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Shahnaij M, Iyori M, Mizukami H, Kajino M, Yamagoshi I, Syafira I, Yusuf Y, Fujiwara K, Yamamoto DS, Kato H, Ohno N, Yoshida S. Liver-Directed AAV8 Booster Vaccine Expressing Plasmodium falciparum Antigen Following Adenovirus Vaccine Priming Elicits Sterile Protection in a Murine Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:612910. [PMID: 34248928 PMCID: PMC8261234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte infection by malaria sporozoites is a bottleneck in the life-cycle of Plasmodium spp. including P. falciparum, which causes the most lethal form of malaria. Therefore, developing an effective vaccine capable of inducing the strong humoral and cellular immune responses necessary to block the pre-erythrocytic stage has potential to overcome the spatiotemporal hindrances pertaining to parasite biology and hepatic microanatomy. We recently showed that when combined with a human adenovirus type 5 (AdHu5)-priming vaccine, adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) is a potent booster malaria vaccine vector capable of inducing strong and long-lasting protective immune responses in a rodent malaria model. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a hepatotropic virus, adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8), as a booster vector because it can deliver a transgene potently and rapidly to the liver, the organ malaria sporozoites initially infect and multiply in following sporozoite injection by the bite of an infected mosquito. We first generated an AAV8-vectored vaccine expressing P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). Intravenous (i.v.) administration of AAV8-PfCSP to mice initially primed with AdHu5-PfCSP resulted in a hepatocyte transduction rate ~2.5 times above that seen with intramuscular (i.m.) administration. This immunization regimen provided a better protection rate (100% sterile protection) than that of the i.m. AdHu5-prime/i.m. AAV8-boost regimen (60%, p < 0.05), i.m. AdHu5-prime/i.v. AAV1-boost (78%), or i.m. AdHu5-prime/i.m. AAV1-boost (80%) against challenge with transgenic PfCSP-expressing P. berghei sporozoites. Compared with the i.m. AdHu5-prime/i.v. AAV1-boost regimen, three other regimens induced higher levels of PfCSP-specific humoral immune responses. Importantly, a single i.v. dose of AAV8-PfCSP recruited CD8+ T cells, especially resident memory CD8+ T cells, in the liver. These data suggest that boost with i.v. AAV8-PfCSP can improve humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice. Therefore, this regimen holds great promise as a next-generation platform for the development of an effective malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahnaij
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iyori
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Gene Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mayu Kajino
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Iroha Yamagoshi
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Intan Syafira
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yenni Yusuf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yoshida
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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2
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Abstract
Introduction: An effective vaccine against malaria forms a global health priority. Both naturally acquired immunity and sterile protection induced by irradiated sporozoite immunization were described decades ago. Still no vaccine exists that sufficiently protects children in endemic areas. Identifying immunological correlates of vaccine efficacy can inform rational vaccine design and potentially accelerate clinical development.Areas covered: We discuss recent research on immunological correlates of malaria vaccine efficacy, including: insights from state-of-the-art omics platforms and systems vaccinology analyses; functional anti-parasitic assays; pre-immunization predictors of vaccine efficacy; and comparison of correlates of vaccine efficacy against controlled human malaria infections (CHMI) and against naturally acquired infections.Expert Opinion: Effective vaccination may be achievable without necessarily understanding immunological correlates, but the relatively disappointing efficacy of malaria vaccine candidates in target populations is concerning. Hypothesis-generating omics and systems vaccinology analyses, alongside assessment of pre-immunization correlates, have the potential to bring about paradigm-shifts in malaria vaccinology. Functional assays may represent in vivo effector mechanisms, but have scarcely been formally assessed as correlates. Crucially, evidence is still meager that correlates of vaccine efficacy against CHMI correspond with those against naturally acquired infections in target populations. Finally, the diversity of immunological assays and efficacy endpoints across malaria vaccine trials remains a major confounder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B B McCall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
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3
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Kim YC, Dema B, Rodriguez-Garcia R, López-Camacho C, Leoratti FMS, Lall A, Remarque EJ, Kocken CHM, Reyes-Sandoval A. Evaluation of Chimpanzee Adenovirus and MVA Expressing TRAP and CSP from Plasmodium cynomolgi to Prevent Malaria Relapse in Nonhuman Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030363. [PMID: 32640702 PMCID: PMC7564164 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the world’s most widely distributed human malaria parasite, with over 2.8 billion people at risk in Asia, the Americas, and Africa. The 80–90% new P. vivax malaria infections are due to relapses which suggest that a vaccine with high efficacy against relapses by prevention of hypnozoite formation could lead to a significant reduction in the prevalence of P. vivax infections. Here, we describe the development of new recombinant ChAdOx1 and MVA vectors expressing P. cynomolgi Thrombospondin Related Adhesive Protein (PcTRAP) and the circumsporozoite protein (PcCSP). Both were shown to be immunogenic in mice prior to their assessment in rhesus macaques. We confirmed good vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses after prime-boost vaccination in rhesus macaques prior to sporozoite challenge. Results indicate that there were no significant differences between mock-control and vaccinated animals after challenge, in terms of protective efficacy measured as the time taken to 1st patency, or as number of relapses. This suggests that under the conditions tested, the vaccination with PcTRAP and PcCSP using ChAdOx1 or MVA vaccine platforms do not protect against pre-erythrocytic malaria or relapses despite good immunogenicity induced by the viral-vectored vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Kim
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.C.K.); (B.D.); (C.L.-C.); (F.M.S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Barbara Dema
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.C.K.); (B.D.); (C.L.-C.); (F.M.S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.R.-G.); (E.J.R.); (C.H.M.K.)
| | - César López-Camacho
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.C.K.); (B.D.); (C.L.-C.); (F.M.S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Fabiana M. S. Leoratti
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.C.K.); (B.D.); (C.L.-C.); (F.M.S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Amar Lall
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.C.K.); (B.D.); (C.L.-C.); (F.M.S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.R.-G.); (E.J.R.); (C.H.M.K.)
| | - Clemens H. M. Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.R.-G.); (E.J.R.); (C.H.M.K.)
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.C.K.); (B.D.); (C.L.-C.); (F.M.S.L.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1865-287811
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4
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Tanner R, Satti I, Harris SA, O'Shea MK, Cizmeci D, O'Connor D, Chomka A, Matsumiya M, Wittenberg R, Minassian AM, Meyer J, Fletcher HA, McShane H. Tools for Assessing the Protective Efficacy of TB Vaccines in Humans: in vitro Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition Predicts Outcome of in vivo Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2983. [PMID: 31998295 PMCID: PMC6968127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality and an effective new vaccine is urgently needed. A major barrier to the rational development of novel TB vaccines is the lack of a validated immune correlate or biomarker of protection. Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition Assays (MGIAs) provide an unbiased measure of ability to control mycobacterial growth in vitro, and may represent a functional correlate of protection. However, the biological relevance of any potential correlate can only be assessed by determining the association with in vivo protection from either a controlled mycobacterial infection or natural development of TB disease. Our data demonstrate that the direct MGIA using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is measuring a biologically relevant response that correlates with protection from in vivo human BCG infection across two independent cohorts. This is the first report of an MGIA correlating with in vivo protection in the species-of-interest, humans, and furthermore on a per-individual as well as per-group basis. Control of mycobacterial growth in the MGIA is associated with a range of immune parameters measured post-BCG infection in vivo including the IFN-γ ELISpot response, frequency of PPD-specific IFN-γ or TNF-α producing CD4+ T cells and frequency of specific sub-populations of polyfunctional CD4+ T cells. Distinct transcriptomic profiles are associated with good vs. poor mycobacterial control in the MGIA, with good controllers showing enrichment for gene sets associated with antigen processing/presentation and the IL-23 pathway, and poor controllers showing enrichment for hypoxia-related pathways. This study represents an important step toward biologically validating the direct PBMC MGIA for use in TB vaccine development and furthermore demonstrates the utility of this assay in determining relevant immune mechanisms and pathways of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A. Harris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. O'Shea
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Chomka
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magali Matsumiya
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Wittenberg
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M. Minassian
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Meyer
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Hodgson SH, Muller J, Lockstone HE, Hill AVS, Marsh K, Draper SJ, Knight JC. Use of gene expression studies to investigate the human immunological response to malaria infection. Malar J 2019; 18:418. [PMID: 31835999 PMCID: PMC6911278 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptional profiling of the human immune response to malaria has been used to identify diagnostic markers, understand the pathogenicity of severe disease and dissect the mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity (NAI). However, interpreting this body of work is difficult given considerable variation in study design, definition of disease, patient selection and methodology employed. This work details a comprehensive review of gene expression profiling (GEP) of the human immune response to malaria to determine how this technology has been applied to date, instances where this has advanced understanding of NAI and the extent of variability in methodology between studies to allow informed comparison of data and interpretation of results. Methods Datasets from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) including the search terms; ‘plasmodium’ or ‘malaria’ or ‘sporozoite’ or ‘merozoite’ or ‘gametocyte’ and ‘Homo sapiens’ were identified and publications analysed. Datasets of gene expression changes in relation to malaria vaccines were excluded. Results Twenty-three GEO datasets and 25 related publications were included in the final review. All datasets related to Plasmodium falciparum infection, except two that related to Plasmodium vivax infection. The majority of datasets included samples from individuals infected with malaria ‘naturally’ in the field (n = 13, 57%), however some related to controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies (n = 6, 26%), or cells stimulated with Plasmodium in vitro (n = 6, 26%). The majority of studies examined gene expression changes relating to the blood stage of the parasite. Significant heterogeneity between datasets was identified in terms of study design, sample type, platform used and method of analysis. Seven datasets specifically investigated transcriptional changes associated with NAI to malaria, with evidence supporting suppression of the innate pro-inflammatory response as an important mechanism for this in the majority of these studies. However, further interpretation of this body of work was limited by heterogeneity between studies and small sample sizes. Conclusions GEP in malaria is a potentially powerful tool, but to date studies have been hypothesis generating with small sample sizes and widely varying methodology. As CHMI studies are increasingly performed in endemic settings, there will be growing opportunity to use GEP to understand detailed time-course changes in host response and understand in greater detail the mechanisms of NAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne H Hodgson
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Road Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK. .,Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Julius Muller
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Road Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Helen E Lockstone
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Road Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Road Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Gola A, Silman D, Walters AA, Sridhar S, Uderhardt S, Salman AM, Halbroth BR, Bellamy D, Bowyer G, Powlson J, Baker M, Venkatraman N, Poulton I, Berrie E, Roberts R, Lawrie AM, Angus B, Khan SM, Janse CJ, Ewer KJ, Germain RN, Spencer AJ, Hill AVS. Prime and target immunization protects against liver-stage malaria in mice. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/460/eaap9128. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap9128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment and vector control, malaria is still a leading cause of death, emphasizing the need for an effective vaccine. The malaria life cycle can be subdivided into three stages: the invasion and growth within liver hepatocytes (pre-erythrocytic stage), the blood stage (erythrocytic stage), and, finally, the sexual stage (occurring within the mosquito vector). Antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ T cells are effectively induced by heterologous prime-boost viral vector immunization and known to correlate with liver-stage protection. However, liver-stage malaria vaccines have struggled to generate and maintain the high numbers of Plasmodium-specific circulating T cells necessary to confer sterile protection. We describe an alternative “prime and target” vaccination strategy aimed specifically at inducing high numbers of tissue-resident memory T cells present in the liver at the time of hepatic infection. This approach bypasses the need for very high numbers of circulating T cells and markedly increases the efficacy of subunit immunization against liver-stage malaria with clinically relevant Ags and clinically tested viral vectors in murine challenge models. Translation to clinical use has begun, with encouraging results from a pilot safety and feasibility trial of intravenous chimpanzee adenovirus vaccination in humans. This work highlights the value of a prime-target approach for immunization against malaria and suggests that this strategy may represent a more general approach for prophylaxis or immunotherapy of other liver infections and diseases.
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7
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Tailoring a Plasmodium vivax Vaccine To Enhance Efficacy through a Combination of a CSP Virus-Like Particle and TRAP Viral Vectors. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00114-18. [PMID: 29986894 PMCID: PMC6105880 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00114-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vivax malaria remains one of the most serious and neglected tropical diseases, with 132 to 391 million clinical cases per year and 2.5 billion people at risk of infection. A vaccine against Plasmodium vivax could have more impact than any other intervention, and the use of a vaccine targeting multiple antigens may result in higher efficacy against sporozoite infection than targeting a single antigen. Vivax malaria remains one of the most serious and neglected tropical diseases, with 132 to 391 million clinical cases per year and 2.5 billion people at risk of infection. A vaccine against Plasmodium vivax could have more impact than any other intervention, and the use of a vaccine targeting multiple antigens may result in higher efficacy against sporozoite infection than targeting a single antigen. Here, two leading P. vivax preerythrocytic vaccine candidate antigens, the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (PvCSP) and the thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (PvTRAP) were delivered as a combined vaccine. This strategy provided a dose-sparing effect, with 100% sterile protection in mice using doses that individually conferred low or no protection, as with the unadjuvanted antigens PvTRAP (0%) and PvCSP (50%), and reached protection similar to that of adjuvanted components. Efficacy against malaria infection was assessed using a new mouse challenge model consisting of a double-transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite simultaneously expressing PvCSP and PvTRAP used in mice immunized with the virus-like particle (VLP) Rv21 previously reported to induce high efficacy in mice using Matrix-M adjuvant, while PvTRAP was concomitantly administered in chimpanzee adenovirus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors (viral-vectored TRAP, or vvTRAP) to support effective induction of T cells. We examined immunity elicited by these vaccines in the context of two adjuvants approved for human use (AddaVax and Matrix-M). Matrix-M supported the highest anti-PvCSP antibody titers when combined with Rv21, and, interestingly, mixing PvCSP Rv21 and PvTRAP viral vectors enhanced immunity to malaria over levels provided by single vaccines.
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8
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Plasmodium dihydrofolate reductase is a second enzyme target for the antimalarial action of triclosan. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1038. [PMID: 29348637 PMCID: PMC5773535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, leads to over half a million deaths per year, 90% of which are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. P. vivax usually causes milder forms of malaria; however, P. vivax can remain dormant in the livers of infected patients for weeks or years before re-emerging in a new bout of the disease. The only drugs available that target all stages of the parasite can lead to severe side effects in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency; hence, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs active against blood and liver stages of the parasite. Different groups have demonstrated that triclosan, a common antibacterial agent, targets the Plasmodium liver enzyme enoyl reductase. Here, we provide 4 independent lines of evidence demonstrating that triclosan specifically targets both wild-type and pyrimethamine-resistant P. falciparum and P. vivax dihydrofolate reductases, classic targets for the blood stage of the parasite. This makes triclosan an exciting candidate for further development as a dual specificity antimalarial, which could target both liver and blood stages of the parasite.
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9
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Healer J, Cowman AF, Kaslow DC, Birkett AJ. Vaccines to Accelerate Malaria Elimination and Eventual Eradication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a025627. [PMID: 28490535 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in coordinated malaria control efforts with substantial reductions in malaria-associated deaths and morbidity achieved through mass administration of drugs and vector control measures including distribution of long-lasting insecticide-impregnated bednets and indoor residual spraying. However, emerging resistance poses a significant threat to the sustainability of these interventions. In this light, the malaria research community has been charged with the development of a highly efficacious vaccine to complement existing malaria elimination measures. As the past 40 years of investment in this goal attests, this is no small feat. The malaria parasite is a highly complex organism, exquisitely adapted for survival under hostile conditions within human and mosquito hosts. Here we review current vaccine strategies to accelerate elimination and the potential for novel and innovative approaches to vaccine design through a better understanding of the host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Healer
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alan F Cowman
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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10
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Kaufmann SH, Weiner J, Maertzdorf J. Accelerating tuberculosis vaccine trials with diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:845-853. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1341316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H.E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Bobbala S, Hook S. Is There an Optimal Formulation and Delivery Strategy for Subunit Vaccines? Pharm Res 2016; 33:2078-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Abstract
While much progress has been made in the fight against the scourge of tuberculosis (TB), we are still some way from reaching the ambitious targets of eliminating it as a global public health problem by the mid twenty-first century. A new and effective vaccine that protects against pulmonary TB disease will be an essential element of any control strategy. Over a dozen vaccines are currently in development, but recent efficacy trial data from one of the most advanced candidates have been disappointing. Limitations of current preclinical animal models exist, together with a lack of a complete understanding of host immunity to TB or robust correlates of disease risk and protection. Therefore, in the context of such obstacles, we discuss the lessons identified from recent efficacy trials, current concepts of biomarkers and correlates of protection, the potential of innovative clinical models such as human challenge and conducting trials in high-incidence settings to evaluate TB vaccines in humans, and the use of systems vaccinology and novel technologies including transcriptomics and metabolomics, that may facilitate their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen McShane
- a The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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13
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Rinchai D, Presnell S, Vidal M, Dutta S, Chauhan V, Cavanagh D, Moncunill G, Dobaño C, Chaussabel D. Blood Interferon Signatures Putatively Link Lack of Protection Conferred by the RTS,S Recombinant Malaria Vaccine to an Antigen-specific IgE Response. F1000Res 2015; 4:919. [PMID: 28883910 PMCID: PMC5580375 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7093.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Progress has been made in recent years with the development of vaccines that could pave the way towards protection of hundreds of millions of exposed individuals. Here we used a modular repertoire approach to re-analyze a publically available microarray blood transcriptome dataset monitoring the response to malaria vaccination. We report the seminal identification of interferon signatures in the blood of subjects on days 1, 3 and 14 following administration of the third dose of the RTS,S recombinant malaria vaccine. These signatures at day 1 correlate with protection, and at days 3 and 14 to susceptibility to subsequent challenge of study subjects with live parasites. In addition we putatively link the decreased abundance of interferon-inducible transcripts observed at days 3 and 14 post-vaccination with the elicitation of an antigen-specific IgE response in a subset of vaccine recipients that failed to be protected by the RTS,S vaccine. Furthermore, profiling of antigen-specific levels of IgE in a Mozambican cohort of malaria-exposed children vaccinated with RTS,S identified an association between elevated baseline IgE levels and subsequent development of naturally acquired malaria infection during follow up. Taken together these findings warrant further investigation of the role of antigen-specific IgE in conferring susceptibility to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910, USA
| | - Virander Chauhan
- Malaria Research Group, , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - David Cavanagh
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Kaufmann SHE, Fletcher HA, Guzmán CA, Ottenhoff THM. Big Data in Vaccinology: Introduction and section summaries. Vaccine 2015; 33:5237-40. [PMID: 25939278 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Helen A Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, England
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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