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Nakagawa N, Hashii Y, Kayama H, Okumura R, Nakajima H, Minagawa H, Morimoto S, Fujiki F, Nakata J, Shirakawa T, Katayama T, Takeda K, Tsuboi A, Ozono K. An oral WT1 protein vaccine composed of WT1-anchored, genetically engineered Bifidobacterium longum allows for intestinal immunity in mice with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:39-53. [PMID: 35699757 PMCID: PMC9813063 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) is a promising tumor-associated antigen for cancer immunotherapy. We developed an oral protein vaccine platform composed of WT1-anchored, genetically engineered Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) and conducted an in vivo study in mice to examine its anticancer activity. Mice were orally treated with phosphate-buffered saline, wild-type B. longum105-A, B. longum 2012 displaying only galacto-N-biose/lacto-N-biose I-binding protein (GLBP), and WT1 protein- and GLBP-expressing B. longum 420. Tumor size reduced significantly in the B. longum 420 group than in the B. longum 105-A and 2012 groups (P < 0.00 l each), indicating B. longum 420's antitumor activity via WT1-specific immune responses. CD8+ T cells played a major role in the antitumor activity of B. longum 420. The proportion of CD103+CD11b+CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) increased in the Peyer's patches (PPs) from mice in the B. longum 420 group, indicating the definite activation of DCs. In the PPs, the number and proportion of CD8+ T cells capable of producing interferon-gamma were significantly greater in the B. longum 420 group than in the B. longum 2012 group (P < 0.05 or < 0.01). The production of WT1-specific IgG antibody was significantly higher in the B. longum 420 group than in the 2012 group (P < 0.05). The B. longum 420 group showed the most intense intratumoral infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells primed by activated DCs in the PPs of mice in the B. longum 420 group. Our findings provide insights into a novel, intestinal bacterium-based, cancer immunotherapy through intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashii
- Department Pediatrics, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan ,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan ,Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Ryu Okumura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan ,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Hikaru Minagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Soyoko Morimoto
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Jun Nakata
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan ,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuboi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
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2
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Acute myeloid leukemia cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for cancer vaccination immunotherapy. Leukemia 2022; 36:994-1005. [PMID: 34845316 PMCID: PMC8979812 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are promising treatments to prevent relapse after chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, particularly for those who cannot tolerate intensive consolidation therapies. Here, we report the development of an AML cell membrane-coated nanoparticle (AMCNP) vaccine platform, in which immune-stimulatory adjuvant-loaded nanoparticles are coated with leukemic cell membrane material. This AMCNP vaccination strategy stimulates leukemia-specific immune responses by co-delivering membrane-associated antigens along with adjuvants to antigen-presenting cells. To demonstrate that this AMCNP vaccine enhances leukemia-specific antigen presentation and T cell responses, we modified a murine AML cell line to express membrane-bound chicken ovalbumin as a model antigen. AMCNPs were efficiently acquired by antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo and stimulated antigen cross-presentation. Vaccination with AMCNPs significantly enhanced antigen-specific T cell expansion and effector function compared with control vaccines. Prophylactic vaccination with AMCNPs enhanced cellular immunity and protected against AML challenge. Moreover, in an AML post-remission vaccination model, AMCNP vaccination significantly enhanced survival in comparison to vaccination with whole leukemia cell lysates. Collectively, AMCNPs retained AML-specific antigens, elicited enhanced antigen-specific immune responses, and provided therapeutic benefit against AML challenge.
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Nakajima H, Nakata J, Imafuku K, Hayashibara H, Isokawa K, Udaka K, Fujiki F, Morimoto S, Hasegawa K, Hosen N, Hashii Y, Nishida S, Tsuboi A, Oka Y, Oji Y, Sogo S, Sugiyama H. Identification of mouse helper epitopes for WT1-specific CD4 + T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3323-3335. [PMID: 34272593 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) play a central role in cancer immunity because they can not only help the induction and proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) but also their differentiation into cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and directly kill the target cells.This study describes the identification of three novel mouse Th epitope peptides, WT135-52, WT186-102 and WT1294-312, derived from WT1 protein, which is the most potent tumor-associated antigen. Compared to immunization with WT1 CTL peptide alone, immunization with the addition of these WT1-specific Th peptides strongly induced WT1-specific CTLs, continued to maintain them, and efficiently rejected the challenge of WT1-expressing tumor cells. Importantly, the majority of WT1-specific CTLs induced by the co-immunization with WT1 CTL and the WT1-specific Th peptides were CD44+CD62L- effector memory CD8+ T cells, which played a central role in tumor rejection. Establishment of mouse models suitable for the analysis of the detailed mechanism of these functions of HTLs is very important. These results clearly showed that WT1-specific HTLs perform an essential function in WT1-specific tumor immunity. Therefore, the WT1-specific Th peptides identified here should make a major contribution to elucidation of the mutual roles of WT1-specific CTLs and HTLs in cancer immunity in in vivo mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Jun Nakata
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Imafuku
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromu Hayashibara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Isokawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Udaka
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soyoko Morimoto
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashii
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sumiyuki Nishida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuboi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Oka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI, Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Sogo
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Research Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Kitagawa K, Gonoi R, Tatsumi M, Kadowaki M, Katayama T, Hashii Y, Fujisawa M, Shirakawa T. Preclinical Development of a WT1 Oral Cancer Vaccine Using a Bacterial Vector to Treat Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:980-990. [PMID: 30824610 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we constructed a recombinant Bifidobacterium longum displaying a partial mouse Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein (B. longum 420) as an oral cancer vaccine using a bacterial vector and demonstrated that oral administration of B. longum 420 significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with the Db126 WT1 peptide vaccine in the TRAMP-C2, mouse castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) syngeneic tumor model. The present study demonstrated that oral administration of 1.0×109 colony-forming units of B. longum 420 induced significantly higher cytotoxicity against TRAMP-C2 cells than intraperitoneal injection of 100 μg of Db126, and the in vivo antitumor activity of B. longum 420 in the TRAMP-C2 tumor model could be augmented by intraperitoneal injections of 250 μg of anti-PD-1 antibody. For the clinical development, we produced the B440 pharmaceutical formulation, which is lyophilized powder of inactivated B. longum 440 displaying the partially modified human WT1 protein. We confirmed that B. longum 440 could induce cellular immunity specific to multiple WT1 epitopes. In a preclinical dosage study, B440 significantly inhibited growth of the TRAMP-C2 tumors compared with that of the control groups (PBS and B. longum not expressing WT1) at all dosages (1, 5, and 10 mg/body of B440). These mouse doses were considered to correspond with practical oral administration doses of 0.2, 1, and 2 g/body for humans. Taken together, these results suggest that the B440 WT1 oral cancer vaccine can be developed as a novel oral immuno-oncology drug to treat CRPC as a monotherapy or as an adjunct to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kitagawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Medicine Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Reina Gonoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Maho Tatsumi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahide Kadowaki
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashii
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan. .,Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Medicine Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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5
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Nakata J, Nakajima H, Hayashibara H, Imafuku K, Morimoto S, Fujiki F, Motooka D, Okuzaki D, Hasegawa K, Hosen N, Tsuboi A, Oka Y, Kumanogoh A, Oji Y, Sugiyama H. Extremely strong infiltration of WT1-specific CTLs into mouse tumor by the combination vaccine with WT1-specific CTL and helper peptides. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36029-36038. [PMID: 30542516 PMCID: PMC6267595 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunotherapy by cancer antigen-derived peptide vaccine, vaccination of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) peptide alone is common, while it remains unclear whether the addition of helper peptide vaccine to the CTL peptide vaccine is of great advantage for the enhancement of tumor immunity. In the present study, combination vaccine of Wilms’ tumor gene 1(WT1) protein-derived CTL and helper peptides induced the strong infiltration of WT1-specific CD8+ T cells into mouse tumor at frequencies of 8.8%, resulting in the formation of multiple microscopic necrotic lesions in the tumor, whereas the frequencies of WT1-specific CD8+ T cell infiltration into the tumor in the vaccination of the CTL peptide alone were only 0.32%. The majority of the infiltrated WT1-specific CD8+ T cells was effector phenotype T cells, but importantly, WT1-specific CD8+CD44+CD62L+CD103+ resident memory T cells, which could differentiate into a lot of effector phenotype T cells, existed in the tumor of mice vaccinated with the both WT1 peptides. Furthermore, T-cell receptor repertoire analysis showed the oligoclonality of these tumor infiltrating WT1 tetramer+ CD8+ T cells, and 3 clones occupied about half of them. These results indicated that WT1-specific CD4+ T cells played an essential role not only in the priming and activation of WT1-specific CD8+ T cells, but also in trafficking and infiltration of the CD8+ T cells into tumors. These results should provide us with the concept that in the clinical setting, combination vaccine of WT1-specific CTL and helper peptides would be more advantageous than the CTL peptide vaccine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakata
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromu Hayashibara
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kanako Imafuku
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soyoko Morimoto
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuboi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Oka
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WP1 Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WP1 Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oji
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Akazawa T, Ohashi T, Wijewardana V, Sugiura K, Inoue N. Development of a vaccine based on bacteria-mimicking tumor cells coated with novel engineered toll-like receptor 2 ligands. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1319-1329. [PMID: 29575556 PMCID: PMC5980365 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For a successful tumor vaccine, it is necessary to develop effective immuno-adjuvants and identify specific tumor antigens. Tumor cells obtained from surgical or biopsy tissues are a good source of tumor antigens but, unlike bacteria, they do not induce strong immune responses. Here, we designed 2 novel lipopeptides that coat tumor cell surfaces and mimic bacterial components. Tumor cells coated with these lipopeptides (called bacteria-mimicking tumor cells [BMTC]) were prepared and their efficacy as a tumor vaccine examined. Natural bacterial lipopeptides act as ligands for toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and activate dendritic cells (DC). To increase the affinity of the developed lipopeptides for the negatively charged plasma membrane, a cationic polypeptide was connected to Pam2Cys (P2C), which is the basic structure of the TLR2 ligand. This increased the non-specific binding affinity of the peptides for the cell surface. Two such lipopeptides, P2CSK11 (containing 1 serine and 11 lysine residues) and P2CSR11 (containing 1 serine and 11 arginine residues) bound to irradiated tumor cells via the long cationic polypeptides more efficiently than the natural lipopeptide MALP2 (P2C-GNNDESNISFKEK) or a synthetic lipopeptide P2CSK4 (a short cationic polypeptide containing 1 serine and 4 lysines). BMTC coated with P2CSR11 or P2CSK11 were efficiently phagocytosed by DC and induced antigen cross-presentation in vitro. They also induced effective tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell responses and inhibited tumor growth in in vivo mouse models. P2CSR11 activated DC but induced less inflammation-inducing cytokines/interferons than other lipopeptides. Thus, P2CSR11 is a strong candidate antigen-specific immuno-adjuvant, with few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Ohashi
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Shirakawa T, Kitagawa K. Antitumor effect of oral cancer vaccine with Bifidobacterium delivering WT1 protein to gut immune system is superior to WT1 peptide vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:159-162. [PMID: 29048978 PMCID: PMC5791589 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1382787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the revolutionary progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) for cancer immunotherapy, CPIs are effective only in a subset of patients. Combining CPIs and cancer vaccines to achieve better clinical outcomes is a reasonable approach since CPI enhances cancer vaccine-induced tumor-associated antigen (TAA) specific CTL. Among the various TAAs so far identified, WT1 protein is one of the most promising TAAs as a cancer vaccine target. Until now clinical trials of WT1 vaccine have demonstrated only modest clinical efficacy. These WT1 vaccines were based on peptides or dendritic cells (DCs), and there was no oral cancer vaccine. Recently, we developed a WT1 oral cancer vaccine using a recombinant Bifidobacterium displaying WT1 protein, which can efficiently deliver WT1 protein to the gut immune system, and we demonstrated that this oral cancer vaccine had a significant anti-tumor effect in a C1498-WT1 murine leukemia syngeneic tumor model. The WT1 protein displayed in this vaccine consists of about 70% of the WT1 amino acid sequence including multiple known CD4 and CD8 T-cell epitopes of WT1. In this commentary, we introduce our recent data indicating the superior anti-tumor effect of a WT1 oral cancer vaccine delivering WT1 protein to the gut immune system compared to a peptide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Medicine Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitagawa
- Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Medicine Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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8
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Kitagawa K, Oda T, Saito H, Araki A, Gonoi R, Shigemura K, Hashii Y, Katayama T, Fujisawa M, Shirakawa T. Development of oral cancer vaccine using recombinant Bifidobacterium displaying Wilms' tumor 1 protein. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:787-798. [PMID: 28299466 PMCID: PMC11028424 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several types of vaccine-delivering tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been developed in basic and clinical research. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1), identified as a gene responsible for pediatric renal neoplasm, is one of the most promising TAA for cancer immunotherapy. Peptide and dendritic cell-based WT1 cancer vaccines showed some therapeutic efficacy in clinical and pre-clinical studies but as yet no oral WT1 vaccine can be administrated in a simple and easy way. In the present study, we constructed a novel oral cancer vaccine using a recombinant Bifidobacterium longum displaying WT1 protein. B. longum 420 was orally administered into mice inoculated with WT1-expressing tumor cells for 4 weeks to examine anti-tumor effects. To analyze the WT1-specific cellular immune responses to oral B. longum 420, mice splenocytes were isolated and cytokine production and cytotoxic activities were determined. Oral administrations of B. longum 420 significantly inhibited WT1-expressing tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice. Immunohistochemical study and immunological assays revealed that B. longum 420 substantially induced tumor infiltration of CD4+T and CD8+T cells, systemic WT1-specific cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity mediated by WT1-epitope specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, with no apparent adverse effects. Our novel oral cancer vaccine safely induced WT1-specific cellular immunity via activation of the gut mucosal immune system and achieved therapeutic efficacy with several practical advantages over existing non-oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kitagawa
- Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tsugumi Oda
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ayame Araki
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Reina Gonoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shigemura
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashii
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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9
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Takeda Y, Azuma M, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Tumoricidal efficacy coincides with CD11c up-regulation in antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells during vaccine immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:143. [PMID: 27619885 PMCID: PMC5020536 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) mount tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and the double-stranded RNA adjuvant Poly(I:C) stimulates Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signal in DC, which in turn induces type I interferon (IFN) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), then cross-primes cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Proliferation of CTLs correlates with tumor regression. How these potent cells expand with high quality is crucial to the outcome of CTL therapy. However, good markers reflecting the efficacy of DC-target immunotherapy have not been addressed. Methods Using an EG7 (ovalbumin, OVA-positive) tumor-implant mouse model, we examined what is a good marker for active CTL induction in treatment with Poly(I:C)/OVA. Results Simultaneous administration of Poly(I:C) and antigen (Ag) OVA significantly increased a minor population of CD8+ T cells, that express CD11c in lymphoid and tumor sites. The numbers of the CD11c+ CD8+ T cells correlated with those of induced Ag-specific CD8+ T cells and tumor regression. The CD11c+ CD8+ T cell moiety was characterized by its high killing activity and IFN-γ-producing ability, which represent an active phenotype of the effector CTLs. Not only a TLR3-specific (TICAM-1-dependent) signal but also TLR2 (MyD88) signal in DC triggered the expansion of CD11c+ CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing mice. Notably, human CD11c+ CD8+ T cells also proliferated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) Ag. Conclusions CD11c expression in CD8+ T cells reflects anti-tumor CTL activity and would be a marker for immunotherapeutic efficacy in mouse models and probably cancer patients as well. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0416-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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Azuma M, Takeda Y, Nakajima H, Sugiyama H, Ebihara T, Oshiumi H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Biphasic function of TLR3 adjuvant on tumor and spleen dendritic cells promotes tumor T cell infiltration and regression in a vaccine therapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1188244. [PMID: 27622060 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1188244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful cancer immunotherapy necessitates T cell proliferation and infiltration into tumor without exhaustion, a process closely links optimal maturation of dendritic cells (DC), and adjuvant promotes this process as an essential prerequisite. Poly(I:C) has contributed to adjuvant immunotherapy that evokes an antitumor response through the Toll-loke receptor 3 (TLR3)/TICAM-1 pathway in DC. However, the mechanism whereby Poly(I:C) acts on DC for T cell proliferation and migration remains undetermined. Subcutaneous injection of Poly(I:C) regressed implant tumors (WT1-C1498 or OVA-EG7) in C57BL/6 mice, which coincided with tumor-infiltration of CD8(+) T cells. Epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were increased in spleen by challenge with Poly(I:C)+Db126 WT-1 peptide but not Poly(I:C) alone, suggesting the need of an exogenous Ag density for cross-priming. In tumor, CXCR3 ligands were upregulated by Poly(I:C), which facilitated recruitment of CTL to the tumor. Thus, Poly(I:C) acts on splenic CD8α(+) DC to cross-prime T cells and on intratumor cells to attract CTLs. Besides CD8(+) T cell cross-priming, T cell recruitment into tumor was significantly dampened in Batf3 (-/-) mice, reflecting the importance of tumor Batf3-dependent DC rather than macrophages in T cell recruitment. Poly(I:C)-induced XCR1(hi) CD8α(+) DC with high TLR3 levels were markedly decreased in Batf3 (-/-) mice, which hampered the production of IL-12 and IL-12-mediated CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Subcutaneous administration of Poly(I:C) and adoptive transfer of wild-type CD8α(+) DC largely recovered antitumor response in those Batf3 (-/-) mice. Collectively, Poly(I:C) tunes up proper maturation of CD8α(+) DC to establish TLR3-mediated IL-12 function and cross-presentation in spleen and lymphocyte-attractive antitumor microenvironment in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Coelho-Dos-Reis JG, Huang J, Tsao T, Pereira FV, Funakoshi R, Nakajima H, Sugiyama H, Tsuji M. Co-administration of α-GalCer analog and TLR4 agonist induces robust CD8(+) T-cell responses to PyCS protein and WT-1 antigen and activates memory-like effector NKT cells. Clin Immunol 2016; 168:6-15. [PMID: 27132023 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the combined adjuvant effect of 7DW8-5, a potent α-GalCer-analog, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), a TLR4 agonist, on the induction of vaccine-induced CD8(+) T-cell responses and protective immunity was evaluated. Mice were immunized with peptides corresponding to the CD8(+) T-cell epitopes of a malaria antigen, a circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium yoelii, and a tumor antigen, a Wilms Tumor antigen-1 (WT-1), together with 7DW8-5 and MPLA, as an adjuvant. These immunization regimens were able to induce higher levels of CD8(+) T-cell responses and, ultimately, enhanced levels of protection against malaria and tumor challenges compared to the levels induced by immunization with peptides mixed with 7DW8-5 or MPLA alone. Co-administration of 7DW8-5 and MPLA induces activation of memory-like effector natural killer T (NKT) cells, i.e. CD44(+)CD62L(-)NKT cells. Our study indicates that 7DW8-5 greatly enhances important synergistic pathways associated to memory immune responses when co-administered with MPLA, thus rendering this combination of adjuvants a novel vaccine adjuvant formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana G Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais 30192, Brazil.
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tiffany Tsao
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Felipe V Pereira
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021, Brazil
| | - Ryota Funakoshi
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Nakajima H, Murakami Y, Morii E, Akao T, Tatsumi N, Odajima S, Fukuda M, Machitani T, Iwai M, Kawata S, Hojo N, Oka Y, Sugiyama H, Oji Y. Induction of eEF2-specific antitumor CTL responses in vivo by vaccination with eEF2-derived 9mer-peptides. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:1959-66. [PMID: 26820500 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is an essential factor for protein synthesis. Previous studies have shown that the eEF2 gene was overexpressed and plays an oncogenic role in various types of cancers and that eEF2 gene product elicited both humoral immune responses to produce eEF2-specific IgG autoantibody in cancer-bearing individuals and cellular immune responses to induce eEF2 peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to induce eEF2-specific, antitumor CTL responses in vivo by vaccination with MHC class I-binding eEF2-derived peptide. First, two mouse MHC class I-restricted eEF2‑derived, 9-mer peptides, EF17 (17-25 aa, ANIRNMSVI) and EF180 (180-188 aa, RIVENVNVI) were identified as eEF2-specific CTL peptides, and mice were vaccinated intradermally eight times with either EF17 or EF180 peptide emulsified with Montanide ISA51 adjuvant. Cytotoxicity assay showed that eEF2-specific CTLs were induced in both EF17‑and EF180‑vaccinated mice, and histological study showed no detectable damage in the organs of these mice. Next, to examine in vivo antitumor effects of eEF2 peptide vaccination in a therapeutic model, mice were vaccinated four times with one each of the two eEF2 peptides at weekly intervals after implantation of eEF2-expressing leukemia cells. The vaccination with eEF2 peptides induced eEF2-specific CTLs and suppressed tumor growth, and disease-free survival was significantly longer in EF180-vaccinated mice compared to control mice. The survival was associated with the robustness of eEF2-specific CTL induction. These results indicate that vaccination with MHC class I-binding eEF2 peptide induced eEF2-targeting, antitumor CTL responses in vivo without damage to normal organs, which provided us a rationale for eEF2 peptide-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yui Murakami
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Akao
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Tatsumi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoko Odajima
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Fukuda
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Machitani
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Iwai
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayo Kawata
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hojo
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Oka
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oji
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Interferon-β Modulates the Innate Immune Response against Glioblastoma Initiating Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139603. [PMID: 26441059 PMCID: PMC4595134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting glioblastoma initiating cells (GIC) is considered a promising strategy. However, GIC are prone to evade immune response and there is a need for potent adjuvants. IFN-β might enhance the immune response and here we define its net effect on the innate immunogenicity of GIC. The transcriptomes of GIC treated with IFN-β and controls were assessed by microarray-based expression profiling for altered expression of immune regulatory genes. Several genes involved in adaptive and innate immune responses were regulated by IFN-β. We validated these results using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and flow cytometry for corresponding protein levels. The up-regulation of the NK cell inhibitory molecules HLA-E and MHC class I was balanced by immune stimulating effects including the up-regulation of nectin-2. In 3 out of 5 GIC lines tested we found a net immune stimulating effect of IFN-β in cytotoxicity assays using NKL cells as effectors. IFN-β therefore warrants further investigation as an adjuvant for immunotherapy targeting GIC.
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14
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Akazawa T, Ohashi T, Nakajima H, Nishizawa Y, Kodama K, Sugiura K, Inaba T, Inoue N. Development of a dendritic cell-targeting lipopeptide as an immunoadjuvant that inhibits tumor growth without inducing local inflammation. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2847-56. [PMID: 24789268 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Materials used for the past 30 years as immunoadjuvants induce suboptimal antitumor immune responses and often cause undesirable local inflammation. Some bacterial lipopeptides that act as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands activate immune cells as immunoadjuvants and induce antitumor effects. Here, we developed a new dendritic cell (DC)-targeting lipopeptide, h11c (P2C-ATPEDNGRSFS), which uses the CD11c-binding sequence of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 to selectively and efficiently activate DCs but not other immune cells. Although the h11c lipopeptide activated DCs similarly to an artificial lipopeptide, P2C-SKKKK (P2CSK4), via TLR2 in vitro, h11c induced more effective tumor inhibition than P2CSK4 at low doses in vivo with tumor antigens. Even without tumor antigens, h11c lipopeptide significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. P2CSK4 was retained subcutaneously at the vaccination site and induced severe local inflammation in in vivo experiments. In contrast, h11c was not retained at the vaccination site and was transported into the tumor within 24 hr. The recruitment of DCs into the tumor was induced by h11c more effectively, while P2CSK4 induced the accumulation of neutrophils leading to severe inflammation at the vaccination site. Because CD11b+ cells, but not CD11c+ cells, produced neutrophil chemotactic factors such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in response to stimulation with TLR2 ligands, the DC-targeting lipopeptide h11c induced less MIP-2 production by splenocytes than P2CSK4. In this study, we succeeded in developing a novel immunoadjuvant, h11c, which effectively induces antitumor activity without adverse effects such as local inflammation via the selective activation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Arens R, van Hall T, van der Burg SH, Ossendorp F, Melief CJM. Prospects of combinatorial synthetic peptide vaccine-based immunotherapy against cancer. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:182-90. [PMID: 23706598 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The insight that the immune system is involved in tumor resistance is gaining momentum and this has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies aiming at enhancement of immune-mediated tumor destruction. Although some of these strategies have moderate clinical benefit, most stand-alone therapies fail to significantly affect progressive disease and survival or do so only in a minority of patients. Research on the mechanisms underlying the generation of immune responses against tumors and the immune evasion by tumors has emphasized that various mechanisms simultaneously prevent effective immunity against cancer including inefficient presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells and induction of negative immune regulation by regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Thus the design of therapies that simultaneously improve effective tumor immunity and counteract immune evasion by tumors seems most desirable for clinical efficacy. As it is unlikely that a single immunotherapeutic strategy addresses all necessary requirements, combinatorial strategies that act synergistically need to be developed. Here we discuss the current knowledge and prospects of treatment with synthetic peptide vaccines that stimulate tumor-specific T-cell responses combined with adjuvants, immune modulating antibodies, cytokines and chemotherapy. We conclude that combinatorial approaches have the best potency to accomplish the most significant tumor destruction but further research is required to optimize such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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