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Skarlupka AL, Handel A, Ross TM. Influenza hemagglutinin antigenic distance measures capture trends in HAI differences and infection outcomes, but are not suitable predictive tools. Vaccine 2020; 38:5822-5830. [PMID: 32682618 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method to combat influenza. Vaccine effectiveness is influenced by the antigenic distance between the vaccine strain and the actual circulating virus. Amino acid sequence based methods of quantifying the antigenic distance were designed to predict influenza vaccine effectiveness in humans. The use of these antigenic distance measures has been proposed as an additive method for seasonal vaccine selection. In this report, several antigenic distance measures were evaluated as predictors of hemagglutination inhibition titer differences and clinical outcomes following influenza vaccination or infection in mice or ferrets. The antigenic distance measures described the increasing trend in the change of HAI titer, lung viral titer and percent weight loss in mice and ferrets. However, the variability of outcome variables produced wide prediction intervals for any given antigenic distance value. The amino acid substitution based antigenic distance measures were no better predictors of viral load and weight loss than HAI titer differences, the current predictive measure of immunological correlate of protection for clinical signs after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Skarlupka
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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2
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Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for influenza A virus has been used since the 1940s. The assay may be utilized to detect or quantify antibodies to influenza A viruses and can be used to characterize differences in antigenic reactivity between influenza isolates. In addition, data from HI assays are routinely used for antigenic cartography, influenza virus surveillance, epidemiology, and vaccine-seed strain selection. For antibody quantification, the HI assay is a fast and inexpensive method; other than a source of red blood cells, no expensive or unusual lab equipment is needed, and results can be obtained within a few hours. Historically, the HI assay has also served as a primary method of subtype identification and is still used widely. However, as gene sequencing technology has evolved to be cheaper and faster, it is replacing the HI assay for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
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3
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Gage E, Van Hoeven N, Dubois Cauwelaert N, Larsen SE, Erasmus J, Orr MT, Coler RN. Memory CD4 + T cells enhance B-cell responses to drifting influenza immunization. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:266-276. [PMID: 30548475 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A annually infects 5-10% of the world's human population resulting in one million deaths. Influenza causes annual epidemics and reinfects previously exposed individuals because of antigenic drift in the glycoprotein hemagglutinin. Due to antigenic drift, the immune system is simultaneously exposed to novel and conserved parts of the influenza virus via vaccination and/or infection throughout life. Preexisting immunity has long been known to augment subsequent hemagglutination inhibitory antibody (hAb) responses. However, the preexisting immunological contributors that influence hAb responses are not understood. Therefore, we adapted and developed sequential infection and immunization mouse models using drifted influenza strains to show that MHC Class II haplotype and T-cell reactivity influences subsequent hAb responses. We found that CB6F1 mice infected with A/CA followed by immunization with A/PR8 have increased hAb responses to A/PR8 compared to C57BL/6 mice. Increased hAb responses in CB6F1 mice were CD4+ T-cell and B-cell dependent and corresponded to increased germinal center A/PR8-specific B and T-follicular helper cells. These results suggest conserved MHC Class II restricted epitopes within HA are essential for B cells to respond to drifting influenza and could be leveraged to boost hAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gage
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jesse Erasmus
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Cope RC, Ross JV, Chilver M, Stocks NP, Mitchell L. Characterising seasonal influenza epidemiology using primary care surveillance data. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006377. [PMID: 30114215 PMCID: PMC6112683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the epidemiology of seasonal influenza is critical for healthcare resource allocation and early detection of anomalous seasons. It can be challenging to obtain high-quality data of influenza cases specifically, as clinical presentations with influenza-like symptoms may instead be cases of one of a number of alternate respiratory viruses. We use a new dataset of confirmed influenza virological data from 2011-2016, along with high-quality denominators informing a hierarchical observation process, to model seasonal influenza dynamics in New South Wales, Australia. We use approximate Bayesian computation to estimate parameters in a climate-driven stochastic epidemic model, including the basic reproduction number R0, the proportion of the population susceptible to the circulating strain at the beginning of the season, and the probability an infected individual seeks treatment. We conclude that R0 and initial population susceptibility were strongly related, emphasising the challenges of identifying these parameters. Relatively high R0 values alongside low initial population susceptibility were among the results most consistent with these data. Our results reinforce the importance of distinguishing between R0 and the effective reproduction number (Re) in modelling studies. When patients present to their doctor with influenza-like symptoms, they may have influenza, or some other respiratory virus. The only way to discriminate between these viruses is with an expensive test, which is not performed in many cases. Additionally, results other than influenza may not be reported. This means that it can be difficult to determine how much influenza is circulating in the population each season. We used a unique dataset of confirmed influenza with denominators to fit models for seasonal influenza in New South Wales, Australia. Knowing the denominators allowed us to estimate population level trends. We found that the relationship between influenza transmission rates and immunity due to previous infections was critical, with relatively high transmission corresponding to substantial preexisting immunity likely. This existing immunity is critical to understanding and effectively modeling influenza dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Cope
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Joshua V. Ross
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Monique Chilver
- Discipline of General Practice, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel P. Stocks
- Discipline of General Practice, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lewis Mitchell
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Stream Lead, Data to Decisions CRC, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Tete SM, Jul-Larsen Å, Rostami S, Lunde THF, Søland H, Krammer F, Cox RJ. Impact of pre-existing immunity on the induction of functional cross-reactive anti-hemagglutinin stalk antibodies following vaccination with an AS03 adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:2213-2219. [PMID: 29548607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2009 pandemic H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09) virus had a highly divergent hemagglutinin (HA) compared to pre-2009 seasonal H1N1 strains. Most peoples were immunologically naïve to the A(H1N1)pdm09, although hospital workers were exposed early in the pandemic before pandemic vaccines became available. Here, we evaluated how pre-existing antibodies influence the induction of cross-functional HA stalk antibodies following A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. Fifty-six healthcare workers vaccinated with AS03 adjuvanted A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine were chosen by their pre-vaccination priming status (primed HI titers ≥ 40 or unprimed < 40). We analyzed the HA head- and stalk-specific serum IgG subclasses at pre- and 21 days post-vaccination. We also assessed the functionality of the HA stalk-specific antibodies to neutralize virus and mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Primed individuals had higher pre-existing HA head- and stalk-specific IgG1, as well as higher ADCC functionality of stalk antibodies. However, following vaccination with the adjuvanted pandemic vaccine, only the quantity of HA head specific IgG1 antibodies were significantly higher than in unprimed individuals. The priming status did not impact upon the cross-reactive HA stalk specific IgG antibodies or their ability to neutralize virus or induce ADCC post-vaccination. In conclusion, a single dose of AS03 adjuvanted pandemic vaccine elicited similar levels of functional antibodies in naïve and primed individuals. These findings are important for understanding the immunological factors that impact or modulate pandemic vaccine responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Tete
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Research & Development, Bergen Clinical Vaccine Consortium, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åsne Jul-Larsen
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sina Rostami
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Turid Helen Felli Lunde
- Department of Research & Development, Bergen Clinical Vaccine Consortium, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Søland
- Department of Research & Development, Bergen Clinical Vaccine Consortium, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Research & Development, Bergen Clinical Vaccine Consortium, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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6
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Kim JI, Lee I, Park S, Bae JY, Yoo K, Cheong HJ, Noh JY, Hong KW, Lemey P, Vrancken B, Kim J, Nam M, Yun SH, Cho WI, Song JY, Kim WJ, Park MS, Song JW, Kee SH, Song KJ, Park MS. Phylogenetic relationships of the HA and NA genes between vaccine and seasonal influenza A(H3N2) strains in Korea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172059. [PMID: 28257427 PMCID: PMC5336230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza is caused by two influenza A subtype (H1N1 and H3N2) and two influenza B lineage (Victoria and Yamagata) viruses. Of these antigenically distinct viruses, the H3N2 virus was consistently detected in substantial proportions in Korea during the 2010/11-2013/14 seasons when compared to the other viruses and appeared responsible for the influenza-like illness rate peak during the first half of the 2011/12 season. To further scrutinize possible causes for this, we investigated the evolutionary and serological relationships between the vaccine and Korean H3N2 strains during the 2011/12 season for the main antigenic determinants of influenza viruses, the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes. In the 2011/12 season, when the number of H3N2 cases peaked, the majority of the Korean strains did not belong to the HA clade of A/Perth/16/2009 vaccine, and no Korean strains were of this lineage in the NA segment. In a serological assay, post-vaccinated human sera exhibited much reduced hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against the non-vaccine clade Korean H3N2 strains. Moreover, Korean strains harbored several amino acid differences in the HA antigenic sites and in the NA with respect to vaccine lineages during this season. Of these, the HA antigenic site C residues 45 and 261 and the NA residue 81 appeared to be the signatures of positive selection. In subsequent seasons, when H3N2 cases were lower, the HA and NA genes of vaccine and Korean strains were more phylogenetically related to each other. Combined, our results provide indirect support for using phylogenetic clustering patterns of the HA and possibly also the NA genes in the selection of vaccine viruses and the assessment of vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirim Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Wook Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juwon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Nam
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Yun
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo In Cho
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Kee
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Song
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Cobey S, Hensley SE. Immune history and influenza virus susceptibility. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:105-111. [PMID: 28088686 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses to influenza viruses are critical for protection, but the ways in which repeated viral exposures shape antibody evolution and effectiveness over time remain controversial. Early observations demonstrated that viral exposure history has a profound effect on the specificity and magnitude of antibody responses to a new viral strain, a phenomenon called 'original antigenic sin.' Although 'sin' might suppress some aspects of the immune response, so far there is little indication that hosts with pre-existing immunity are more susceptible to viral infections compared to naïve hosts. However, the tendency of the immune response to focus on previously recognized conserved epitopes when encountering new viral strains can create an opportunity cost when mutations arise in these conserved epitopes. Hosts with different exposure histories may continue to experience distinct patterns of infection over time, which may influence influenza viruses' continued antigenic evolution. Understanding the dynamics of B cell competition that underlie the development of antibody responses might help explain the low effectiveness of current influenza vaccines and lead to better vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 19104, USA.
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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