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Ishida K, Yagi H, Kato Y, Morita E. N-linked glycosylation of flavivirus E protein contributes to viral particle formation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011681. [PMID: 37819933 PMCID: PMC10593244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the case of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the envelope protein (E), a major component of viral particles, contains a highly conserved N-linked glycosylation site (E: N154). Glycosylation of the E protein is thought to play an important role in the ability of the virus to attach to target cells during transmission; however, its role in viral particle formation and release remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of N-glycosylation of flaviviral structural proteins in viral particle formation and secretion by introducing mutations in viral structural proteins or cellular factors involved in glycoprotein transport and processing. The number of secreted subviral particles (SVPs) was significantly reduced in N154A, a glycosylation-null mutant, but increased in D67N, a mutant containing additional glycosylation sites, indicating that the amount of E glycosylation regulates the release of SVPs. SVP secretion was reduced in cells deficient in galactose, sialic acid, and N-acetylglucosamine modifications in the Golgi apparatus; however, these reductions were not significant, suggesting that glycosylation mainly plays a role in pre-Golgi transport. Fluorescent labeling of SVPs using a split green fluorescent protein (GFP) system and time-lapse imaging by retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system revealed that the glycosylation-deficient mutant was arrested before endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- Golgi transport. However, the absence of ERGIC-53 and ERGIC-L, ER-Golgi transport cargo receptors that recognize sugar chains on cargo proteins, does not impair SVP secretion. In contrast, the solubility of the N154A mutant of E or the N15A/T17A mutant of prM in cells was markedly lower than that of the wild type, and proteasome-mediated rapid degradation of these mutants was observed, indicating the significance of glycosylation of both prM and E in proper protein folding and assembly of viral particles in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan
- Division of Biomolecular Function, Bioresources Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan
- Division of Biomolecular Function, Bioresources Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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2
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Development and application of a sensitive phosphonium-hydrazide oligosaccharide labelling reagent in capillary electrophoresis- electrospray ionization- mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1680:463409. [PMID: 35998551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most ubiquitous post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins. Although the ionization efficiency of native glycans is fairly low, with the assistance of chemical derivation strategies, mass spectrometry (MS) has been extensively used in glycomics because of its high sensitivity, accuracy, and speed. In this study, a novel glycan labelling reagent, (4-hydrazidebutyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide (P4HZD), with a permanent positive charge was developed. The comprehensive capabilities of P4HZD for MS analysis of oligosaccharides were evaluated in detail using maltodextrin as a standard. This labelling reagent can be used in common biological MS techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. The MS signal intensity of maltodextrin species could be enhanced up to 96-fold in MALDI-MS by labelling with P4HZD, making P4HZD favorable for MALDI-MS-based high-throughput screening of oligosaccharides. Moreover, P4HZD-labelled oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) from 1 to 18 could be separated and analysed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with positive ion mode ESI-MS. In comparison with a commercialized oligosaccharide tag, Girard's reagent P (GirP), P4HZD was more effective for enhancing the signal of oligosaccharides in the middle or higher mass range using both ESI and MALDI ion sources. Two biologics, immunoglobulin G 2 (IgG 2) and fusion protein (FP), were chosen as model complex biological samples to test the efficacy of detection and separation of oligosaccharides by MALDI-MS and CE-ESI-MS analysis with P4HZD labelling. The results indicated that P4HZD is a promising labelling reagent for the detection of oligosaccharides in complex biological samples. The tandem workflow combines the strengths of MALDI-MS and CE-ESI-MS to fulfil the analytical demands of high-throughput screening, while affording good separation.
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3
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Naresh P, Pottabatula SS, Selvaraj J. Dengue virus entry/fusion inhibition by small bioactive molecules; A critical review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:484-497. [PMID: 34353253 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210805105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many flaviviruses are remarkable human pathogens that can be transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks. Despite the availability of vaccines for viral infections such as yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis, flavivirus-like dengue is still a significant life-threatening illness worldwide. To date, there is no antiviral treatment for dengue therapy. Industry and the research community have been taking ongoing steps to improve anti-flavivirus treatment to meet this clinical need. The successful activity has been involved in the inhibition of the virus entry fusion process in the last two decades. In this study, the latest understanding of the use of small molecules used as fusion inhibitors has been comprehensively presented. We summarized the structure, the process of fusion of dengue virus E protein (DENV E), and the amino acids involved in the fusion process. Special attention has been given to small molecules that allow conformational changes to DENV E protein viz. blocking the pocket of βOG, which is important for fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Podila Naresh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu. India
| | - Shyam Sunder Pottabatula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu. India
| | - Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu. India
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4
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Harvey DJ. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND GLYCOCONJUGATES BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN UPDATE FOR 2015-2016. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:408-565. [PMID: 33725404 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is the ninth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2016. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented over 30 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show no sign of deminishing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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5
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Renner M, Dejnirattisai W, Carrique L, Martin IS, Karia D, Ilca SL, Ho SF, Kotecha A, Keown JR, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, Grimes JM. Flavivirus maturation leads to the formation of an occupied lipid pocket in the surface glycoproteins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1238. [PMID: 33623019 PMCID: PMC7902656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses such as Dengue (DENV) or Zika virus (ZIKV) assemble into an immature form within the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), and are then processed by furin protease in the trans-Golgi. To better grasp maturation, we carry out cryo-EM reconstructions of immature Spondweni virus (SPOV), a human flavivirus of the same serogroup as ZIKV. By employing asymmetric localised reconstruction we push the resolution to 3.8 Å, enabling us to refine an atomic model which includes the crucial furin protease recognition site and a conserved Histidine pH-sensor. For direct comparison, we also solve structures of the mature forms of SPONV and DENV to 2.6 Å and 3.1 Å, respectively. We identify an ordered lipid that is present in only the mature forms of ZIKV, SPOV, and DENV and can bind as a consequence of rearranging amphipathic stem-helices of E during maturation. We propose a structural role for the pocket and suggest it stabilizes mature E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Renner
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Loïc Carrique
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Itziar Serna Martin
- Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimple Karia
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Serban L Ilca
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shu F Ho
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy R Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Didcot, UK.
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Sharma VK, Sharma I, Glick J. The expanding role of mass spectrometry in the field of vaccine development. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:83-104. [PMID: 29852530 PMCID: PMC7027533 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological mass spectrometry has evolved as a core analytical technology in the last decade mainly because of its unparalleled ability to perform qualitative as well as quantitative profiling of enormously complex biological samples with high mass accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity and specificity. Mass spectrometry-based techniques are also routinely used to assess glycosylation and other post-translational modifications, disulfide bond linkage, and scrambling as well as for the detection of host cell protein contaminants in the field of biopharmaceuticals. The role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development has been very limited but is now expanding as the landscape of global vaccine development is shifting towards the development of recombinant vaccines. In this review, the role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development is presented, some of the ongoing efforts to develop vaccines for diseases with global unmet medical need are discussed and the regulatory challenges of implementing mass spectrometry techniques in a quality control laboratory setting are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ity Sharma
- Independent CMC ConsultantParamusNew Jersey
| | - James Glick
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchEast HanoverNew Jersey
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Abstract
Dengue is the world's most prevalent and important arboviral disease. More than 50% of the world's population lives at daily risk of infection and it is estimated more than 95 million people a year seek medical care following infection. Severe disease can manifest as plasma leakage and potential for clinically significant hemorrhage, shock, and death. Treatment is supportive and there is currently no licensed anti-dengue virus prophylactic or therapeutic compound. A single dengue vaccine, Sanofi Pasteur's Dengvaxia®, has been licensed in 20 countries but uptake has been poor. A safety signal in dengue seronegative vaccine recipients stimulated an international re-look at the vaccine performance profile, new World Health Organization recommendations for use, and controversy in the Philippines involving the government, regulatory agencies, Sanofi Pasteur, clinicians responsible for testing and administering the vaccine, and the parents of vaccinated children. In this review, we provide an overview of Dengvaxia's® development and discuss what has been learned about product performance since its licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Thomas
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences , Syracuse , NY , USA
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Global Dengue & Aedes-Transmitted Diseases Consortium, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park , Gwanak-gu , Republic of Korea
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Hijacking the Host Immune Cells by Dengue Virus: Molecular Interplay of Receptors and Dengue Virus Envelope. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090323. [PMID: 31489877 PMCID: PMC6780243 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the lethal pathogens in the hot climatic regions of the world and has been extensively studied to decipher its mechanism of pathogenesis and the missing links of its life cycle. With respect to the entry of DENV, multiple receptors have been recognized in different cells of the human body. However, scientists still argue whether these identified receptors are the exclusive entry mediators for the virus. Adding to the complexity, DENV has been reported to be infecting multiple organ types in its human host. Also, more than one receptor in a particular cell has been discerned to take part in mediating the ingress of DENV. In this review, we aim to discuss the different cells of the human immune system that support DENV infection and their corresponding receptors that DENV deploy to gain access to the cells.
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9
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Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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10
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Yap SSL, Nguyen-Khuong T, Rudd PM, Alonso S. Dengue Virus Glycosylation: What Do We Know? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1415. [PMID: 28791003 PMCID: PMC5524768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In many infectious diseases caused by either viruses or bacteria, pathogen glycoproteins play important roles during the infection cycle, ranging from entry to successful intracellular replication and host immune evasion. Dengue is no exception. Dengue virus glycoproteins, envelope protein (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) are two popular sub-unit vaccine candidates. E protein on the virion surface is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. NS1 which is secreted during DENV infection has been shown to induce a variety of host responses through its binding to several host factors. However, despite their critical role in disease and protection, the glycosylated variants of these two proteins and their biological importance have remained understudied. In this review, we seek to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on protein glycosylation in DENV, and its role in virus biogenesis, host cell receptor interaction and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally S L Yap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Terry Nguyen-Khuong
- Analytics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A∗STARSingapore, Singapore
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- Analytics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A∗STARSingapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
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Dengue Virus Infection Is through a Cooperative Interaction between a Mannose Receptor and CLEC5A on Macrophage as a Multivalent Hetero-Complex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166474. [PMID: 27832191 PMCID: PMC5104462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral pandemic disease that is widespread in the tropical and subtropical areas. Dengue virus uses human mannose-binding receptor (MR) and DC-SIGN on macrophages as primary receptors, and CLEC5A as signaling receptor to sense the dengue virus invasion and then to signal and stimulate macrophages to secrete cytokines. But the interplay between MR/DC-SIGN and CLEC5A is unknown. Here we demonstrate a plausible mechanism for the interaction, i.e. MR/DC-SIGN first attracts the virus with high avidity, and the virus concurrently interacts with CLEC5A in close proximity to form a multivalent hetero-complex and facilitate CLEC5A-mediated signal transduction. Our study suggests that the cooperation between a high-avidity lectin-virus interaction and a nearby low-avidity signaling receptor provides a necessary connection between binding and signaling. Understanding this mechanism may lead to the development of a new antiviral strategy.
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13
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Cross-protection induced by Japanese encephalitis vaccines against different genotypes of Dengue viruses in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19953. [PMID: 26818736 PMCID: PMC4730143 DOI: 10.1038/srep19953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause very high global disease burdens. Although cross-reactivity and cross-protection within flaviviruses have been demonstrated, the effect of JEV vaccination on susceptibility to DENV infection has not been well elucidated. In this study, we found that vaccination with the JEV inactivated vaccine (INV) and live attenuated vaccine (LAV) could induce cross-immune responses and cross-protection against DENV1-4 in mice. Despite the theoretical risk of immune enhancement, no increased mortality was observed in our mouse model. Additionally, low but consistently detectable cross-neutralizing antibodies against DENV2 and DENV3 were also observed in the sera of JEV vaccine-immunized human donors. The results suggested that both JEV-LAV and JEV-INV could elicit strong cross-immunity and protection against DENVs, indicating that inoculation with JEV vaccines may influence the distribution of DENVs in co-circulated areas and that the cross-protection induced by JEV vaccines against DENVs might provide important information in terms of DENV prevention.
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14
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Guy B, Lang J, Saville M, Jackson N. Vaccination Against Dengue: Challenges and Current Developments. Annu Rev Med 2016; 67:387-404. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-091014-090848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guy
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Jean Lang
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Melanie Saville
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France;
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15
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Development of the Sanofi Pasteur tetravalent dengue vaccine: One more step forward. Vaccine 2015; 33:7100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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