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Rello J, Krenn CG, Locker G, Pilger E, Madl C, Balica L, Dugernier T, Laterre PF, Spapen H, Depuydt P, Vincent JL, Bogár L, Szabó Z, Völgyes B, Máñez R, Cakar N, Ramazanoglu A, Topeli A, Mastruzzo MA, Jasovich A, Remolif CG, Del Carmen Soria L, Andresen Hernandez MA, Ruiz Balart C, Krémer I, Molnár Z, von Sonnenburg F, Lyons A, Joannidis M, Burgmann H, Welte T, Klingler A, Hochreiter R, Westritschnig K. A randomized placebo-controlled phase II study of a Pseudomonas vaccine in ventilated ICU patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2017; 21:22. [PMID: 28159015 PMCID: PMC5291979 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Currently, no vaccine against Pseudomonas is available. IC43 is a new, recombinant, protein (OprF/I)-based vaccine against the opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major cause of serious hospital-acquired infections. IC43 has proven immunogenicity and tolerability in healthy volunteers, patients with burns, and patients with chronic lung diseases. In order to assess the immunogenicity and safety of IC43 in patients who are most at risk of acquiring Pseudomonas infections, it was evaluated in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Methods We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, partially blinded study in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. The immunogenicity of IC43 at day 14 was determined as the primary endpoint, and safety, efficacy against P. aeruginosa infections, and all-cause mortality were evaluated as secondary endpoints. Vaccinations (100 μg or 200 μg IC43 with adjuvant, or 100 μg IC43 without adjuvant, or placebo) were given twice in a 7-day interval and patients were followed up for 90 days. Results Higher OprF/I IgG antibody titers were seen at day 14 for all IC43 groups versus placebo (P < 0.0001). Seroconversion (≥4-fold increase in OprF/I IgG titer from days 0 to 14) was highest with 100 μg IC43 without adjuvant (80.6%). There were no significant differences in P. aeruginosa infection rates, with a low rate of invasive infections (pneumonia or bacteremia) in the IC43 groups (11.2-14.0%). Serious adverse events (SAEs) considered possibly related to therapy were reported by 2 patients (1.9%) in the group of 100 µg IC43 with adjuvant. Both SAEs resolved and no deaths were related to study treatment. Local tolerability symptoms were mild and rare (<5% of patients), a low rate of treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events (3.1–10.6%) was observed in the IC43 groups. Conclusion This phase II study has shown that IC43 vaccination of ventilated ICU patients produced a significant immunogenic effect. P. aeruginosa infection rates did not differ significantly between groups. In the absence of any difference in immune response following administration of 100 μg IC43 without adjuvant compared with 200 μg IC43 with adjuvant, the 100 μg dose without adjuvant was considered for further testing of its possible benefit of improved outcomes. There were no safety or mortality concerns. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00876252. Registered on 3 April 2009. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1601-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rello
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, C. Dr. Mallafrè Guasch 4, 43007, Tarragona, Spain. .,CIBERES, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Claus-Georg Krenn
- Medical University of Vienna, Intensive Care 13C1, Währinger Gürtel 18 - 20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Locker
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Intensive Care 13I2, Währinger Gürtel 18 - 20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Pilger
- Intensive Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Madl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Intensive Care 13H1, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18 - 20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Balica
- Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, Toxicology - ICU, 8 Floreasca Street, 01446, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Thierry Dugernier
- Clinique St. Pierre, Intensive Care Department, Avenue Reine Fabiola 9, 1340, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Francois Laterre
- Department of CCM, St. Luc University Hospital UCL, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herbert Spapen
- University Hospital Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Louis Vincent
- Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lajos Bogár
- University of Pécs Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Department, Ifjúság ut 13, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Barbara Völgyes
- Bajcsy Zsilinszky Hospital and Polyclinic, Intensive Care Unit, Maglodi út 89-91, 1106, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rafael Máñez
- Department for Critical Care Medicine, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nahit Cakar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul University Capa Medical Faculty, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atilla Ramazanoglu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dumlupinar Bulvari Kampus Antalya, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine Hospital, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Arzu Topeli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Hacettepe University Hospital, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria A Mastruzzo
- Hospital Dr. Carlos Bocalandro, Ruta 8 No. 9100, B1657BHD Loma Hermosa, Partido 3 de Febrero, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Abel Jasovich
- Sanatorio Güemes, Av. Roque Sanchez Pena 811 5°C, C1035AAP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian G Remolif
- Hospital "Heroes de Malvinas", Av. Ricardo Balbín 1910, B1721FJN Merlo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Max A Andresen Hernandez
- Hospital Clinico, Facultad de Medicina Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Ruiz Balart
- Hospital Dr. Sótero del Rio, Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo, Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Concha y Toro, 3459, Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ildikó Krémer
- Flor Ferenc County Hospital, Semmelweis tér 1, 2143, Kistarcsa, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Molnár
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Frank von Sonnenburg
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Georgenstr. 5, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Lyons
- Clinical Research Department, Division of Virus Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Michael Joannidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heinz Burgmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18 - 20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anton Klingler
- Assign Data Management and Biostatistics GmbH, Stadlweg 23, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana Hochreiter
- Valneva Austria GmbH, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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Fito-Boncompte L, Chapalain A, Bouffartigues E, Chaker H, Lesouhaitier O, Gicquel G, Bazire A, Madi A, Connil N, Véron W, Taupin L, Toussaint B, Cornelis P, Wei Q, Shioya K, Déziel E, Feuilloley MGJ, Orange N, Dufour A, Chevalier S. Full virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires OprF. Infect Immun 2011; 79:1176-86. [PMID: 21189321 PMCID: PMC3067511 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00850-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OprF is a general outer membrane porin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a well-known human opportunistic pathogen associated with severe hospital-acquired sepsis and chronic lung infections of cystic fibrosis patients. A multiphenotypic approach, based on the comparative study of a wild-type strain of P. aeruginosa, its isogenic oprF mutant, and an oprF-complemented strain, showed that OprF is required for P. aeruginosa virulence. The absence of OprF results in impaired adhesion to animal cells, secretion of ExoT and ExoS toxins through the type III secretion system (T3SS), and production of the quorum-sensing-dependent virulence factors pyocyanin, elastase, lectin PA-1L, and exotoxin A. Accordingly, in the oprF mutant, production of the signal molecules N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone and N-butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone was found to be reduced and delayed, respectively. Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) production was decreased, while its precursor, 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline (HHQ), accumulated in the cells. Taken together, these results show the involvement of OprF in P. aeruginosa virulence, at least partly through modulation of the quorum-sensing network. This is the first study showing a link between OprF, PQS synthesis, T3SS, and virulence factor production, providing novel insights into virulence expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Fito-Boncompte
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Annelise Chapalain
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Emeline Bouffartigues
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Hichem Chaker
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Gwendoline Gicquel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexis Bazire
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Amar Madi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Wilfried Véron
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Taupin
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Bertrand Toussaint
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Cornelis
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Qing Wei
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Koki Shioya
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Déziel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole Orange
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Dufour
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid, Signaux et Micro-Environnement, EA 4312, Normandie Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA 3884, Université de Bretagne Sud, UEB, Lorient, France, Laboratory of Microbial Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada, TIMC-IMAG, TheREx, Thérapeutiques Recombinantes Expérimentales, UMR5525 CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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