1
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Zhou M, Qu W, Sun Y, Liang L, Jin Z, Cui S, Zhao K. Water-soluble N-2-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan enhanced the immunogenicity of inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine vaccination on sows against porcine parvovirus infection. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:26-32. [PMID: 32333964 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of the most common and important virus causes of infectious infertility in swine throughout the world. Inactivated PPV vaccine is broadly used, however, there is no appropriate immunomodulatory adjuvant for enhancing present vaccines and developing new ones. Therefore, in this study, the water-soluble N-2-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC) was synthesized, the adjuvant potential of chitosan derivative was evaluated in inactivated PPV vaccine. Twenty adult healthy sows were assigned to four groups and vaccinated with synthesized PPV/N-2-HACC, commercial inactivated vaccine, N-2-HACC adjuvant and PBS. After insemination, all sows were challenged with the homologous PPV-H strain. In vivo immunization showed that sows immunized with the PPV/N-2-HACC induced more long-lasting HI antibodies and strong immune responses. Importantly, immunization of PPV/N-2-HACC significantly protected sows from homologous PPV-H strain infection. However, immunization of PPV/N-2-HACC didn't change the level of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ and the production of CD4+, CD8 + T lymphocyte. The results indicated that PPV/N-2-HACC protect PPV infection mainly through enhancing the humoral immunity rather than cellular immunity. In addition, the mummified fetuses were observed from the control groups, but neither of the two vaccine groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that N-2-HACC can be exploited as an effective adjuvant for vaccine development, and the PPV/N-2-HACC are potent immunization candidates against PPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbinm, 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Wanying Qu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbinm, 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbinm, 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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2
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Huang Q, Qian H, Feng D, Wang Y, Luo N, Lu S, Shi Q, Zhang M, Lu Y, Tan L. Quality consistency evaluation of commercial transfer factor injections by chromatographic fingerprint combined with multivariate statistical analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2042-2052. [PMID: 32103558 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current quality control methods relying mainly on chromogenic reaction can hardly ensure the quality and safety of the biochemical drug with complex chemical composition. Therefore, a chromatographic fingerprint method was developed for the quality evaluation of a multicomponent biochemical drug, transfer factor injection. High-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint was measured by using a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-water and 0.085% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile under gradient elution. The developed method was validated and was subsequently applied to 57 batches of commercial products which were sampled by National Drug Assessment Program. High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis was performed on characteristic peaks of fingerprints, and a series of amino acids, nucleosides, and deoxynucleosides were identified. In the fingerprint assessments, principal component analysis and Hotelling T2 analysis yielded the best results. The results generally indicated that there was a significant difference among products of batch-to-batch or from different manufacturers. Abnormal samples and its discriminatory components were also explored. In summary, the established fingerprinting method with multivariate statistical analysis could offer an efficient, reliable, and practical approach for quality consistency evaluation of transfer factor injection, providing a reference for the quality control of other multicomponent biochemical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Qian
- Department of biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dong Feng
- Key laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Nan Luo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Suya Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qingshui Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yihong Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Li Tan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
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3
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Serena MS, Cappuccio JA, Metz GE, Aspitia CG, Dibárbora M, Calderón MG, Echeverría MG. Detection and molecular characterization of porcine parvovirus in fetal tissues from sows without reproductive failure in Argentina. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02874. [PMID: 31799463 PMCID: PMC6881615 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of many pathogens responsible for reproductive failure in pregnant sows. Several studies have reported the appearance of new PPV strains that differ from previous isolates both genetically and antigenically. Thus, the protective effects of commercially inactivated vaccines could not be complete. In South America, the information about PPV is limited. Thus, the aim of the present study was to detect and characterize the PPV strains present in 131 mummies or stillbirths from normal deliveries in sows from a commercial swine farm of Argentina that uses the commercial vaccine. PCR results showed that 17/131 were positive to PPV. Ten of these viruses were isolated and sequenced. All viruses were related to the PPV1 sequence (NADL-2), maintaining the amino acid differences in positions 436 (S–P) and 565 (R–K). This study is the first to report the isolation of PPV in Argentina and the results suggest that PPV can cross the placenta even in vaccinated sows, thus affecting some of the fetuses and being able to cause fetal death in sows without reproductive failure. The results also suggest that vaccination only reduces clinical signs and reproductive disorders and may thus not be a perfect tool to manage PPV infection. This study provides information that needs to be studied in depth to improve strategies to prevent and control PPV infection in swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Serena
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.,Investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina
| | - J A Cappuccio
- Investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina.,Grupo Sanidad Animal, EEA Marcos Juarez, INTA. Ruta 12 km 3 (2580) Marcos Juarez, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G E Metz
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.,Investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina
| | - C G Aspitia
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Dibárbora
- Grupo Sanidad Animal, EEA Marcos Juarez, INTA. Ruta 12 km 3 (2580) Marcos Juarez, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Gallo Calderón
- Investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, CONICET, Saladillo, 2468, C1440FFX, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M G Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.,Investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONICET, Argentina
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4
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Evaluation on the efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant DNA plasmids expressing S gene from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and VP7 gene from porcine rotavirus. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 50:279-286. [PMID: 30637649 PMCID: PMC6863295 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-018-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) usually co-infect pigs in modern large-scale piggery, which both can cause severe diarrhea in newborn piglets and lead to significant economic losses to the pig industry. The VP7 protein is the main coat protein of PoRV, and the S protein is the main structural protein of PEDV, which are capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in vivo. In this study, a DNA vaccine pPI-2.EGFP.VP7.S co-expressing VP7 protein of PoRV and S protein of PEDV was constructed. Six 8-week-old mice were immunized with the recombinant plasmid pPI-2.EGFP.VP7.S. The high humoral immune responses (virus specific antibody) and cellular immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-4, and spleen lymphocyte proliferation) were evaluated. The immune effect through intramuscular injection increased with plasmid dose when compared with subcutaneous injection. The immune-enhancing effect of IFN-α adjuvant was excellent compared with pig spleen transfer factor and IL-12 adjuvant. These results demonstrated that pPI-2.EGFP.VP7.S possess the immunological functions of the VP7 proteins of PoRV and S proteins of PEDV, indicating that pPI-2.EGFP.VP7.S is a candidate vaccine for porcine rotaviral infection (PoR) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED).
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5
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Yang S, Li G, Zhao Z, Feng M, Fu J, Huang Z, Song M, Lin S. The Taishan Robinia pseudoacacia polysaccharides enhance immune effects of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus inactivated vaccines. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:70-75. [PMID: 28935204 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Robinia pseudoacacia flower, a common component in traditional Chinese medicine, has long been well-known for its high pharmaceutical value. This study aimed to assess the immunopotentiating effects of Taishan Robinia Pseudoacacia polysaccharides (TRPPS) in rabbits inoculated with a rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) inactivated vaccine. The rabbits were administered with the RHDV vaccine in conjunction with varying concentrations of TRPPS, and their blood samples were collected at different time points to analyze the ratio and number of blood lymphocytes. In addition, sera were prepared and analyzed to determine the overall antibody titer and the level of IL-2, a cytokine commonly used as an indicator of immune activity. The various TRPPS-supplemented vaccines were shown to be more effective in enhancing the immune functions of the inoculated rabbits compared to their polysaccharide-free counterpart, with 200 mg/mL of TRPPS exhibiting the most pronounced benefits that were comparable to those of propolis. In addition, the TRPPS-supplemented RHDV inactivated vaccines could significantly improve the survival rates of the immunized rabbits against RHDV infection. Our studies offered convincing experimental evidence for the development of TRPPS as a new type of plant-derived immunopotentiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Yang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Guiming Li
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Zengcheng Zhao
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Minyan Feng
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Jian Fu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Zhongli Huang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Minxun Song
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Shuqian Lin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Shandong, Jinan 250023, China.
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6
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Willeford BV, Shapiro-Dunlap T, Willeford KO. Serum Derived Transfer Factor Stimulates the Innate Immune System to Improve Survival Traits in High Risk Pathogen Scenarios. Drug Dev Res 2017. [PMID: 28639277 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research Transfer Factors (TFs) are low molecular weight (<5,000 daltons) biological response mediators. In the present study, a serum derived TF improved the ability of the recipient animal to survive high-risk infectious challenges (salmonellosis and canine parvoviral enteritis (CPV)) by altering the host's cytokine response profile. Mice mortally challenged with 5,000 colony-forming units of Salmonella experienced a group mortality of 73% while mice treated with a single 5 mg dose of the TF demonstrated a significant decrease in morbidity (7%, p ≤ 0.01). The splenic bacterial load in untreated mice was over 10,000 times higher than that in the TF treated mice. Twenty-four hours post-administration, the treated murine population expressed a rapid temporal increase in serum IL-6 (26-fold) and INF-γ (77-fold) concentrations. IL-6 can act as a critical signal regulating action against bacterial pathogens. A comparative double-blind study performed using dogs confirmed to be undergoing a canine parvovirus challenge showed that when conventional supportive therapy was supplemented with a single 5 mg TF dose there was a reduction (p ≤ 0.01) in group mortality (68% of the TF treated group survived versus 32% of the placebo group), an observation consistent with the observed increase in INF-γ, a cytokine associated with promoting antiviral activity. Drug Dev Res 78 : 189-195, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget V Willeford
- Laboratory Animal Resources and Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
| | | | - Kenneth O Willeford
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
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7
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Merchand-Reyes G, Pavón L, Pérez-Sánchez G, Vázquez-Leyva S, Salinas-Jazmín N, Velasco-Velázquez M, Medina-Rivero E, Pérez-Tapia SM. Swine Dialyzable Spleen Extract as Antiviral Prophylaxis. J Med Food 2015; 18:1239-46. [PMID: 25867497 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the most highly consumed meat is of porcine origin. The production and distribution of swine meat are affected by diverse health matters, such as influenza and diarrhea, which cause head losses and require the use of antibiotics and other drugs in hog farms. To stimulate newborn piglet immune responses and increase resistance to infections, we developed a spray-drying technique to produce dried swine dialyzable spleen extract (sDSE), an immunomodulator. Based on the size-exclusion ultra performance liquid chromatography quantitative analysis, it was possible to recover up to 58% of the product after the drying process. The biological activity of orally administered dried sDSE increased mouse survival and induced cytokine production in a herpes infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Merchand-Reyes
- 1 Unit of R&D in Bioprocesses (UDIBI), National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City, Mexico .,2 Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry , "Ramón de la Fuente," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- 2 Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry , "Ramón de la Fuente," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- 1 Unit of R&D in Bioprocesses (UDIBI), National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City, Mexico .,2 Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry , "Ramón de la Fuente," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Said Vázquez-Leyva
- 1 Unit of R&D in Bioprocesses (UDIBI), National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nohemí Salinas-Jazmín
- 1 Unit of R&D in Bioprocesses (UDIBI), National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Emilio Medina-Rivero
- 1 Unit of R&D in Bioprocesses (UDIBI), National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- 1 Unit of R&D in Bioprocesses (UDIBI), National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City, Mexico .,4 Unit of Research, Development and Innovation in Medicine and Biotechnology/Transfer Factor Project (UDIMEB/PFT), National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City, Mexico
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8
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Shi RR, Liu J, Zou Z, Qi YM, Zhai MX, Zhai WJ, Gao YF. The immunogenicity of a novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from tumor antigen PL2L60 could be enhanced by 4-chlorophenylalanine substitution at position 1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1723-32. [PMID: 24077852 PMCID: PMC11029738 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PIWIL2, a member of PIWI/AGO family, is expressed in germline stem cells and precancerous stem cells, but not in adult somatic cells. PIWIL2 plays an important role in tumor development. It is considered as a cancer–testis antigen (CT80). It has been reported that the spliced fragment of PIWIL2, PL2L60, was widely expressed in cancer cell lines. In this study, HLA-A2-restricted epitopes from PL2L60 were predicted by online tools. To improve the activity of the native epitope, a candidate peptide P281 with potent binding affinity was chosen to investigate the modification strategy. A series of aromatic amino acids were introduced to substitute the first residue of P281. Then, we tested the binding affinity and stability of the peptide analogs and their ability to elicit specific immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated that the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by [4-Cl-Phe1]P281 could elicit more potent activities than that of P281 and other analogs. The CTLs induced by this analog could lyze target cells in HLA-A2-restricted and antigen-specific manners. [4-Cl-Phe1]P281 also showed the best resistance against degradation in human serum. In conclusion, the introduction of the unnatural amino acid, 4-Cl-Phe, into the first position could enhance the activity of the native epitope to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It might be a good strategy to modify other promising native epitopes. The novel epitopes identified in this study could be used as novel candidates to the immunotherapy of HLA-A2 positive patients with tumors expressing PL2L60.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Argonaute Proteins/genetics
- Argonaute Proteins/immunology
- Argonaute Proteins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HT29 Cells
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Phenylalanine/genetics
- Phenylalanine/immunology
- Phenylalanine/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-ran Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-ming Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-xia Zhai
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-jie Zhai
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-feng Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
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