicity of 18C capsular polysaccharide is explored. It is shown that glycerol-phosphate must be preserved for conserving adequate antigenicity of the 18C capsular polysaccharide. At the same time, it was proved that O-acetyl groups do not play any role for the antigenicity and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janoi Chang
- Center for Biomolecular Chemistry, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
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Frasch CE, Preziosi MP, LaForce FM. Development of a group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac(TM). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:715-24. [PMID: 22495119 DOI: 10.4161/hv.19619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A meningococcal disease has been an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa for over a century. Outbreaks occur there annually, and large epidemics occur at intervals ranging between 8 and 12 y. The Meningitis Vaccine Project was established in 2001 with funding from the Gates Foundation with the goal of developing, testing, licensing, and introducing an affordable group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine into Africa. From 2003 to 2009 a monovalent group A conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac(TM) , was developed at the Serum Institute of India, Ltd through an innovative public/private partnership. Preclinical studies of the new conjugate vaccine were completed in 2004 and a Phase 1 study began in India in 2005. Phase 2/3 studies in African 1-29 y olds were completed in 2009 showing the new meningococcal A conjugate vaccine to be as safe as currently licensed meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines, but much more immunogenic. After Indian market authorization (December 2009) and WHO prequalification (June 2010), MenAfriVac(TM) was introduced at public health scale using a single 10 µg dose in individuals 1-29 y of age in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger in December 2010. We summarize the laboratory and clinical studies leading to prequalification of MenAfriVac(TM). The 2011 epidemic season ended with no reported case of group A meningitis in vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Frasch
- Frasch Biologics Consulting, Martinsburg, West Virginia, USA.
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Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Berti F. The design of semi-synthetic and synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1045-66. [PMID: 22646863 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.609554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed during the last 30 years. They are a potent tool for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases like meningitis and pneumonia. The concept of hapten-carrier conjugation is now being extended to other disease areas. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the history and current status of glycoconjugate vaccines. The authors discuss the approaches for their preparation and quality control as well as those variables which might affect their product profile. The authors also look at the potential to develop fully synthetic conjugate vaccines based on the progress of organic chemistry. Additionally, new applications of conjugate vaccines technology in the field of non-infectious diseases are discussed. Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the issues and complexities involved in the preparation and characterization of conjugate vaccines, the variables that might affect their immunogenicity and the potential for future applications. EXPERT OPINION The immunogenicity of weak T-independent antigens can be increased in quantity and quality by conjugation to protein carriers, which provide T-cell help. Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed so far. Various conjugation procedures and carrier proteins can be used. Many variables impact on the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and a tight control through physicochemical tests is important to ensure manufacturing and clinical consistency. New and challenging targets for conjugate vaccines are represented by cancer and other non-infectious diseases.
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Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis is feared because of the rapid onset of severe disease from mild symptoms and, therefore, is an important target for vaccine research. Five serogroups, defined by the structures of their capsular polysaccharides, are responsible for the vast majority of disease. Protection against four of these five serogroups can be obtained with polysaccharide or glycoconjugate vaccines, in which fragments of the capsular polysaccharides attached to a carrier protein generate anticarbohydrate immune responses, whilst protection against group B disease requires protein immunogens, often presented in vesicles containing outer membrane proteins. Glycoconjugate vaccines are now an established technology, but outer-membrane protein vaccines are still under development and present significant challenges. This review discusses physicochemical approaches to the characterization and quality control of these vaccines, as well as highlighting the problems and differences in vaccine design required for protection against different serogroups of the same species of pathogen.
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Theillet FX, Simenel C, Guerreiro C, Phalipon A, Mulard LA, Delepierre M. Effects of backbone substitutions on the conformational behavior of Shigella flexneri O-antigens: implications for vaccine strategy. Glycobiology 2010; 21:109-21. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Demendi M, Creuzenet C. Cj1123c (PglD), a multifaceted acetyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:469-83. [PMID: 19448740 DOI: 10.1139/o09-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni produces both N- and O-glycosylated proteins. Because protein glycosylation contributes to bacterial virulence, a thorough characterization of the enzymes involved in protein glycosylation is warranted to assess their potential use as therapeutic targets and as glyco-engineering tools. We performed a detailed biochemical analysis of the molecular determinants of the substrate and acyl-donor specificities of Cj1123c (also known as PglD), an acetyltransferase of the HexAT superfamily involved in N-glycosylation of proteins. We show that Cj1123c has acetyl-CoA-dependent N-acetyltransferase activity not only on the UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-GlcNAc intermediate of the N-glycosylation pathway but also on the UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-AltNAc intermediate of the O-glycosylation pathway, implying functional redundancy between both pathways. We further demonstrate that, despite its somewhat relaxed substrate specificity for N-acetylation, Cj1123c cannot acetylate aminoglycosides, indicating a preference for sugar-nucleotide substrates. In addition, we show that Cj1123c can O-acetylate UDP-GlcNAc and that Cj1123c is very versatile in terms of acyl-CoA donors as it can use propionyl- and butyryl-CoA instead of acetyl-CoA. Finally, using structural information available for Cj1123c and related enzymes, we identify three residues (H125, G143, and G173) involved in catalysis and (or) acyl-donor specificity, opening up possibilities of tailoring the specificity of Cj1123c for the synthesis of novel sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Demendi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infectious Diseases Research Group, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Lee CH, Kuo WC, Beri S, Kapre S, Joshi JS, Bouveret N, LaForce FM, Frasch CE. Preparation and characterization of an immunogenic meningococcal group A conjugate vaccine for use in Africa. Vaccine 2009; 27:726-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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