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Davies MN, Pere H, Bosschem I, Haesebrouck F, Flahou B, Tartour E, Flower DR, Tough DF, Bayry J. In Silico Adjuvant Design and Validation. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1494:107-125. [PMID: 27718189 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are substances that boost the protective immune response to vaccine antigens. The majority of known adjuvants have been identified through the use of empirical approaches. Our aim was to identify novel adjuvants with well-defined cellular and molecular mechanisms by combining a knowledge of immunoregulatory mechanisms with an in silico approach. CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit the protective immune responses to vaccines by suppressing the activation of antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). In this chapter, we describe the identification and functional validation of small molecule antagonists to CCR4, a chemokine receptor expressed on Tregs. The CCR4 binds the chemokines CCL22 and CCL17 that are produced in large amounts by activated innate cells including DCs. In silico identified small molecule CCR4 antagonists inhibited the migration of Tregs both in vitro and in vivo and when combined with vaccine antigens, significantly enhanced protective immune responses in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Davies
- Translational Oncogenomics Laboratory, Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Helene Pere
- INSERM U970 PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France
- Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, AP-HP, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Iris Bosschem
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970 PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France
- Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, AP-HP, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Darren R Flower
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Aston, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - David F Tough
- Epinova Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Discovery Centre, SG1 2NY, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1138, Paris, 75006, France.
- Equipe-Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médicine, Paris, 75006, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universités Paris 06, UMR S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR S 1138, Paris, 75006, France.
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Shin JI, Eisenhut M. A beneficial effect of rituximab on autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: just a B-cell depletion? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:600. [PMID: 24365135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Department of Pediatrics, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom.
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Bayry J. Regulatory T cells as adjuvant target for enhancing the viral disease vaccine efficacy. Virusdisease 2013; 25:18-25. [PMID: 24426307 PMCID: PMC3889236 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for immune homeostasis and tolerance. However, because of their capacity to suppress antigen presenting cells (APC), T and B cells, Tregs could also inhibit protective immune responses to viruses and vaccines. Several viruses have been shown to exploit Tregs to evade immune response. By modulating APC and in particular by weakening the functions of dendritic cells such as their ability to secrete polarizing cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory molecules, viruses could support differentiation and expansion of Tregs. Of note, as a proof of concept, depletion of Tregs significantly enhanced the protective immune response to viruses and vaccines suggesting that Tregs are viable targets to enhance immunogenicity of vaccines. As Treg depletion or inhibition of their functions could lead to deleterious autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, any Treg-based approach for vaccination should not aim at depletion of Tregs and inhibition of their functions should be transient. Recent studies have targeted the interaction between CCR4 expressed on Tregs and its ligands CCL22 and CCL17 to inhibit transiently the recruitment of Tregs at the site of immunization. Importantly, use of CCR4 antagonists as ‘molecular adjuvants’ in vivo in experimental models, amplified cellular and humoral immune responses when injected in combination with various vaccine antigens. The significant adjuvant activity observed in diverse models without noticeable side effects provided strong evidence that CCR4 is a sustainable target for rational adjuvant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Descartes, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Médicine, 75006 Paris, France
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Manzur S, Cohen S, Haimovich J, Hollander N. Enhanced therapeutic effect of B cell-depleting anti-CD20 antibodies upon combination with in-situ dendritic cell vaccination in advanced lymphoma. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:291-9. [PMID: 23121670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present standard of care for B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma includes the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. Although combination treatments with chemotherapy and rituximab improved the duration of remissions and overall survival in indolent B cell lymphoma, the disease is essentially incurable. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are needed. One such approach is active immunization. Given that rituximab depletes both malignant and normal B cells, it is expected to impair humoral immune responses in vaccinated patients. Hence, optimal vaccination strategies for rituximab-treated patients require induction of effector T cells, which can be achieved by dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. We have demonstrated in a mouse model that chemotherapy combined with DC vaccines was therapeutically effective. However, efficacy was related to tumour size at the onset of treatment, decreasing in correlation with increasing tumour burdens. We therefore examined whether, in spite of its low efficacy in advanced disease, DC vaccination may synergize with anti-CD20 antibodies to enhance therapy. Lymphoma-bearing mice were treated with cyclophosphamide, anti-CD20 antibodies and an intratumoral DC vaccine. Results clearly demonstrated the enhanced therapeutic effect of this combination treatment. Thus, under conditions of disseminated disease, when either anti-CD20 antibody treatment or vaccination showed insufficient efficacy, their combination resulted in synergism that mediated long-term survival. We demonstrated further that the combination of antibody and vaccine induced T cell-mediated anti-tumour immune responses with long-term memory. Combination treatments including tumour cell-loaded DC vaccines may therefore provide a strategy for enhancing therapy in rituximab-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manzur
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Stanek O, Linhartova I, Majlessi L, Leclerc C, Sebo P. Complexes of streptavidin-fused antigens with biotinylated antibodies targeting receptors on dendritic cell surface: a novel tool for induction of specific T-cell immune responses. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 51:221-32. [PMID: 22006508 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The choice of tools that enable efficient targeting of exogenous antigens (Ag) for processing and presentation by professional Ag-presenting cells (APC) remains limited. This represents, indeed, a bottleneck in development of vaccines inducing specific T-cell responses. Here, we describe a novel strategy of Ag delivery into APCs. The Ag of choice is fused to the N- or C-terminus of streptavidin (SA) and tetrameric Ag-SA or SA-Ag fusion proteins are produced in E. coli and purified by 2-Iminobiotin-Agarose affinity chromatography. Alternatively, Ag-SA proteins are purified from urea extracts of E. coli inclusion bodies and refolded in vitro into functional tetramers. Complexes with biotinylated antibodies targeting cell surface receptors are formed and used to deliver the Ags of choice for processing and presentation by APCs and induction of Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stanek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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Immune response in melanoma: an in-depth analysis of the primary tumor and corresponding sentinel lymph node. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1000-10. [PMID: 22425909 PMCID: PMC3882943 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sentinel lymph node is the initial site of metastasis. Downregulation of antitumor immunity has a role in nodal progression. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between immune modulation and sentinel lymph node positivity, correlating it with outcome in melanoma patients. Lymph node/primary tissues from melanoma patients prospectively accrued and followed at New York University Medical Center were evaluated for the presence of regulatory T cells (Foxp3(+)) and dendritic cells (conventional: CD11c(+), mature: CD86(+)) using immunohistochemistry. Primary melanoma immune cell profiles from sentinel lymph node-positive/-negative patients were compared. Logistic regression models inclusive of standard-of-care/immunological primary tumor characteristics were constructed to predict the risk of sentinel lymph node positivity. Immunological responses in the positive sentinel lymph node were also compared with those in the negative non-sentinel node from the same nodal basin and matched negative sentinel lymph node. Decreased immune response was defined as increased regulatory T cells or decreased dendritic cells. Associations between the expression of these immune modulators, clinicopathological variables, and clinical outcome were evaluated using univariate/multivariate analyses. Primary tumor conventional dendritic cells and regression were protective against sentinel lymph node metastasis (odds ratio=0.714, 0.067; P=0.0099, 0.0816, respectively). Antitumor immunity was downregulated in the positive sentinel lymph node with an increase in regulatory T cells compared with the negative non-sentinel node from the same nodal basin (P=0.0005) and matched negative sentinel lymph node (P=0.0002). The positive sentinel lymph node also had decreased numbers of conventional dendritic cells compared with the negative sentinel lymph node (P<0.0001). Adding sentinel lymph node regulatory T cell expression improved the discriminative power of a recurrence risk assessment model using clinical stage. Primary tumor regression was associated with prolonged disease-free (P=0.025) and melanoma-specific (P=0.014) survival. Our results support an assessment of local immune profiles in both the primary tumor and sentinel lymph node to help guide therapeutic decisions.
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Semple JW, Kim M, Hou J, McVey M, Lee YJ, Tabuchi A, Kuebler WM, Chai ZW, Lazarus AH. Intravenous immunoglobulin prevents murine antibody-mediated acute lung injury at the level of neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31357. [PMID: 22363629 PMCID: PMC3281967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a leading cause of transfusion-associated mortality that can occur with any type of transfusion and is thought to be primarily due to donor antibodies activating pulmonary neutrophils in recipients. Recently, a large prospective case controlled clinical study of cardiac surgery patients demonstrated that despite implementation of male donors, a high incidence of TRALI still occurred and suggested a need for additional interventions in susceptible patient populations. To examine if intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) may be effective, a murine model of antibody-mediated acute lung injury that approximates human TRALI was examined. When BALB/c mice were injected with the anti-major histocompatibility complex class I antibody 34-1-2s, mild shock (reduced rectal temperature) and respiratory distress (dyspnea) were observed and pre-treatment of the mice with 2 g/kg IVIg completely prevented these symptoms. To determine IVIg's usefulness to affect severe lung damage, SCID mice, previously shown to be hypersensitive to 34-1-2s were used. SCID mice treated with 34-1-2s underwent severe shock, lung damage (increased wet/dry ratios) and 40% mortality within 2 hours. Treatment with 2 g/kg IVIg 18 hours before 34-1-2s administration completely protected the mice from all adverse events. Treatment with IVIg after symptoms began also reduced lung damage and mortality. While the prophylactic IVIg administration did not affect 34-1-2s-induced pulmonary neutrophil accumulation, bone marrow-derived neutrophils from the IVIg-treated mice displayed no spontaneous ROS production nor could they be stimulated in vitro with fMLP or 34-1-2s. These results suggest that IVIg prevents murine antibody-mediated acute lung injury at the level of neutrophil ROS production and thus, alleviating tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Semple
- The Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Kim
- The Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jing Hou
- The Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark McVey
- The Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Young Jin Lee
- The Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arata Tabuchi
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhong-Wei Chai
- The Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan H. Lazarus
- The Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Repessé Y, Dasgupta S, Navarrete AM, Delignat S, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S. Mannose-sensitive receptors mediate the uptake of factor VIII therapeutics by human dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1172-3; author reply 1174-5. [PMID: 22336079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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