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Qu W, Guo Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ding C, Pan Y. Advance in strategies to build efficient vaccines against tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:955204. [PMID: 36504851 PMCID: PMC9731747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.955204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic consumptive infectious disease, which can cause great damage to human and animal health all over the world. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, the unstable protective effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on adults, and the mixed infection with HIV all warn people to exploit new approaches for conquering tuberculosis. At present, there has been significant progress in developing tuberculosis vaccines, such as improved BCG vaccine, subunit vaccine, DNA vaccine, live attenuated vaccine and inactivated vaccine. Among these candidate vaccines, there are some promising vaccines to improve or replace BCG vaccine effect. Meanwhile, the application of adjuvants, prime-boost strategy, immunoinformatic tools and targeting components have been studied concentratedly, and verified as valid means of raising the efficiency of tuberculosis vaccines as well. In this paper, the latest advance in tuberculosis vaccines in recent years is reviewed to provide reliable information for future tuberculosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinhui Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongchao Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyue Ding
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Yuanhu Pan
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Safar HA, Mustafa AS, Amoudy HA, El-Hashim A. The Effect of Delivery Systems on the Induction of T Helper 1 Cell Response to an ESAT6-Like Protein Rv3619c and Identification of Its Immunodominant Peptides. Med Princ Pract 2022; 31:359-367. [PMID: 35584661 PMCID: PMC9485963 DOI: 10.1159/000525136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined the effects of chemical adjuvants, incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and aluminum hydroxide (Alum), mycobacteria, and a DNA plasmid as delivery systems on the induction of protective Th1 (interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) and nonprotective Th2 (IL-5) and Treg (IL-10) cytokine responses to Rv3619c and its peptides. Rv3619c is an immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigen and belongs to the early-secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa-family of proteins. Delivery systems are needed to deliver such antigens in animal models and induce protective immune responses. METHODS The rv3619c gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of M. tuberculosis and cloned into appropriate vectors for expression in Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and eukaryotic cells. Spleen cells from mice immunized with rv3619c using different delivery systems were stimulated in vitro with synthetic peptides (P1 to P6) of Rv3619c, and secreted cytokines were estimated by ELISA. RESULTS The recombinant M. smegmatis and DNA plasmid induced the secretion of the protective cytokine IFN-γ in response to peptide-pool of Rv3619c and all the individual peptides, whereas rv3619c/IFA induced the secretion of IFN-γ in response to the peptide pool, and the peptides P5 and P6. However, the secretions of the nonprotective cytokines IL-5 and IL-10 were induced to none of the peptides with the delivery systems used. CONCLUSION Rv3619c is a major antigen of M. tuberculosis with multiple immunogenic epitopes; however, immune responses to individual epitopes can vary based on delivery systems used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain A. Safar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Abu Salim Mustafa,
| | - Hanady A. Amoudy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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de Castro CP, Souza BM, Mancha-Agresti P, Pereira VB, Zurita-Turk M, Preisser TM, da Cunha VP, Dos Santos JSC, Leclercq SY, Azevedo V, Miyoshi A. Lactococcus lactis FNBPA + (pValac: e6ag85a) Induces Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses After Oral Immunization of Mice. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676172. [PMID: 34093498 PMCID: PMC8173160 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a new vaccine strategy against tuberculosis is urgently needed and has been greatly encouraged by the scientific community worldwide. In this work, we constructed a lactococcal DNA vaccine based on the fusion of two Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, ESAT-6 and Ag85A, and examined its immunogenicity. The coding sequences of the ESAT-6 and Ag85A genes were fused and cloned into the eukaryotic expression pValac vector, and the functionality of the vector was confirmed in vitro. Then, L. lactis FnBPA+ (pValac:e6ag85a) was obtained and used for oral immunization of mice. This strain induced significant increases in IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 cytokines in stimulated splenocyte cultures, and significant production of antigen-specific sIgA was observed in the colonic tissues of immunized mice. We demonstrated that L. lactis FnBPA+ (pValac:e6ag85a) generated a cellular and humoral immune response after oral immunization of mice. The strategy developed in this work may represent an interesting DNA mucosal vaccine candidate against tuberculosis, using the fusion of two highly immunogenic antigens delivered by safe lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Prósperi de Castro
- Laboratory of Genetic Technology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bianca Mendes Souza
- Laboratory of Genetic Technology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pamela Mancha-Agresti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bastos Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetic Technology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Meritxell Zurita-Turk
- Laboratory of Genetic Technology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Melo Preisser
- Laboratory of Genetic Technology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pecini da Cunha
- Laboratory of Genetic Technology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Janete Soares Coelho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnological Innovation, Research and Development Directorate, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sophie Yvette Leclercq
- Laboratory of Biotechnological Innovation, Research and Development Directorate, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Genetic Technology, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Development of a new DNA vaccine based on mycobacterial ESAT-6 antigen delivered by recombinant invasive Lactococcus lactis FnBPA+. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1817-26. [PMID: 25503506 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis as a vehicle for the oral delivery of DNA vaccine plasmids constitutes a promising strategy for vaccination. The delivery of DNA plasmids into eukaryotic cells is of critical importance for subsequent DNA expression and effectiveness of the vaccine. In this context, the use of the recombinant invasive L. lactis FnBPA+ (fibronectin-binding protein A) strain for the oral delivery of the eukaryotic expression vector vaccination using lactic acid bacteria (pValac), coding for the 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, could represent a new DNA vaccine strategy against tuberculosis. To this end, the ESAT-6 sequence was cloned into the pValac vector; the L. lactis fibronectin-binding protein A (FnBPA)+ (pValac:ESAT-6) strain was obtained, and its immunological profile was checked in BALB/c mice. This strain was able to significantly increase interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in spleen cells, showing a systemic T helper 1 (Th1) cell response. The mice also showed a significant increase in specific secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) production in colon tissue and fecal extracts. Thus, this is the first time that L. lactis has been used to deliver a plasmid DNA harboring a gene that encodes an antigen against tuberculosis through mucous membranes.
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Hargadon KM. Murine and Human Model Systems for the Study of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 35:85-115. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.952413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Marongiu L, Donini M, Toffali L, Zenaro E, Dusi S. ESAT-6 and HspX improve the effectiveness of BCG to induce human dendritic cells-dependent Th1 and NK cells activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75684. [PMID: 24130733 PMCID: PMC3794045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited efficacy of the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis is partly due to the missing expression of immunogenic proteins. We analyzed whether the addition to BCG of ESAT-6 and HspX, two Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens, could enhance its capacity to activate human dendritic cells (DCs). BCG showed a weak ability to induce DC maturation, cytokine release, and CD4(+) lymphocytes and NK cells activation. The addition of ESAT-6 or HspX alone to BCG-stimulated DC did not improve these processes, whereas their simultaneous addition enhanced BCG-dependent DC maturation and cytokine release, as well as the ability of BCG-treated DCs to stimulate IFN-γ release and CD69 expression by CD4(+) lymphocytes and NK cells. Addition of TLR2-blocking antibody decreased IL-12 release by BCG-stimulated DCs incubated with ESAT-6 and HspX, as well as IFN-γ secretion by CD4(+) lymphocytes co-cultured with these cells. Moreover, HspX and ESAT-6 improved the capacity of BCG-treated DCs to induce the expression of memory phenotype marker CD45RO in naïve CD4(+) T cells. Our results indicate that ESAT-6 and HspX cooperation enables BCG-treated human DCs to induce T lymphocyte and NK cell-mediated immune responses through TLR2-dependent IL-12 secretion. Therefore ESAT-6 and HspX represent good candidates for improving the effectiveness of BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marongiu
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Donini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lara Toffali
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Dusi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Jiang Q, Zhang J, Chen X, Xia M, Lu Y, Qiu W, Feng G, Zhao D, Li Y, He F, Peng G, Wang Y. A novel recombinant DNA vaccine encoding Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 and FL protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:406-20. [PMID: 24086174 PMCID: PMC3783826 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20120114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6) is a dominant target antigen for cell-mediated immunity in the early phase of tuberculosis. The fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) that induces potent immune response has been used as an adjuvant in vaccine development. In this study, a new recombinant plasmid (pIRES-epitope-peptides-FL) encoding three T cell epitopes of ESAT-6 and FL was constructed, and the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine was assessed in C57BL/6 mice immunized with the plasmid DNA vaccine. Additionally, a strategy of intramuscular injection with the DNA vaccine (prime) and intranasal administration of the epitope peptides (boost) was employed to induce higher immune reaction of the mice. The results showed that mice vaccinated with the recombinant plasmid DNA vaccine and boosted with the peptides not only increased the levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12), the number of IFN-γ+ T cells and activities of cytotoxic T lymphocytes as well as IgG, but also enhanced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. In conclusion, these data indicate that the novel recombinant pIRES-epitope-peptides-FL plasmid is a useful DNA vaccine for preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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8
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Feng G, Jiang Q, Xia M, Lu Y, Qiu W, Zhao D, Lu L, Peng G, Wang Y. Enhanced immune response and protective effects of nano-chitosan-based DNA vaccine encoding T cell epitopes of Esat-6 and FL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61135. [PMID: 23637790 PMCID: PMC3634041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a novel and effective vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a challenging for preventing TB infection. In this study, a novel nanoparticle-based recombinant DNA vaccine was developed, which contains Esat-6 three T cell epitopes (Esat-6/3e) and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) genes (termed Esat-6/3e-FL), and was enveloped with chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (nano-chitosan). The immunologic and protective efficacy of the nano-chitosan-based DNA vaccine (termed nano-Esat-6/3e-FL) was assessed in C57BL/6 mice after intramuscular prime vaccination with the plasmids DNA and nasal boost with the Esat-6/3e peptides. The results showed that the immunized mice remarkably elicited enhanced T cell responses and protection against M.tb H37Rv challenge. These findings indicate that the nano-chitosan can significantly elevate the immunologic and protective effects of the DNA vaccine, and the nano-Esat-6/3e-FL is a useful vaccine for preventing M.tb infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganzhu Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingtao Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanlai Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Vaccination, the revolutionary prophylactic immunotherapy developed in the eighteenth century, has become the most successful and cost-effective of medical remedies available to modern society. Due to the remarkable accomplishments of the past century, the number of diseases and pathogens for which a traditional vaccine approach might reasonably be employed has dwindled to unprecedented levels. While this happy scenario bodes well for the future of public health, modern immunologists and vaccinologists face significant challenges if we are to address the scourge of recalcitrant pathogens like HIV and HCV and well as the significant obstacles to immunotherapy imposed by neoplastic self. Here, the authors review the clinical and preclinical literature to highlight the manner by which the host immune system can be successfully manipulated by cytokine adjuvants, thereby significantly enhancing the efficacy of a wide variety of vaccination platforms.
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Yin Y, Li H, Wu S, Dong D, Zhang J, Fu L, Xu J, Chen W. Hepatitis B virus core particles displaying Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen ESAT-6 enhance ESAT-6-specific immune responses. Vaccine 2011; 29:5645-51. [PMID: 21689705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6), an important Mycobacterium tuberculosis T-cell antigen, is an attractive candidate antigen for tuberculosis subunit vaccine development. Because ESAT-6 has a low inherent immunogenicity, we used Hepatitis B virus core (HBc) protein as an immune carrier to enhance ESAT-6 immunogenicity. The ESAT-6 gene was inserted into the major immunodominant region of the HBc molecule by fusion PCR. The recombinant protein, HBc-ESAT-6 (HE6), was expressed in Escherichia coli, and electron microscopy confirmed the formation of virus-like particles. The immunogenicity of the chimeric particles was assessed in mice. Serological assays and in vitro Th1-biased cytokine assays found that immunization with HE6 particles elicited significantly higher ESAT-6-specific antibodies and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell responses in mice compared to immunization with recombinant ESAT-6 protein. These data demonstrate the feasibility of HBc particles serving as an efficient immune carrier for ESAT-6 and suggest that HE6 has potential for use in a tuberculosis subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongdajie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
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Zhang H, Peng P, Miao S, Zhao Y, Mao F, Wang L, Bai Y, Xu Z, Wei S, Shi C. Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing an ESAT6-CFP10 fusion protein induces anti-mycobacterial immune responses and protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. Scand J Immunol 2010; 72:349-57. [PMID: 20883320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The currently used vaccine against tuberculosis, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has variable efficacy, so new vaccine development is crucial. In this study, we evaluated a recombinant vaccine prepared from non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis (rMS) that expresses a fusion of early secreted antigenic target 6-kDa antigen (ESAT6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP10). C57BL/6 mice were immunized with the rMS expressing the ESAT6-CFP10 fusion protein (rM.S-e6c10) or with BCG. The mice in the rM.S-e6c10 group had a significantly higher titre of anti-ESAT6-CFP10 antibodies than did animals in the BCG or saline groups. Spleen cells from rM.S-e6c10-immunized mice exhibited a cytotoxic response to ESAT6 and CFP10-expressed target cells, but spleen cells from animals in the other groups did not. Levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 production by purified T cells from spleens were significantly higher in rM.S-e6c10 group than in BCG group. Finally, after M. tuberculosis (MTB)-challenged mice, dramatic reduction in the numbers of MTB colony-forming units (CFUs) in the lungs was observed for the mice immunized with the rMS. The protective efficacy of rM.S-e6c10 and BCG vaccination was similar based on measures of MTB burden and lung pathology. Our data indicate that the recombinant M. smegmatis vaccine expressing the ESAT6-CFP10 fusion protein has potential in clinic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Chen H, Wang W, Song C, Yu S, Ding C. Marek's disease virus VP22 enhances potentially the immune response of ESAT-6/CFP-10 against Mycobacterium bovis infection. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:337-44. [PMID: 20458447 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available vaccines against Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, do not provide reliable efficacy and there is therefore a need for a novel vaccine with improved efficacy. Here, we use protein transduction technology to deliver DNA vaccines expressing mycobacterial antigens directly to target cells. We used various protein transduction domain (PTD) proteins including the VP22 conjugate from Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1), as delivery systems for DNA constructs encoding the antigens early secretory antigenic target-6 kDa (ESAT-6) protein and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) of M. bovis. The eukaryotic expression plasmid pZ106, encoding antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10, conjugated to various PTDs, was used to construct experimental preparations. Our findings demonstrated that VP22 alone or in combination with CFP-10:ESAT-6 fusion protein could spread into all the nuclei of the cell monolayer surrounding the transfected cells. Whereas trans-activating transcriptional PTD showed limited delivery of the fusion protein and 8R peptide was unable to deliver the fusion protein into any untransfected cells. We have demonstrated that immunization with a preparation fused to VP22 leads to a higher antibody and interferon-gamma titer (P<0.05). Taken together, our results demonstrated that MDV-1 VP22 serves as a potential immune enhancer in gene therapy and immunization using DNA vaccines, offering a novel approach for the prevention of M. bovis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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Krammer F, Schinko T, Messner P, Palmberger D, Ferko B, Grabherr R. Influenza virus-like particles as an antigen-carrier platform for the ESAT-6 epitope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:17-22. [PMID: 20304011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Various virus-like particles (VLPs) have been shown to induce cytotoxic T-cell immune response as well as B-cell immune response. This makes VLPs promising candidates for antigen-carrier platforms for various epitopes. Influenza A VLPs were produced displaying a 20 amino acid sequence from Mycobacterium tuberculosis early secretory antigenic target 6 protein (ESAT-6). As this sequence is known to comprise a potent T-cell epitope it was chosen as a model for a foreign epitope to be presented on an influenza VLP scaffold. The ESAT-6 epitope was engineered into the antigenic region B of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) from strain A/New Caledonia/20/99. VLPs were expressed in insect cells and subjected to immunization studies in mice. High serum antibody titers detected against recombinant ESAT-6 demonstrated the feasibility of influenza A VLPs serving as an efficient platform for epitope presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Bashir N, Kounsar F, Mukhopadhyay S, Hasnain SE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis conserved hypothetical protein rRv2626c modulates macrophage effector functions. Immunology 2010; 130:34-45. [PMID: 20201990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the major immunomodulators of the host immune response. Open reading frame (ORF) Rv2626c, encoding a conserved hypothetical protein eliciting a strong humoral immune response in patients with tuberculosis (TB), was shown to be up-regulated upon infection in mice under hypoxic conditions. We now show that recombinant Rv2626c protein (rRv2626c) can bind to the surface of murine macrophages and elicit the type-1 immune response, as manifested by nitric oxide (NO) secretion and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Significant induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] was evident upon stimulation of murine macrophages, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients with active TB disease, with rRv2626c. Stimulation with rRv2626c also enhanced the expression of costimulatory molecules such as B7-1, B7-2 and CD40 on murine macrophages. We further show that the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to rRv2626c is mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and this was further confirmed using pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a specific pharmacological inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Rv2626c therefore appears to modulate macrophage effector functions by eliciting both innate and adaptive immune responses, suggesting its possible use as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreena Bashir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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15
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Singhal N, Bisht D, Joshi B. Immunoprophylaxis of tuberculosis: an update of emerging trends. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:97-106. [PMID: 20140756 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective prophylactics to combat tuberculosis is currently in an exploratory stage. The HIV pandemic and emergence of multi- and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicate that the current preventive measures against this ever-evolving pathogen are inadequate. The currently available vaccine BCG in its present form affords variable protection which usually wanes with aging. Various reasons have been cited to explain the discrepancies in the efficacy of BCG, including generic differences in the different BCG vaccine strains used in immunization program throughout the world. The low efficacy of BCG vaccine has promoted the search for novel vaccines for tuberculosis. The search strategies aim at completely replacing the existing vaccine and/or augmenting/improving the current BCG vaccine. Among new vaccine candidates are live attenuated M. tuberculosis vaccines, recombinant BCG, DNA vaccines, subunit vaccine, and fusion protein-based vaccines. More than 200 new vaccine candidates have been developed as a result of research work over the past few years. To date, at least eight vaccine candidates are undergoing clinical evaluation, with a few of them successfully qualifying in the first phase of clinical testing. These recent advances present an optimistic insight whereby a new tuberculosis vaccine might be expected to be available for public use in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelja Singhal
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Tajganj, Agra 282001, India
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A multicistronic DNA vaccine induces significant protection against tuberculosis in mice and offers flexibility in the expressed antigen repertoire. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1467-75. [PMID: 19656992 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00237-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Concerns about the safety and efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) emphasize the need for alternative tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. DNA vaccines are interesting candidates but are limited by the restricted antigen repertoire that they express. Traditional polycistronic vectors are large and have imbalanced expression. Recent advances in molecular genetics and cellular immunology have paved the way toward the rational design of an efficacious vaccine. We exploited self-cleaving peptide 2A from the foot-and-mouth disease virus, because of its small size and high cleavage activity, to generate an efficient TB DNA vaccine (V-2A). V-2A expresses three mycobacterial antigens, Rv3407, Ag85A, and HspX, in a single open reading frame joined by the 2A sequences, which lead to the segmentation of the long translated polypeptide into individual proteins by posttranslational modification. Our in vitro measurements revealed no differences at the transcriptional or translational level between V-2A and the monocistronic expression of the individual antigens. Mice vaccinated with V-2A developed antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses against all three antigens, imparting protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosol challenge equivalent to that imparted by BCG. These results have important implications for the rational design and development of efficacious recombinant subunit vaccines.
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