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Visconti S, Astolfi ML, Battistoni A, Ammendola S. Impairment of the Zn/Cd detoxification systems affects the ability of Salmonella to colonize Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975725. [PMID: 36071967 PMCID: PMC9441889 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella capacity to colonize different environments depends on its ability to respond efficiently to fluctuations in micronutrient availability. Among micronutrients, Zn, besides playing an essential role in bacterial physiology, is a key element whose concentration can influence bacterial survival in a particular niche. Plant colonization by Salmonella enterica was described for several years, and some molecular determinants involved in this host-pathogen interaction have started to be characterized. However, it is still unclear if Zn plays a role in the outcome of this interaction, as well established for animal hosts that employ nutritional immunity strategies to counteract pathogens infections. In this study, we have investigated the involvement of Salmonella Typhimurium main effectors of zinc homeostasis in plant colonization, using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model host. The results show that to colonize plant tissues, Salmonella takes advantage of its ability to export excess metal through the efflux pumps ZntA and ZitB. In fact, the deletion of these Zn/Cd detoxification systems can affect bacterial persistence in the shoots, depending on metal availability in the plant tissues. The importance of Salmonella ability to export excess metal was enhanced in the colonization of plants grown in high Zn conditions. On the contrary, the bacterial disadvantage related to Zn detoxification impairment can be abrogated if the plant cannot efficiently translocate Zn to the shoots. Overall, our work highlights the role of Zn in Salmonella-plant interaction and suggests that modulation of plant metal content through biofortification may be an efficient strategy to control pathogen colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Visconti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Serena Ammendola,
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2
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Cai R, Gao F, Pan J, Hao X, Yu Z, Qu Y, Li J, Wang D, Wang Y, Shen X, Liu X, Yang Y. The transcriptional regulator Zur regulates the expression of ZnuABC and T6SS4 in response to stresses in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2021; 249:126787. [PMID: 33991717 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Zinc homeostasis is crucial for the development and stress resistance of bacteria in the environment. Serial zinc sensing transcriptional regulators, zinc transporters and zinc binding proteins were found to maintain the zinc homeostasis in bacteria. Zur is a zinc uptake regulator that is widely distributed in species, and ZnuABC, as well as the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS4) function in zinc acquisition. Here, we report that the regulator Zur inhibits the expression of the ZnuABC which inhibition could be eliminated at low zinc level, and upregulates the T6SS4 operon in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to facilitate Zn2+ uptake and oxidative stress resistance. Zur regulates the expression of ZnuABC and T6SS4 by directly binding to their promoter regions. Zur senses the Zn2+ concentration and represses ZnuABC in a Zn2+-containing environment. Zur works as an auxiliary regular activator of T6SS4, facilitating oxidative stress resistance. This study revealed the dual function of regulator Zur on ZnuABC and T6SS4, and enriched the knowledge of Zn2+ homeostasis maintenance in Y. pseudotuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cai
- Beijing Capital Co., LTD, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Junfeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xinwei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zonglan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yichen Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, 100088, China.
| | - Yantao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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3
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Zur: Zinc-Sensing Transcriptional Regulator in a Diverse Set of Bacterial Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030344. [PMID: 33804265 PMCID: PMC8000910 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is the quintessential d block metal, needed for survival in all living organisms. While Zn is an essential element, its excess is deleterious, therefore, maintenance of its intracellular concentrations is needed for survival. The living organisms, during the course of evolution, developed proteins that can track the limitation or excess of necessary metal ions, thus providing survival benefits under variable environmental conditions. Zinc uptake regulator (Zur) is a regulatory transcriptional factor of the FUR superfamily of proteins, abundant among the bacterial species and known for its intracellular Zn sensing ability. In this study, we highlight the roles played by Zur in maintaining the Zn levels in various bacterial species as well as the fact that in recent years Zur has emerged not only as a Zn homeostatic regulator but also as a protein involved directly or indirectly in virulence of some pathogens. This functional aspect of Zur could be exploited in the ventures for the identification of newer antimicrobial targets. Despite extensive research on Zur, the insights into its overall regulon and its moonlighting functions in various pathogens yet remain to be explored. Here in this review, we aim to summarise the disparate functional aspects of Zur proteins present in various bacterial species.
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Zhi Y, Lin SM, Ahn KB, Ji HJ, Guo HC, Ryu S, Seo HS, Lim S. ptsI gene in the phosphotransfer system is a potential target for developing a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1327-1340. [PMID: 32323733 PMCID: PMC7138283 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella diseases in animals and humans, resulting in a high mortality rate and huge economic losses globally. As the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella has been increasing, vaccination is thought to be the most effective and economical strategy to manage salmonellosis. The present study aimed to investigate whether dysfunction in the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS), which is critical for carbon uptake and survival in macrophages, may be adequate to generate Salmonella-attenuated vaccine strains. A Salmonella strain (KST0555) was generated by deleting the ptsI gene from the PTS and it was revealed that this auxotrophic mutant was unable to efficiently utilize predominant carbon sources during infection (glucose and glycerol), reduced its invasion and replication capacity in macrophages, and significantly (P=0.0065) lowered its virulence in the setting of a mouse colitis model, along with a substantially decreased intestinal colonization and invasiveness compared with its parent strain. The reverse transcription-quantitative PCR results demonstrated that the virulence genes in Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) and -2 (SPI-2) and the motility of KST0555 were all downregulated compared with its parent strain. Finally, it was revealed that when mice were immunized orally with live KST0555, Salmonella-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were effectively elicited, providing protection against Salmonella infection. Thus, the present promising data provides a strong rationale for the advancement of KST0555 as a live Salmonella vaccine candidate and ptsI as a potential target for developing a live attenuated bacterial vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhi
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Shun Mei Lin
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Ji
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730049, P.R. China
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
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5
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Broadway KM, Scharf BE. Salmonella Typhimurium as an Anticancer Therapy: Recent Advances and Perspectives. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Bajzert J, Gorczykowski M, Stefaniak T. Evaluation of the protective effect of immunization spf DBA/2J mice with selected bacterial, recombinant Hsp60 antigens during Salmonella Enteritidis challenge. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:206-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Ruggeri J, Foresti F, Pavesi R, Terrini A, Giudici F, Padoan D, Corradi A, Ossiprandi MC, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. The synergistic effect of organic acids, phytochemicals and a permeabilizing complex reduces Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i-shedding in pigs. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:209-217. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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Gonzalez MR, Ducret V, Leoni S, Perron K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa zinc homeostasis: Key issues for an opportunistic pathogen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1862:722-733. [PMID: 29410128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element for almost all living organisms. In the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, zinc has been shown to play an important role in virulence, in colonization of the host organism and has also been shown to be involved in antibiotic resistance. P. aeruginosa possesses numerous systems enabling it to thrive in zinc-depleted conditions as well as high-zinc situations, two environments that are encountered during human infection. These capabilities account for its pathogenic strength. The main aim of this review is to focus on zinc homeostasis in P. aeruginosa and the genetic regulation of the systems involved. The interconnection with virulence, as well as the mechanism of co-regulation between metal and antibiotic resistance, are of prime interest for understanding the molecular mechanisms allowing P. aeruginosa to switch from its existence as a common environmental bacterium to a severe opportunistic pathogen. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Dynamic gene expression, edited by Prof. Patrick Viollier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel R Gonzalez
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Verena Ducret
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sara Leoni
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl Perron
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
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9
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Alborali GL, Ruggeri J, Pesciaroli M, Martinelli N, Chirullo B, Ammendola S, Battistoni A, Ossiprandi MC, Corradi A, Pasquali P. Prime-boost vaccination with attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium ΔznuABC and inactivated Salmonella Choleraesuis is protective against Salmonella Choleraesuis challenge infection in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:284. [PMID: 28893256 PMCID: PMC5594465 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) infection causes a systemic disease in pigs. Vaccination could represent a solution to reduce prevalence in farms. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC) against S. Choleraesuis infection. The vaccination protocol combined priming with attenuated S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC vaccine and boost with an inactivated S. Choleraesuis vaccine and we compared the protection conferred to that induced by an inactivated S. Choleraesuis vaccine. Methods The first group of piglets was orally vaccinated with S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC and boosted with inactivated S. Choleraesuis, the second one was intramuscularly vaccinated with S. Choleraesuis inactivated vaccine and the third group of piglets was unvaccinated. All groups of animals were challenged with a virulent S. Choleraesuis strain at day 35 post vaccination. Results The results showed that the vaccination protocol, priming with S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC and boosted with inactivated S. Choleraesuis, applied to group A was able to limit weight loss, fever and organs colonization, arising from infection with virulent S. Choleraesuis, more effectively, than the prime-boost vaccination with homologous S. Choleraesuis inactivated vaccine (group B). Conclusion In conclusion, these research findings extend the validity of attenuated S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC strain as a useful mucosal vaccine against S. Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis pig infection. The development of combined vaccination protocols can have a diffuse administration in field conditions because animals are generally infected with different concomitant serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna], 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Jessica Ruggeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna], 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Pesciaroli
- FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.,UCM-UPM, Campus Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna], 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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10
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A novel antimicrobial approach based on the inhibition of zinc uptake in Salmonella enterica. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss evidences suggesting that bacterial zinc homeostasis represents a promising target for new antimicrobial strategies. The ability of the gut pathogen Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium to withstand the host responses aimed at controlling growth of the pathogen critically depends on the zinc importer ZnuABC. Strains lacking a functional ZnuABC or its soluble component ZnuA display a dramatic loss of pathogenicity, due to a reduced ability to express virulence factors; withstand the inflammatory response; and compete with other gut microbes. Based on this data, ZnuA was chosen as a candidate for the rational design of novel antibiotics. Through a combination of structural and functional investigations, we have provided a proof of concept of the potential of this approach.
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11
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Animal Models for Salmonellosis: Applications in Vaccine Research. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:746-56. [PMID: 27413068 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00258-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. While there are several licensed vaccines for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against other Salmonella serovars. Vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars are very much in need. Preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. Many different animal models exist for various Salmonella serovars, from whole-animal models to smaller models, such as those recently established in insects. Here, we discuss various mouse, rat, rabbit, calf, primate, and insect models for Salmonella infection, all of which have their place in research. However, choosing the right model is imperative in selecting the best vaccine candidates for further clinical testing. In this minireview, we summarize the various animal models that are used to assess salmonellosis, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their value in vaccine development.
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12
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Chirullo B, Ammendola S, Leonardi L, Falcini R, Petrucci P, Pistoia C, Vendetti S, Battistoni A, Pasquali P. Attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium lacking the ZnuABC transporter contrasts tumor growth promoting anti-cancer immune response. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17648-60. [PMID: 26158862 PMCID: PMC4627335 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium has been shown to be highly effective as antitumor agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the tumor targeting efficacy and the mechanism of action of a specific attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) devoid of the whole operon coding for the high-affinity zinc transporter ZnuABC, which is required for bacterial growth in environments poor in zinc and for conferring full virulence to different Gram-negative pathogens. We showed that STM is able to penetrate and replicate into tumor cells in in vitro and in vivo models. The subcutaneous administration of STM in mammary adenocarcinoma mouse model led to both reduction of tumor growth and increase in life expectancy of STM treated mice. Moreover, investigating the potential mechanism behind the favorable clinical outcomes, we provide evidence that STM stimulates a potent inflammatory response and a specific immune pattern, recruiting a large number of innate and adaptive immune cells capable to contrast the immunosuppressive environment generated by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Chirullo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Leonardo Leonardi
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia 06126, Italy
| | | | - Paola Petrucci
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Claudia Pistoia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Silvia Vendetti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
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13
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Drumo R, Pesciaroli M, Ruggeri J, Tarantino M, Chirullo B, Pistoia C, Petrucci P, Martinelli N, Moscati L, Manuali E, Pavone S, Picciolini M, Ammendola S, Gabai G, Battistoni A, Pezzotti G, Alborali GL, Napolioni V, Pasquali P, Magistrali CF. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Exploits Inflammation to Modify Swine Intestinal Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 5:106. [PMID: 26835435 PMCID: PMC4722131 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an important zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen responsible for foodborne disease worldwide. It is a successful enteric pathogen because it has developed virulence strategies allowing it to survive in a highly inflamed intestinal environment exploiting inflammation to overcome colonization resistance provided by intestinal microbiota. In this study, we used piglets featuring an intact microbiota, which naturally develop gastroenteritis, as model for salmonellosis. We compared the effects on the intestinal microbiota induced by a wild type and an attenuated S. Typhimurium in order to evaluate whether the modifications are correlated with the virulence of the strain. This study showed that Salmonella alters microbiota in a virulence-dependent manner. We found that the wild type S. Typhimurium induced inflammation and a reduction of specific protecting microbiota species (SCFA-producing bacteria) normally involved in providing a barrier against pathogens. Both these effects could contribute to impair colonization resistance, increasing the host susceptibility to wild type S. Typhimurium colonization. In contrast, the attenuated S. Typhimurium, which is characterized by a reduced ability to colonize the intestine, and by a very mild inflammatory response, was unable to successfully sustain competition with the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Drumo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
| | - Michele Pesciaroli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy; VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Ruggeri
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Tarantino
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Pistoia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Petrucci
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Martinelli
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna Brescia, Italy
| | - Livia Moscati
- Research and Development Area, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e della Marche Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Manuali
- Research and Development Area, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e della Marche Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Research and Development Area, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e della Marche Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Picciolini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gabai
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pezzotti
- Research and Development Area, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e della Marche Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni L Alborali
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna Brescia, Italy
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara F Magistrali
- Research and Development Area, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e della Marche Perugia, Italy
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O'Ryan M, Vidal R, del Canto F, Carlos Salazar J, Montero D. Vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: Part II: Vaccines for Shigella, Salmonella, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterohemorragic E. coli (EHEC) and Campylobacter jejuni. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:601-19. [PMID: 25715096 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In Part II we discuss the following bacterial pathogens: Shigella, Salmonella (non-typhoidal), diarrheogenic E. coli (enterotoxigenic and enterohemorragic) and Campylobacter jejuni. In contrast to the enteric viruses and Vibrio cholerae discussed in Part I of this series, for the bacterial pathogens described here there is only one licensed vaccine, developed primarily for Vibrio cholerae and which provides moderate protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (Dukoral(®)), as well as a few additional candidates in advanced stages of development for ETEC and one candidate for Shigella spp. Numerous vaccine candidates in earlier stages of development are discussed.
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Key Words
- CFU, colony-forming units
- CFs, colonization factors
- CT, cholera toxin
- CT-B cholera toxin B subunit
- Campylobacter
- CtdB, cytolethal distending toxin subunit B
- E. coli
- EHEC
- EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli
- ETEC
- ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli
- GEMS, Global enterics multicenter study
- HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome
- IM, intramuscular
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- LEE, locus of enterocyte effacement
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LT, heat labile toxin
- LT-B
- OMV, outer membrane vesicles
- ST, heat stable toxin
- STEC
- STEC, shigatoxin producing E. coli
- STh, human heat stable toxin
- STp, porcine heat stable toxin
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Stx, shigatoxin
- TTSS, type III secretion system
- V. cholera
- WHO, World Health Organization
- acute diarrhea
- dmLT, double mutant heat labile toxin
- enteric pathogens
- enterohemorrhagic E. coli
- gastroenteritis
- heat labile toxin B subunit
- norovirus
- rEPA, recombinant exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- rotavirus
- vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel O'Ryan
- a Microbiology and Mycology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Universidad de Chile; Santiago, Chile
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15
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Cerasi M, Liu JZ, Ammendola S, Poe AJ, Petrarca P, Pesciaroli M, Pasquali P, Raffatellu M, Battistoni A. The ZupT transporter plays an important role in zinc homeostasis and contributes to Salmonella enterica virulence. Metallomics 2014; 6:845-53. [PMID: 24430377 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential metal for cellular homeostasis and function in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. To acquire this essential nutrient, bacteria employ transporters characterized by different affinity for the metal. Several studies have investigated the role of the high affinity transporter ZnuABC in the bacterial response to zinc shortage, showing that this transporter has a key role in adapting bacteria to zinc starvation. In contrast, the role of the low affinity zinc importer ZupT has been the subject of limited investigations. Here we show that a Salmonella strain lacking ZupT is impaired in its ability to grow in metal devoid environments and that a znuABC zupT strain exhibits a severe growth defect in zinc devoid media, is hypersensitive to oxidative stress and contains reduced levels of intracellular free zinc. Moreover, we show that ZupT also plays a role in the ability of S. Typhimurium to colonize the host tissues. During systemic infections, the single zupT mutant strain was attenuated only in Nramp1(+/+) mice, but competition experiments between znuABC and znuABC zupT mutants revealed that ZupT contributes to metal uptake in vivo independently of the presence of a functional Nramp1 transporter. Altogether, the here reported results show that ZupT plays an important role in Salmonella zinc homeostasis, being involved in metal import both in vitro and in infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cerasi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Ammendola S, Cerasi M, Battistoni A. Deregulation of transition metals homeostasis is a key feature of cadmium toxicity in Salmonella. Biometals 2014; 27:703-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Ruggeri J, Pesciaroli M, Gaetarelli B, Scaglione FE, Pregel P, Ammendola S, Battistoni A, Bollo E, Alborali GL, Pasquali P. Parenteral administration of attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium ΔznuABC is protective against salmonellosis in piglets. Vaccine 2014; 32:4032-8. [PMID: 24907486 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major cause of salmonellosis in humans is the contamination of pork products. Infection in pigs can be controlled using bio-security programs, but they are not sufficient in countries where a high level of infection is recorded. In this context, the use of vaccines can represent a valid supplementary method of control. Recently, we have demonstrated that an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium ΔznuABC) is protective against systemic and enteric salmonellosis in mouse and pig infection models, candidating this strain as an oral attenuated vaccine. In this study, we compared the efficacy of this attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium strain when administered orally or parenterally. Furthermore, in order to reproduce a pseudo-natural infection model, vaccinated pigs were allocated in the same pen with animals shedding virulent Salmonella Typhimurium. Animals were monitored weekly after vaccination and contact with infected piglets. Diarrhea and ataxia were recorded and Salmonella shedding was tested individually through bacterial culture. After four weeks of cohousing, piglets were euthanized, after which lymph nodes reactivity and gross lesions of the gut sections were scored at necropsy. Organs were submitted to microbiological and histological analyses. The data reported herein show that parenterally vaccinated animals do not shed the attenuated strain, and at the same time the absence of symptoms and decrease in virulent strain shedding in feces from day 6 after challenge demonstrated protection against infection induced by virulent Salmonella Typhimurium. In conclusion, our findings suggest that this is an alternative route of Salmonella Typhimurium ΔznuABC administration, without ignoring the advantages associated with oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruggeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Pesciaroli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health, Italy; VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Gaetarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - F E Scaglione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - P Pregel
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - S Ammendola
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - A Battistoni
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - E Bollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - G L Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - P Pasquali
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; FAO Reference Center for Veterinary Public Health, Italy.
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18
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Cerasi M, Ammendola S, Battistoni A. Competition for zinc binding in the host-pathogen interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:108. [PMID: 24400228 PMCID: PMC3872050 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its favorable chemical properties, zinc is used as a structural or catalytic cofactor in a very large number of proteins. Despite the apparent abundance of this metal in all cell types, the intracellular pool of loosely bound zinc ions available for biological exchanges is in the picomolar range and nearly all zinc is tightly bound to proteins. In addition, to limit bacterial growth, some zinc-sequestering proteins are produced by eukaryotic hosts in response to infections. Therefore, to grow and multiply in the infected host, bacterial pathogens must produce high affinity zinc importers, such as the ZnuABC transporter which is present in most Gram-negative bacteria. Studies carried in different bacterial species have established that disruption of ZnuABC is usually associated with a remarkable loss of pathogenicity. The critical involvement of zinc in a plethora of metabolic and virulence pathways and the presence of very low number of zinc importers in most bacterial species mark zinc homeostasis as a very promising target for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cerasi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario Rome, Italy
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19
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Porcheron G, Garénaux A, Proulx J, Sabri M, Dozois CM. Iron, copper, zinc, and manganese transport and regulation in pathogenic Enterobacteria: correlations between strains, site of infection and the relative importance of the different metal transport systems for virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:90. [PMID: 24367764 PMCID: PMC3852070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For all microorganisms, acquisition of metal ions is essential for survival in the environment or in their infected host. Metal ions are required in many biological processes as components of metalloproteins and serve as cofactors or structural elements for enzymes. However, it is critical for bacteria to ensure that metal uptake and availability is in accordance with physiological needs, as an imbalance in bacterial metal homeostasis is deleterious. Indeed, host defense strategies against infection either consist of metal starvation by sequestration or toxicity by the highly concentrated release of metals. To overcome these host strategies, bacteria employ a variety of metal uptake and export systems and finely regulate metal homeostasis by numerous transcriptional regulators, allowing them to adapt to changing environmental conditions. As a consequence, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper uptake systems significantly contribute to the virulence of many pathogenic bacteria. However, during the course of our experiments on the role of iron and manganese transporters in extraintestinal Escherichia coli (ExPEC) virulence, we observed that depending on the strain tested, the importance of tested systems in virulence may be different. This could be due to the different set of systems present in these strains, but literature also suggests that as each pathogen must adapt to the particular microenvironment of its site of infection, the role of each acquisition system in virulence can differ from a particular strain to another. In this review, we present the systems involved in metal transport by Enterobacteria and the main regulators responsible for their controlled expression. We also discuss the relative role of these systems depending on the pathogen and the tissues they infect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Porcheron
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Garénaux
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Proulx
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mourad Sabri
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Charles M Dozois
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier Laval, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada ; Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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20
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Gradassi M, Pesciaroli M, Martinelli N, Ruggeri J, Petrucci P, Hassan WH, Raffatellu M, Scaglione FE, Ammendola S, Battistoni A, Alborali GL, Pasquali P. Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lacking the ZnuABC transporter: an efficacious orally-administered mucosal vaccine against salmonellosis in pigs. Vaccine 2013; 31:3695-701. [PMID: 23770333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium unable to synthesize the zinc transporter ZnuABC (S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC), is able to protect mice against systemic and enteric salmonellosis and is safe in pigs. Here, we have tested the protective effects of S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC in pigs. Resistance to challenge with the fully virulent strain S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 was assessed in animals vaccinated with S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC (two dosages tested), in controls vaccinated with a formalin-inactivated virulent strain and in unvaccinated controls. Clinical signs of salmonellosis, faecal shedding and bacterial colonization of organs were used to assess vaccine-induced protection. After the challenge, pigs vaccinated with the attenuated S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC strain did not display clinical signs of salmonellosis (fever or diarrhoea). The vaccine also reduced intestinal tract colonization and faecal shedding of the fully virulent Salmonella strain, as compared to control groups. S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC represents a promising candidate vaccine against salmonellosis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gradassi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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21
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Pesciaroli M, Gradassi M, Martinelli N, Ruggeri J, Pistoia C, Raffatellu M, Magistrali CF, Battistoni A, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. Salmonella Typhimurium lacking the Znuabc transporter is attenuated and immunogenic in pigs. Vaccine 2013; 31:2868-73. [PMID: 23623860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Meat contamination by Salmonella spp. is emerging as a major cause of human enteric infections in industrialized countries. The attempts to reduce human cases of salmonellosis encompass pre- and post-harvest interventions. In this context, vaccination of pigs may represent an effective instrument in eliminating/reducing Salmonella burden through the food chain. We have previously demonstrated that Salmonella Typhimurium lacking the ZnuABC transporter (S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC) is a promising candidate live vaccine in different mouse models of Salmonella Typhimurium infection. In this study, we confirmed in pigs the attenuation of S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC. Moreover, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC administered to pigs by the oral route. We monitored clinical conditions of animals and we conducted a microbiological culture and a quantification of the humoral and cellular immune response, respectively, on fecal and blood samples of pigs. After vaccination with attenuated S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC, pigs showed a modest degree of hyperthermia. In addition, fecal shedding of S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC could not be detected 28 days after the inoculum. Furthermore, vaccination with S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC elicited a distinct production of anti-Salmonella antibodies and IFN-γ. Taken together, these results suggest that S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC is attenuated and immunogenic in pigs. Although the vaccine dosages do not guarantee complete safety there is ample margin to set up better conditions of use, suggesting that S. Typhimurium ΔznuABC could be a promising attenuated strain to be used as live mucosal vaccine for oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pesciaroli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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22
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Pacello F, Rotilio G, Battistoni A. Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity Enhances Salmonella Enterica Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide Through a Mechanism Involving KatG and KatN. Open Microbiol J 2012; 6:53-64. [PMID: 22888375 PMCID: PMC3414715 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801206010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies carried out in recent years have established that growth under conditions of reduced gravity enhances Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence. To analyze the possibility that this microgravity-induced increase in pathogenicity could involve alterations in the ability of Salmonella to withstand oxidative stress, we have compared the resistance to hydrogen peroxide of various Salmonella enterica strains grown under conditions of low shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) or normal gravity (NG). We have found that growth in LSMMG significantly enhances hydrogen peroxide resistance of all the strains analyzed. This effect is abolished by deletion of the genes encoding for the catalases KatG and KatN, whose activity is markedly modulated by growth in LSMMG. In addition, we have observed that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains lacking Hfq, RpoE, RpoS or OxyR are still more resistant to oxidative stress when grown in LSMMG than in NG conditions, indicating that these global gene regulators are not responsible for the microgravity-induced changes in KatG and KatN activity. As Salmonella likely encounters low shear conditions in the intestinal tract, our observations suggest that alterations in the relative activity of KatG and KatN could enhance Salmonella resistance to the reactive oxygen species produced also during natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome
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23
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Bozue J, Cote CK, Webster W, Bassett A, Tobery S, Little S, Swietnicki W. A Yersinia pestis YscN ATPase mutant functions as a live attenuated vaccine against bubonic plague in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 332:113-21. [PMID: 22537022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent responsible for bubonic and pneumonic plague. The bacterium uses the pLcr plasmid-encoded type III secretion system to deliver virulence factors into host cells. Delivery requires ATP hydrolysis by the YscN ATPase encoded by the yscN gene also on pLcr. A yscN mutant was constructed in the fully virulent CO92 strain containing a nonpolar, in-frame internal deletion within the gene. We demonstrate that CO92 with a yscN mutation was not able to secrete the LcrV protein (V-Antigen) and attenuated in a subcutaneous model of plague demonstrating that the YscN ATPase was essential for virulence. However, if the yscN mutant was complemented with a functional yscN gene in trans, virulence was restored. To evaluate the mutant as a live vaccine, Swiss-Webster mice were vaccinated twice with the ΔyscN mutant at varying doses and were protected against bubonic plague in a dose-dependent manner. Antibodies to F1 capsule but not to LcrV were detected in sera from the vaccinated mice. These preliminary results suggest a proof-of-concept for an attenuated, genetically engineered, live vaccine effective against bubonic plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Bozue
- Division of Bacteriology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, USA
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24
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Wan Q, Ahmad MF, Fairman J, Gorzelle B, de la Fuente M, Dealwis C, Maguire ME. X-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry studies of the Salmonella zinc transporter ZntB. Structure 2011; 19:700-10. [PMID: 21565704 PMCID: PMC3094545 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ZntB Zn(2+) efflux system is important for maintenance of Zn(2+) homeostasis in Enterobacteria. We report crystal structures of ZntB cytoplasmic domains from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (StZntB) in dimeric and physiologically relevant homopentameric forms at 2.3 Å and 3.1 Å resolutions, respectively. The funnel-like structure is similar to that of the homologous Thermotoga maritima CorA Mg(2+) channel and a Vibrio parahaemolyticus ZntB (VpZntB) soluble domain structure. However, the central α7 helix forming the inner wall of the StZntB funnel is oriented perpendicular to the membrane instead of the marked angle seen in CorA or VpZntB. Consequently, the StZntB funnel pore is cylindrical, not tapered, which may represent an "open" form of the ZntB soluble domain. Our crystal structures and isothermal titration calorimetry data indicate that there are three Zn(2+) binding sites in the full-length ZntB, two of which could be involved in Zn(2+) transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
| | - Md Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
| | - James Fairman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Bonnie Gorzelle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
| | - María de la Fuente
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
| | - Chris Dealwis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
| | - Michael E. Maguire
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
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25
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An attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain lacking the ZnuABC transporter induces protection in a mouse intestinal model of Salmonella infection. Vaccine 2011; 29:1783-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Ciavardelli D, Ammendola S, Ronci M, Consalvo A, Marzano V, Lipoma M, Sacchetta P, Federici G, Di Ilio C, Battistoni A, Urbani A. Phenotypic profile linked to inhibition of the major Zn influx system in Salmonella enterica: proteomics and ionomics investigations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7:608-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Both the essentiality and toxicity of transition metals are exploited as part of mammalian immune defenses against bacterial infection. Salmonella serovars continue to cause serious medical and veterinary problems worldwide and detecting deficiency and excess of different metal ions (such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, and cobalt) is fundamental to their virulence. This involves multiple DNA-binding metal-responsive transcription factors that discriminate between elements and trigger expression of genes that mediate appropriate responses to metal fluxes. This review focuses on the metal stresses encountered by Salmonella during infection and the roles of the different metal-sensing regulatory proteins and their target genes in adapting to these changing metal levels. Current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of metal-regulated gene expression and the structural features of sensory metal binding sites are described. In addition, the principles governing the ability of the different sensors to detect specific metals within a cell to control cytosolic metal levels are also discussed. These proteins represent potential targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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28
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Choi J, Shin D, Ryu S. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ruvB mutant can confer protection against salmonellosis in mice. Vaccine 2010; 28:6436-44. [PMID: 20670908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important pathogen that causes a variety of infectious diseases in animals and humans. Live attenuated vaccines generally confer better protection than killed or subunit vaccines; however, the former are limited by their inherent toxicity. We evaluated the potential of a novel candidate Salmonella vaccine strain that lacks the ruvB gene. The ruvB gene encodes a Holliday junction helicase that is required to resolve junctions that arise during the repair of non-arresting lesions after DNA replication. The deletion of this gene in Salmonella significantly impaired cell survival and proliferation within epithelial cells and macrophages. The defective virulence in ruvB mutant may be partially due to decreased expression of ssaG, a Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 gene, and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide in the lack of ruvB gene. The virulence of the ruvB-deleted mutant was also greatly attenuated in BALB/c mice. The ruvB mutant conferred strong and durable immune-based protection against a challenge with a lethal dose of a virulent strain of Salmonella Typhimurium. Moreover, protective immunity was induced by a single dose of the vaccine, and the efficacy of protection was maintained for at least 6 months. These results suggest the use of the S. Typhimurium ruvB mutant as a novel vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjoon Choi
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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29
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Haas CE, Rodionov DA, Kropat J, Malasarn D, Merchant SS, de Crécy-Lagard V. A subset of the diverse COG0523 family of putative metal chaperones is linked to zinc homeostasis in all kingdoms of life. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:470. [PMID: 19822009 PMCID: PMC2770081 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COG0523 proteins are, like the nickel chaperones of the UreG family, part of the G3E family of GTPases linking them to metallocenter biosynthesis. Even though the first COG0523-encoding gene, cobW, was identified almost 20 years ago, little is known concerning the function of other members belonging to this ubiquitous family. Results Based on a combination of comparative genomics, literature and phylogenetic analyses and experimental validations, the COG0523 family can be separated into at least fifteen subgroups. The CobW subgroup involved in cobalamin synthesis represents only one small sub-fraction of the family. Another, larger subgroup, is suggested to play a predominant role in the response to zinc limitation based on the presence of the corresponding COG0523-encoding genes downstream from putative Zur binding sites in many bacterial genomes. Zur binding sites in these genomes are also associated with candidate zinc-independent paralogs of zinc-dependent enzymes. Finally, the potential role of COG0523 in zinc homeostasis is not limited to Bacteria. We have predicted a link between COG0523 and regulation by zinc in Archaea and show that two COG0523 genes are induced upon zinc depletion in a eukaryotic reference organism, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Conclusion This work lays the foundation for the pursuit by experimental methods of the specific role of COG0523 members in metal trafficking. Based on phylogeny and comparative genomics, both the metal specificity and the protein target(s) might vary from one COG0523 subgroup to another. Additionally, Zur-dependent expression of COG0523 and putative paralogs of zinc-dependent proteins may represent a mechanism for hierarchal zinc distribution and zinc sparing in the face of inadequate zinc nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crysten E Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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