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Bernard-Raichon L, Cadwell K. Immunomodulation by Enteric Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:477-502. [PMID: 37380186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses display intricate adaptations to the host mucosal immune system to successfully reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract and cause maladies ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening disease upon extraintestinal dissemination. However, many viral infections are asymptomatic, and their presence in the gut is associated with an altered immune landscape that can be beneficial or adverse in certain contexts. Genetic variation in the host and environmental factors including the bacterial microbiota influence how the immune system responds to infections in a remarkably viral strain-specific manner. This immune response, in turn, determines whether a given virus establishes acute versus chronic infection, which may have long-lasting consequences such as susceptibility to inflammatory disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between enteric viruses and the immune system that underlie the impact of these ubiquitous infectious agents on our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Cell Biology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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2
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Ruohtula T, Kondrashova A, Lehtonen J, Oikarinen S, Hämäläinen AM, Niemelä O, Peet A, Tillmann V, Nieminen JK, Ilonen J, Knip M, Vaarala O, Hyöty H. Immunomodulatory Effects of Rhinovirus and Enterovirus Infections During the First Year of Life. Front Immunol 2021; 11:567046. [PMID: 33643278 PMCID: PMC7905218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.567046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood infections have been implicated in the development of immune-mediated diseases, such as allergies, asthma, and type 1 diabetes. We set out to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of early viral infections experienced before the age of one year on the peripheral regulatory T cell population (Treg) and circulating cytokines in a birth-cohort study of Estonian and Finnish infants. We show here a temporal association of virus infection with the expression of FOXP3 in regulatory T cells. Infants with rhinovirus infection during the preceding 30 days had a higher FOXP3 expression in Treg cells and decreased levels of several cytokines related to Th1 and Th2 responses in comparison to the children without infections. In contrast, FOXP3 expression was significantly decreased in highly activated (CD4+CD127-/loCD25+FOXP3high) regulatory T cells (TregFOXP3high) in the infants who had enterovirus infection during the preceding 30 or 60 days. After enterovirus infections, the cytokine profile showed an upregulation of Th1- and Th17-related cytokines and a decreased activation of CCL22, which is a chemokine derived from dendritic cells and associated with Th2 deviation. Our results reveal that immunoregulatory mechanisms are up-regulated after rhinovirus infections, while enterovirus infections are associated with activation of proinflammatory pathways and decreased immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Kondrashova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anu-Maaria Hämäläinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Espoo, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Aleksandr Peet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu and Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu and Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janne K Nieminen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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Babji S, Manickavasagam P, Chen YH, Jeyavelu N, Jose NV, Praharaj I, Syed C, Kaliappan SP, John J, Giri S, Venugopal S, Kampmann B, Parker EPK, Iturriza-Gómara M, Kang G, Grassly NC, Uhlig HH. Immune predictors of oral poliovirus vaccine immunogenicity among infants in South India. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:27. [PMID: 32218999 PMCID: PMC7089977 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the causes of poor oral vaccine immunogenicity in low-income countries might lead to more effective vaccines. We measured mucosal and systemic immune parameters at the time of vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in 292 Indian infants aged 6-11 months, including plasma cytokines, leukocyte counts, fecal biomarkers of environmental enteropathy and peripheral blood T-cell phenotype, focused on gut-homing regulatory CD4+ populations. We did not find a distinct immune phenotype associated with OPV immunogenicity, although viral pathogens were more prevalent in stool at the time of immunization among infants who failed to seroconvert (63.9% vs. 45.6%, p = 0.002). Using a machine-learning approach, we could predict seroconversion a priori using immune parameters and infection status with a median 58% accuracy (cross-validation IQR: 50-69%) compared with 50% expected by chance. Better identification of immune predictors of OPV immunogenicity is likely to require sampling of mucosal tissue and improved oral poliovirus infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Babji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | | | - Yin-Huai Chen
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Nithya Jeyavelu
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | - Nisha Vincy Jose
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | - Ira Praharaj
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | - Chanduni Syed
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | | | - Jacob John
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | - Srinivasan Venugopal
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | - Beate Kampmann
- The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Edward P. K. Parker
- The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE UK
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004 India
| | - Nicholas C. Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Holm H. Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
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LAP + Cells Modulate Protection Induced by Oral Vaccination with Rhesus Rotavirus in a Neonatal Mouse Model. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00882-19. [PMID: 31292251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00882-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been shown to play a role in immunity against different pathogens in vitro and against parasites in vivo However, its role in viral infections in vivo is incompletely understood. Using a neonatal mouse model of heterologous rhesus rotavirus (RV) vaccination, we show that the vaccine induced rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells, the majority of which lacked expression of KLRG1 or CD127, and a few regulatory rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells that expressed surface latency-associated peptide (LAP)-TGF-β. In these mice, inhibiting TGF-β, with both a neutralizing antibody and an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor signaling (activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor [ALK5i]), did not change the development or intensity of the mild diarrhea induced by the vaccine, the rotavirus-specific T cell response, or protection against a subsequent challenge with a murine EC-rotavirus. However, mice treated with anti-LAP antibodies had improved protection after a homologous EC-rotavirus challenge, compared with control rhesus rotavirus-immunized mice. Thus, oral vaccination with a heterologous rotavirus stimulates regulatory RV-specific CD4 LAP-positive (LAP+) T cells, and depletion of LAP+ cells increases vaccine-induced protection.IMPORTANCE Despite the introduction of several live attenuated animal and human rotaviruses as efficient oral vaccines, rotaviruses continue to be the leading etiological agent for diarrhea mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. Improvement of these vaccines has been partially delayed because immunity to rotaviruses is incompletely understood. In the intestine (where rotavirus replicates), regulatory T cells that express latency-associated peptide (LAP) play a prominent role, which has been explored for many diseases but not specifically for infectious agents. In this paper, we show that neonatal mice given a live oral rotavirus vaccine develop rotavirus-specific LAP+ T cells and that depletion of these cells improves the efficiency of the vaccine. These findings may prove useful for the design of strategies to improve rotavirus vaccines.
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Du J, Lan Z, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Li X, Guo T. Detailed analysis of BALB/c mice challenged with wild type rotavirus EDIM provide an alternative for infection model of rotavirus. Virus Res 2016; 228:134-140. [PMID: 27932206 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse is one of the infection animal models for rotavirus. Since the optimal age of mouse sensitive to rotavirus infection thus far has not been unified, we elucidated clinical symptoms, immune responses and pathological changes of mice in different ages after challenged by murine rotavirus wild strain EDIM (Epidemic Diarrhea of Infant Mice) to provide data for the estimation. One-week-old, two-week-old, and three-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with EDIM in the challenge dose of 235 ID50, 470 ID50 and 705 ID50 respectively and were compared to mock-infected controls. Diarrhea illness, mobility, bodyweight were recorded, viral shedding and immune responses including serum IgA, fecal sIgA were detected, and small intestine tissue was evaluated for virus distribution and pathological changes. All the mice in one-week-old and two-week-old groups were completely unavoidable to be infected by EDIM and have been found to be malaise, activity reduced and even diarrhea, while three-week-old mice partly resist the challenge with 40% mice free from diarrhea. Meanwhile, EDIM infection has greater impact to the bodyweight of two-week-old group than those of one-week-old, three-week-old (0.9860 vs 1.2340, 1.2375g/day). One peak of virus shedding in three groups was observed in day 1-2 post infection, but the duration shortened with age increase. Feces sIgA in both two-week-old and three-week-old groups began to increase in day 4, 2-3days earlier than that in one-week-old group, and grow to the peak in day 8, which is about 2 fold of that in one-week-old group. Stronger serum IgA response was found in two-week-old group, it increased to the peak in day 15 and the level was 2 fold of three-week-old group and 4 fold of one-week-old group. The pathological changes included vacuolar degeneration, edema and congestion of intestinal wall, integrity destruction of enteric epithelium, and the changes relieved with the increase of age. Besides, rotavirus particles were found in small intestine tissues, especially in the surface and crypt of villi. In conclusion, the two-week-old mice were more sensitive to EDIM infection and initiated more effective immune response. In combination with that 14days old mice equals to 2 months infant when the first dose of rotavirus vaccine should be administrated, two-week-old mice is preferred to be used as infection model for the study of pathogenicity and immunogenicity of rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Du
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhiling Lan
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyue Liu
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanchao Li
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiangming Li
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tai Guo
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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Enteric Viruses Ameliorate Gut Inflammation via Toll-like Receptor 3 and Toll-like Receptor 7-Mediated Interferon-β Production. Immunity 2016; 44:889-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Richert-Spuhler LE, Lund JM. The Immune Fulcrum: Regulatory T Cells Tip the Balance Between Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Outcomes upon Infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:217-43. [PMID: 26615099 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable for immune homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmunity. In the context of infectious diseases, Tregs are multidimensional. Here, we describe how they may potentiate effector responses by assisting in recruitment of T cells into the infection site to resolve infection, facilitate accelerated antigen-specific memory responses, limit pathology, and contribute to disease resolution and healing, to the great benefit of the host. We also explore the villainous functions of Tregs during infection by reviewing several diseases in which the depletion or reduction in Treg frequency allows for better generation of effector memory, and results in acute resolution of infection, as opposed to chronicity or severe long-term outcomes. We describe findings generated using mouse models of infection as well as experiments performed using human cells and tissues. We propose that Tregs represent an immunologic fulcrum, promoting both pathogen clearance and damage control by preventing excessive destruction of infected tissues though unchecked immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Dong H, Qu S, Chen X, Zhu H, Tai X, Pan J. Changes in the cytokine expression of peripheral Treg and Th17 cells in children with rotavirus enteritis. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:679-682. [PMID: 26622374 PMCID: PMC4509078 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the cytokine expression of peripheral regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells in children with rotavirus (RV) enteritis. In total, 102 children with RV enteritis were recruited for the observation group, while 30 healthy cases were included in the control group. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the individuals in the two groups, after which flow cytometry was conducted to detect the proportion of Treg and Th17 cells. In addition, ELISA was used to determine the levels of the cytokines, interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-17 and IL-6. When compared with the control group, the proportion of Treg cells and level of TGF-β in the peripheral blood of the children with RV enteritis were significantly decreased (P<0.05); however, the proportion of Th17 cells and the serum levels of IL-17 and IL-6 in the peripheral blood of children with RV enteritis were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the present study identified an imbalance in the proportion of peripheral blood Treg/Th17 cells, and subsequently in the expression of cytokines, in children with RV enteritis. Thus, detecting the proportion of peripheral blood Treg/Th17 cells in children with RV enteritis, or the changes in the levels of serum cytokines, is of clinical significance for further investigation into the pathogenesis of RV enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaifu Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Sehua Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Tai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Neurology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
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Ramani S, Atmar RL. Acute Gastroenteritis Viruses. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Miller AD, Blutt SE, Conner ME. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are not important for rotavirus clearance or the early antibody response to rotavirus. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:67-72. [PMID: 24095866 PMCID: PMC3947018 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells produce TGF-β that contributes to IgA induction by intestinal commensal bacteria but their importance in IgA responses to pathogens has not been determined. Immunity against the enteropathogen, rotavirus, is dependent on intestinal IgA, but whether FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells contribute to this IgA is unknown. Infection with rotavirus increased the numbers of intestinal FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells. Depletion of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells altered leukocyte activation but did not significantly alter rotavirus clearance or specific antibody levels. These data suggest FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells are not critical for the early antibody response to rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Miller
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Margaret E Conner
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Bayry J. Regulatory T cells as adjuvant target for enhancing the viral disease vaccine efficacy. Virusdisease 2013; 25:18-25. [PMID: 24426307 PMCID: PMC3889236 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for immune homeostasis and tolerance. However, because of their capacity to suppress antigen presenting cells (APC), T and B cells, Tregs could also inhibit protective immune responses to viruses and vaccines. Several viruses have been shown to exploit Tregs to evade immune response. By modulating APC and in particular by weakening the functions of dendritic cells such as their ability to secrete polarizing cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory molecules, viruses could support differentiation and expansion of Tregs. Of note, as a proof of concept, depletion of Tregs significantly enhanced the protective immune response to viruses and vaccines suggesting that Tregs are viable targets to enhance immunogenicity of vaccines. As Treg depletion or inhibition of their functions could lead to deleterious autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, any Treg-based approach for vaccination should not aim at depletion of Tregs and inhibition of their functions should be transient. Recent studies have targeted the interaction between CCR4 expressed on Tregs and its ligands CCL22 and CCL17 to inhibit transiently the recruitment of Tregs at the site of immunization. Importantly, use of CCR4 antagonists as ‘molecular adjuvants’ in vivo in experimental models, amplified cellular and humoral immune responses when injected in combination with various vaccine antigens. The significant adjuvant activity observed in diverse models without noticeable side effects provided strong evidence that CCR4 is a sustainable target for rational adjuvant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Descartes, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Médicine, 75006 Paris, France
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Brincks EL, Roberts AD, Cookenham T, Sell S, Kohlmeier JE, Blackman MA, Woodland DL. Antigen-specific memory regulatory CD4+Foxp3+ T cells control memory responses to influenza virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3438-46. [PMID: 23467933 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (Tregs) are key regulators of inflammatory responses and control the magnitude of cellular immune responses to viral infections. However, little is known about how Tregs contribute to immune regulation during memory responses to previously encountered pathogens. In this study, we used MHC class II tetramers specific for the 311-325 peptide from influenza nucleoprotein (NP311-325/IA(b)) to track the Ag-specific Treg response to primary and secondary influenza virus infections. During secondary infections, Ag-specific memory Tregs showed accelerated accumulation in the lung-draining lymph node and lung parenchyma relative to a primary infection. Memory Tregs effectively controlled the in vitro proliferation of memory CD8(+) cells in an Ag-specific fashion that was MHC class II dependent. When memory Tregs were depleted before secondary infection, the magnitude of the Ag-specific memory CD8(+) T cell response was increased, as was pulmonary inflammation and airway cytokine/chemokine expression. Replacement of memory Tregs with naive Tregs failed to restore the regulation of the memory CD8 T cell response during secondary infection. Together, these data demonstrate the existence of a previously undescribed population of Ag-specific memory Tregs that shape the cellular immune response to secondary influenza virus challenges and offer an additional parameter to consider when determining the efficacy of vaccinations.
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de Amorim J, Magalhães A, Muñoz JE, Rittner GMG, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. DNA vaccine encoding peptide P10 against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis induces long-term protection in presence of regulatory T cells. Microbes Infect 2012. [PMID: 23201596 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a granulomatous systemic mycosis endemic in Brazil and other Latin America countries. A DNA vaccine encoding the immunoprotective peptide 10 (P10) significantly reduced the fungal burden in mice when given prior to or after intratracheal challenge with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Presently, the generation/expansion of CD4+ CD44hi memory T cells as well as Foxp3+ Treg cells in mice immunized with the DNA vaccine (pcDNA3-P10) before and after infection with P. brasiliensis was investigated. Memory CD4+ CD44hi T cells simultaneously with Foxp3+ Treg cells increased in the spleens and lungs of pcDNA3-P10 immunized mice on day 0, 30, 60 and 120 postinfection. Histopathology of the lung tissue showed minimal inflammation in immunized mice compared with the unimmunized group, suggesting a role for regulatory T cells in controlling the immunopathology. The DNA vaccine shows that the repeated immunization generates memory cells and regulatory T cells that replace the initially protective pro-inflammatory T cells conferring a long term protection while preserving the integrity of the infected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Amorim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wen K, Li G, Yang X, Bui T, Bai M, Liu F, Kocher J, Yuan L. CD4+ CD25- FoxP3+ regulatory cells are the predominant responding regulatory T cells after human rotavirus infection or vaccination in gnotobiotic pigs. Immunology 2012; 137:160-71. [PMID: 22716916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and dynamic changes of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CD25(-) FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells induced by human rotavirus (HRV) infection and vaccination were examined in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs infected with virulent HRV (VirHRV) or vaccinated with attenuated HRV (AttHRV). Subsets of gnotobiotic pigs in the AttHRV and control groups were challenged with VirHRV at post-inoculation day (PID) 28. We demonstrated that VirHRV infection or AttHRV vaccination reduced frequencies and numbers of tissue-residing Treg cells, and decreased the frequencies of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) producing CD4(+) CD25(-) Treg cells in ileum, spleen and blood at PID 28. The frequencies of IL-10 and TGF-β producing CD4(+) CD25(-) Treg cells in all sites at PID 28 were significantly inversely correlated with the protection rate against VirHRV-caused diarrhoea (r = -1, P < 0.0001). Hence, higher frequencies of functional CD4(+) CD25(-) Treg cells can be an indicator for poorer protective immunity against rotavirus. Our results highlighted the importance of CD4(+) CD25(-) Treg cells over CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells in rotavirus infection and immunity. AttHRV vaccination (induction of immune effector responses) reduced the expansion of CD4(+) CD25(-) Treg cells in ileum seen in the challenged naive pigs during the acute phase of VirHRV infection and preserved normal levels of intestinal TGF-β producing Treg cells post-challenge. The reduced suppressive effect of Treg cells in AttHRV-vaccinated pigs would unleash effector/memory T-cell activation upon challenge. Preserving TGF-β producing CD4(+) CD25(-) Treg cells is important in maintaining homeostasis. Based on our findings, a model is proposed to depict the dynamic equilibrium course of Treg and effector T-cell responses after primary rotavirus infection/vaccination and challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061-0913, USA
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Human rotavirus-specific IgM Memory B cells have differential cloning efficiencies and switch capacities and play a role in antiviral immunity in vivo. J Virol 2012; 86:10829-40. [PMID: 22855480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01466-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity to rotavirus (RV) is primarily mediated by antibodies produced by RV-specific memory B cells (RV-mBc). Of note, most of these cells express IgM, but the function of this subset is poorly understood. Here, using limiting dilution assays of highly sort-purified human IgM(+) mBc, we found that 62% and 21% of total (non-antigen-specific) IgM(+) and RV-IgM(+) mBc, respectively, switched in vitro to IgG production after polyclonal stimulation. Moreover, in these assays, the median cloning efficiencies of total IgM(+) (17%) and RV-IgM(+) (7%) mBc were lower than those of the corresponding switched (IgG(+) IgA(+)) total (34%) and RV-mBc (17%), leading to an underestimate of their actual frequency. In order to evaluate the in vivo role of IgM(+) RV-mBc in antiviral immunity, NOD/Shi-scid interleukin-2 receptor-deficient (IL-2Rγ(null)) immunodeficient mice were adoptively transferred highly purified human IgM(+) mBc and infected with virulent murine rotavirus. These mice developed high titers of serum human RV-IgM and IgG and had significantly lower levels than control mice of both antigenemia and viremia. Finally, we determined that human RV-IgM(+) mBc are phenotypically diverse and significantly enriched in the IgM(hi) IgD(low) subset. Thus, RV-IgM(+) mBc are heterogeneous, occur more frequently than estimated by traditional limiting dilution analysis, have the capacity to switch Ig class in vitro as well as in vivo, and can mediate systemic antiviral immunity.
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16
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Wang X, Liu F, Zhou S, Xu Z, Hoellwarth J, Chen X, He L, Zhang R, Liu F, Wang J, Su C. Partial regulatory T cell depletion prior to schistosomiasis vaccination does not enhance the protection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40359. [PMID: 22802961 PMCID: PMC3389001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) do
not only influence self-antigen specific immune responses, but also dampen
the protective effect induced by a number of vaccines. The impact of CD4+CD25+
Tregs on vaccines against schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that
is a major public health concern, however, has not been examined. In this
study, a DNA vaccine encoding a 26 kDa glutathione S-transferase of Schistosoma
japonicum (pVAX1-Sj26GST) was constructed and its potential effects
were evaluated by depleting CD25+ cells prior to pVAX1-Sj26GST
immunization. This work shows that removal of CD25+ cells
prior to immunization with the pVAX1-Sj26GST schistosomiasis DNA vaccine significantly
increases the proliferation of splenocytes and IgG levels. However, CD25+
cell-depleted mice immunized with pVAX1-Sj26GST show no improved protection
against S. japonicum. Furthermore, depletion of CD25+
cells causes an increase in both pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ,
GM-CSF and IL-4) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (e.g. IL-10), with CD4+CD25-
T cells being one of the major sources of both IFN-γ and IL-10. These
findings indicate that partial CD25+ cell depletion fails
to enhance the effectiveness of the schistosome vaccine, possibly due to IL-10
production by CD4+CD25- T cells, or other cell
types, after CD25+ cell depletion during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China.
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Lages CS, Simmons J, Chougnet CA, Miethke AG. Regulatory T cells control the CD8 adaptive immune response at the time of ductal obstruction in experimental biliary atresia. Hepatology 2012; 56:219-27. [PMID: 22334397 PMCID: PMC3380144 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD8 T-lymphocytes are effector cells of cholangiocyte injury in human and in rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-induced experimental biliary atresia (BA). Here we hypothesize that neonatal deficiency in CD25(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) leads to aberrant activation of hepatic T-lymphocytes in BA. We found that adoptive transfer of total CD4 cells, but not of CD25-depleted CD4 cells, prior to RRV inoculation reduced expansion of CD8 cells, plasma bilirubin levels, ductal inflammation, and bile duct epithelial injury at 7 days postinfection (dpi) compared with age-matched infected controls without adoptive transfer. Searching for mechanisms, we found that in vitro production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by naïve CD8 cells upon polyclonal stimulation was enhanced in coculture with hepatic dendritic cells (DCs) from RRV-infected, but not with DCs from noninfected mice, which was correlated with an increased proportion of CD11b(+) myeloid (m)DCs and up-regulation of the costimulatory molecule CD86 on RRV-primed DCs. Furthermore, DC-dependent T-lymphocyte activation was blocked by anti-CD86 antibody in dose-dependent fashion. Importantly, expression of CD86 on mDCs was down-regulated by Tregs in vitro, and adoptive transfer of Treg-containing CD4 cells decreased expression of CD86 on hepatic mDCs at 7 dpi. On the contrary, in mice resistant to experimental BA, CD25+ cell depletion aggravated bile duct injury at 12 dpi after RRV inoculation, as plasma bilirubin levels were elevated by >20-fold compared with nondepleted infected controls. Increased susceptibility to hepatobiliary injury in Treg-depleted mice was linked to hepatic CD8 expansion and enhanced stimulatory capacity of hepatic DCs. CONCLUSION Activation of hepatic T-lymphocytes driving biliary obstruction in BA is regulated by mDCs by way of CD86-dependent costimulation and is susceptible to inhibition by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine S Lages
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Roh YS, Cho A, Islam MR, Cho SD, Kim J, Kim JH, Lee JW, Lim CW, Kim B. 3,3′-Diindolylmethane induces immunotoxicity via splenocyte apoptosis in neonatal mice. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:218-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Mikkelsen SR, Long JM, Zhang L, Galemore ER, VandeWoude S, Dean GA. Partial regulatory T cell depletion prior to acute feline immunodeficiency virus infection does not alter disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17183. [PMID: 21364928 PMCID: PMC3045403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats follows a disease course similar to HIV-1, including a short acute phase characterized by high viremia, and a prolonged asymptomatic phase characterized by low viremia and generalized immune dysfunction. CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells have been implicated as a possible cause of immune dysfunction during FIV and HIV-1 infection, as they are capable of modulating virus-specific and inflammatory immune responses. Additionally, the immunosuppressive capacity of feline Treg cells has been shown to be increased during FIV infection. We have previously shown that transient in vivo Treg cell depletion during asymptomatic FIV infection reveals FIV-specific immune responses suppressed by Treg cells. In this study, we sought to determine the immunological influence of Treg cells during acute FIV infection. We asked whether Treg cell depletion prior to infection with the highly pathogenic molecular clone FIV-C36 in cats could alter FIV pathogenesis. We report here that partial Treg cell depletion prior to FIV infection does not significantly change provirus, viremia, or CD4(+) T cell levels in blood and lymphoid tissues during the acute phase of disease. The effects of anti-CD25 mAb treatment are truncated in cats acutely infected with FIV-C36 as compared to chronically infected cats or FIV-naïve cats, as Treg cell levels were heightened in all treatment groups included in the study within two weeks post-FIV infection. Our findings suggest that the influence of Treg cell suppression during FIV pathogenesis is most prominent after Treg cells are activated in the environment of established FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rochelle Mikkelsen
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Long
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erin R. Galemore
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Dean
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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de Brito CA, Goldoni AL, Sato MN. Immune adjuvants in early life: targeting the innate immune system to overcome impaired adaptive response. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:883-95. [PMID: 20636030 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal phase is a transitory period characterized by an absence of memory cells, favoring a slow adaptive response prone to tolerance effects and the development of Th2-type responses. However, when appropriately stimulated, neonates may achieve an immune response comparable with adult counterparts. One strategy to stimulate the immunological response of neonates or children in early infancy has been to explore natural or synthetic ligands of cell receptors to stimulate innate immunity. The use of adjuvants for activating different cell receptors may be the key to enhancing neonatal adaptive immunity. This review highlights recent advances in the emerging field of molecular adjuvants of innate immune response and their implications for the development of immunotherapies, with particular focus on the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyro Alves de Brito
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiência, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical - Prédio II, Av Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 500, 05403-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Yersinia enterocolitica promotes robust mucosal inflammatory T-cell immunity in murine neonates. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3595-608. [PMID: 20515925 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01272-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity to gastrointestinal pathogens in early life has been studied only slightly. Recently, we developed an infection model in murine neonates using the gastroenteric pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Here, we report that oral infection of neonatal mice with low doses of virulent Y. enterocolitica leads to vigorous intestinal and systemic adaptive immunity. Y. enterocolitica infection promoted the development of anti-LcrV memory serum IgG1 and IgG2a responses of comparable affinity and magnitude to adult responses. Strikingly, neonatal mesenteric lymph node CD4(+) T cells produced Yersinia-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A), exceeding adult levels. The robust T- and B-cell responses elicited in neonates exposed to Y. enterocolitica were associated with long-term protection against mucosal challenge with this pathogen. Using genetically deficient mice, we found that IFN-gamma and CD4(+) cells, but not B cells, are critical for protection of neonates during primary Y. enterocolitica infection. In contrast, adults infected with low bacterial doses did not require either cell population for protection. CD4-deficient neonatal mice adoptively transferred with CD4(+) cells from wild-type, IFN-gamma-deficient, or IL-17AF-deficient mice were equally protected from infection. These data demonstrate that inflammatory CD4(+) T cells are required for protection of neonatal mice and that this protection may not require CD4-derived IFN-gamma, IL-17A, or IL-17F. Overall, these studies support the idea that Y. enterocolitica promotes the development of highly inflammatory mucosal responses in neonates and that intestinal T-cell function may be a key immune component in protection from gastrointestinal pathogens in early life.
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22
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Mesa MC, Gutiérrez L, Duarte-Rey C, Angel J, Franco MA. A TGF-beta mediated regulatory mechanism modulates the T cell immune response to rotavirus in adults but not in children. Virology 2010; 399:77-86. [PMID: 20096911 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Children with acute RV-gastroenteritis (GE) had low or undetectable levels of circulating IFN-gamma(+), IL-13(+), IL-2(+), IL-10(+) or IL-17(+) RV-T cells. IFN-gamma(+) T cells and low frequencies of IL-10(+) and IL-2(+) CD4(+) T cells were found in adults with RV-GE during acute and convalescence phases, respectively. Circulating single IFN-gamma(+)>double IFN-gamma(+)/IL-2(+)>single IL-2(+)RV-CD4(+)T cells were observed in healthy adults. In this group, frequencies of IFN-gamma(+) RV-T cells increased after removing CD25(+)cells, blocking TGF-beta with its natural inhibitor, LAP, or inhibiting TGF-betaRI signalling pathway with ALK5i. The frequencies of IFN-gamma(+) RV-T cells were also incremented in PBMC depleted of CD25(+)cells and treated with ALK5i, suggesting that TGFbeta inhibition may be independent of Treg cells. The ALK5i effect was observed in adults but not in children with RV-GE, who had normal numbers of TGF-beta+ Treg cells. Thus, a TGF-beta-mediated regulatory mechanism that modulates RV-T cells in adults is not evident in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Mesa
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40-62, Edificio 32, Bogotá, Colombia; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, Edificio 50, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Lina Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40-62, Edificio 32, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Carolina Duarte-Rey
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40-62, Edificio 32, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Juana Angel
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40-62, Edificio 32, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Manuel A Franco
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40-62, Edificio 32, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The authors discuss the most relevant information in the field of rotavirus vaccines published from October 2007 to June 2009; new information on the virus, host response and disease burden that relate to our understanding of vaccine mechanisms and impact are discussed. The review will focus on the role of the vaccines for the developing world but this does not preclude the relevance of these vaccines for children living in the industrialized world. RECENT FINDINGS Immune mechanisms involved in rotavirus-associated immunity potentially relevant for vaccine-associated immunity continue to be identified including anti-NSP4 antibodies, cellular and mucosal mechanisms. Rotavirus-associated disease burden is high, causing approximately 40% of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations in children less than 5 years of age worldwide; G12, G8 and P[6] antigenic types emerging in developing countries are increasing in prevalence and may share worldwide circulation with the other five more common serotypes. The two currently available vaccines, based on different immune concepts, (VP7/VP4 homotypic specificity for RotaTeq vs. homotypic and heterotypic specificity for Rotarix) have demonstrated high and sustained efficacy in middle and high-income countries. Recent efficacy and effectiveness studies demonstrate acceptable protection levels in the poorest countries of the world against most antigenic types, leading to universal vaccine recommendation. Postlicensure surveillance has not detected any signal of increased risk for intussusception in children vaccinated with any of the two vaccines. SUMMARY Rotavirus vaccines are well tolerated and provide adequate protection against moderate to severe disease in high, middle and low-income regions. Partnerships between governments, industry, and funding agencies will now be urgently needed to promote vaccine use, especially in the less privileged countries of the world.
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Greenberg HB, Estes MK. Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1939-51. [PMID: 19457420 PMCID: PMC3690811 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in children worldwide; the enormous disease burden has focused efforts to develop vaccines and led to the discovery of novel mechanisms of gastrointestinal virus pathogenesis and host responses to infection. Two live-attenuated vaccines for gastroenteritis (Rotateq [Merck] and Rotarix) have been licensed in many countries. This review summarizes the latest data on these vaccines, their effectiveness, and challenges to global vaccination. Recent insights into rotavirus pathogenesis also are discussed, including information on extraintestinal infection, viral antagonists of the interferon response, and the first described viral enterotoxin. Rotavirus-induced diarrhea now is considered to be a disease that can be prevented through vaccination, although there are many challenges to achieving global effectiveness. Molecular biology studies of rotavirus replication and pathogenesis have identified unique viral targets that might be useful in developing therapies for immunocompromised children with chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B. Greenberg
- Senior Associate Dean for Research, Joseph D. Grant Professor of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Alway Bldg, Rm M-121
- 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5119, phone: 650-725-9722, fax: 650-725-7368
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Cullen Endowed Chair of Molecular and Human Virology, Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine -GI, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza BCM-385, Houston, TX 77030-3498, 713-798-3585, 713-798-3586 fax
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25
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Wang X, Lu C. Mice orally vaccinated with Edwardsiella tarda ghosts are significantly protected against infection. Vaccine 2009; 27:1571-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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