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Patho B, Grant DM, Percival A, Russell GC. Ivermectin inhibits replication of the malignant catarrhal fever virus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. Virology 2024; 590:109958. [PMID: 38071929 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever is a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and other ungulates that is caused by genetically and antigenically related gamma herpesviruses of the genus Macavirus. Infection of the natural host species is efficient and asymptomatic but spread to susceptible hosts is often fatal with clinical signs including fever, depression, nasal and ocular discharge. There is no recognised treatment for MCF but a vaccine for one MCF virus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), has been described. In this paper we describe the inhibition of AlHV-1 replication and propagation by the anthelminthic drug ivermectin. Concentrations of 10 μM or greater led to significant reductions in both copy number and viable titre of virus tested in culture medium, with little replication detected at over 20 μM ivermectin. In the absence of alternative treatments, further testing of ivermectin as a candidate antiviral treatment for MCF may therefore be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Patho
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Dawn M Grant
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Ann Percival
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - George C Russell
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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2
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Gong M, Myster F, van Campe W, Roels S, Mostin L, van den Berg T, Vanderplasschen A, Dewals BG. Wildebeest-Derived Malignant Catarrhal Fever: A Bovine Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma Caused by Cross-Species Transmission of Alcelaphine Gammaherpesvirus 1. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020526. [PMID: 36851740 PMCID: PMC9968110 DOI: 10.3390/v15020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) include viruses that can induce lymphoproliferative diseases and tumors. These viruses can persist in the long term in the absence of any pathological manifestation in their natural host. Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) belongs to the genus Macavirus and asymptomatically infects its natural host, the wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.). However, when transmitted to several susceptible species belonging to the order Artiodactyla, AlHV-1 is responsible for the induction of a lethal lymphoproliferative disease, named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF). Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the induction of WD-MCF is important to better control the risks of transmission and disease development in susceptible species. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current knowledge on WD-MCF with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which AlHV-1 induces the disease. We discuss the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis from viral entry into the host to the maintenance of viral genomes in infected CD8+ T lymphocytes, and we present current hypotheses to explain how AlHV-1 infection induces a peripheral T cell lymphoma-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiao Gong
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Françoise Myster
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Willem van Campe
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Stefan Roels
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Cunha CW, Baker KN, O’Toole D, Cole E, Shringi S, Dewals BG, Vanderplasschen A, Li H. A Vaccine Targeting Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Glycoprotein B Protects against Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122156. [PMID: 36560568 PMCID: PMC9786699 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a complex and often fatal disease of ungulates. Effective vaccines are needed to avoid MCF outbreaks and mitigate losses. This study aimed to evaluate a sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) vaccine candidate targeting ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) glycoprotein B (gB). Rabbits were used as a laboratory animal model to test the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of a chimeric virus consisting of a recombinant, non-pathogenic strain of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 encoding OvHV-2 ORF8 to express gB (AlHV-1∆ORF73/OvHV-2-ORF8). Viral-vectored immunizations were performed by using the AlHV-1∆ORF73/OvHV-2-ORF8 chimera alone or as a DNA prime (OvHV-2-ORF8)-virus boost regimen. The viral vector was inoculated by intravenous or intramuscular routes and the DNA was delivered by intradermal shots using a gene gun. The vaccine candidates were deemed safe as no clinical signs were observed following any of the immunizations. Anti-OvHV-2 gB antibodies with neutralizing activity were induced by all immunogens. At three weeks post-final immunization, all animals were challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of OvHV-2. MCF protection rates ranging from 66.7% to 71.4% were observed in vaccinated rabbits, while all mock-vaccinated animals developed the disease. The significant protective efficacy obtained with the vaccine platforms tested in this study encourages further trials in relevant livestock species, such as cattle and bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina W. Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-509-335-6072
| | - Katherine N. Baker
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Donal O’Toole
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - Emily Cole
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Smriti Shringi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Russell GC, Percival A, Grant DM, Bartley K, Turnbull D, McLean K, Lienhard J, Bachofen C. Development of a recombinant ELISA for ovine herpesvirus 2, suitable for use in sheep. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114329. [PMID: 34653445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The minor capsid protein of ovine herpesvirus 2, identified as a potential antigen for serological testing, was over-expressed and purified to allow its assessment in ELISA. The corresponding gene sequence (OvHV-2 orf65, Ov65) was modified to incorporate epitope tags and internal restriction enzyme sites in an E. coli codon-optimised version of the gene. This codon-optimised gene was then subject to internal deletions to identify regions of the protein that could be removed while maintaining protein solubility and antigenicity. It was found that a derivative with deletion of the conserved 5'-end of the gene (Ov65delB) expressed a polypeptide that was soluble when over-expressed in bacteria and was detected by OvHV-2 specific sera. Proteomic analysis of the affinity purified Ov65delB showed that it contained multiple predicted Ov65 tryptic peptides but also showed contamination by co-purifying E. coli proteins. An indirect ELISA, based on this affinity-purified OV65delB, was optimised for use with sheep and cattle samples and cut-off values were established based on known negative serum samples. Analysis of groups of samples that were either presumed infected (UK sheep) or tested OvHV-2 positive or negative by PCR (cattle MCF diagnostic samples) showed that the assay had 95 % sensitivity and 96 % specificity for sheep serum; and 80 % sensitivity and 95 % specificity for cattle serum. The lower sensitivity with cattle samples appeared to be due to a lack of serological response in some MCF-affected cattle. This recombinant antigen therefore shows promise as the basis of an inexpensive, simple and reliable test that can be used to detect OvHV-2-specific antibody responses in both MCF-affected animals and in OvHV-2 reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK.
| | - Ann Percival
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK
| | - Dawn M Grant
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kathryn Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK
| | - Dylan Turnbull
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kevin McLean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK
| | - Julia Lienhard
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Analysis of immune responses to attenuated alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 formulated with and without adjuvant. Vaccine X 2021; 8:100090. [PMID: 33912826 PMCID: PMC8065228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MCF vaccine was tested with and without adjuvant and containing inactivated virus. Adjuvant was required for optimal virus neutralising antibody responses. Storage of AlHV-1 with Emulsigen adjuvant significantly reduced virus viability. Vaccination with adjuvant-inactivated AlHV-1 did not reduce antibody responses.
The experimental vaccine for bovine malignant catarrhal fever consists of viable attenuated alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) derived by extensive culture passage, combined with an oil-in-water adjuvant, delivered intramuscularly. This immunisation strategy was over 80% effective in previous experimental and field trials and protection appeared to be associated with induction of virus-neutralising antibodies. Whether the vaccine virus is required to be viable at the point of immunisation and whether adjuvant is required to induce the appropriate immune responses remains unclear. To address these issues two studies were performed, firstly to analyse immune responses in the presence and absence of adjuvant and secondly, to investigate immune responses to vaccines containing adjuvant plus viable or inactivated AlHV-1. The first study showed that viable attenuated AlHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant induced virus-specific antibodies but the titres of virus-neutralising antibodies were significantly lower than those induced by vaccine containing viable virus and adjuvant, suggesting adjuvant was required for optimal responses. In contrast, the second study found that the vaccine containing inactivated (>99.9%) AlHV-1 induced similar levels of virus-neutralising antibody to the equivalent formulation containing viable AlHV-1. Together these studies suggest that the MCF vaccine acts as an antigen depot for induction of immune responses, requiring adjuvant and a suitable antigen source, which need not be viable virus. These observations may help in directing the development of alternative MCF vaccine formulations for distribution in the absence of an extensive cold chain.
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Partin TG, Schrenzel MD, Braun J, Witte CL, Kubiski SV, Lee J, Rideout BA. Herpesvirus surveillance and discovery in zoo-housed ruminants. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246162. [PMID: 33508038 PMCID: PMC7842878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesvirus infections are ubiquitous in captive and free-ranging ruminants and are associated with a variety of clinical diseases ranging from subclinical or mild inflammatory syndromes to fatal diseases such as malignant catarrhal fever. Gammaherpesvirus infections have been fully characterized in only a few ruminant species, and the overall diversity, host range, and biologic effects of most are not known. This study investigated the presence and host distribution of gammaherpesviruses in ruminant species at two facilities, the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Zoo Safari Park. We tested antemortem (blood, nasal or oropharyngeal swabs) or postmortem (internal organs) samples from 715 healthy or diseased ruminants representing 96 species and subspecies, using a consensus-based herpesvirus PCR for a segment of the DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene. Among the 715 animals tested, 161 (22.5%) were PCR and sequencing positive for herpesvirus, while only 11 (6.83%) of the PCR positive animals showed clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever. Forty-four DPOL genotypes were identified of which only 10 have been reported in GenBank. The data describe viral diversity within species and individuals, identify host ranges of potential new viruses, and address the proclivity and consequences of interspecies transmission during management practices in zoological parks. The discovery of new viruses with wide host ranges and presence of co-infection within individual animals also suggest that the evolutionary processes influencing Gammaherpesvirus diversity are more complex than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagen G. Partin
- Disease Investigation, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark D. Schrenzel
- Hybla Valley Veterinary Hospital, Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Josephine Braun
- Disease Investigation, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, United States of America
| | - Carmel L. Witte
- Disease Investigation, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, United States of America
| | - Steven V. Kubiski
- Disease Investigation, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, United States of America
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Rideout
- Disease Investigation, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, United States of America
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A randomised vaccine field trial in Kenya demonstrates protection against wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. Vaccine 2019; 37:5946-5953. [PMID: 31473000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever (WA-MCF), a fatal disease of cattle caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), is one of the most important seasonal diseases of cattle in wildebeest endemic areas, with annual incidence reaching 10%. Here we report efficacy of over 80% for a vaccine based on the attenuated AlHV-1 C500 strain, in preventing fatal WA-MCF in cattle exposed to natural wildebeest challenge. The study was conducted at Kapiti Plains Ranch Ltd, south-east of Nairobi, Kenya. In 2016, 146 cattle were selected for a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Cattle were stratified according to breed and age and randomly assigned to groups given vaccine or culture medium mixed with Emulsigen®. Cattle received prime and boost inoculations one month apart and few adverse reactions (n = 4) were observed. Indirect ELISA demonstrated that all cattle in the vaccine group developed a serological response to AlHV-1. The study herd was grazed with wildebeest from one month after booster vaccination. Three cattle, two that received vaccine and one control, succumbed to conditions unrelated to WA-MCF before the study ended. Twenty-five cattle succumbed to WA-MCF; four of the remaining 71 cattle in the vaccine group (5.6%) and 21 of the remaining 72 control cattle (29.2%; χ2 = 13.6, df = 1, p < 0.001). All of the WA-MCF affected cattle were confirmed by PCR to be infected with AlHV-1 and in 23 cases exhibited histopathology typical of WA-MCF. Vaccine efficacy was determined to be 80.6% (95% CI 46.5-93.0%). Hence, the AlHV-1 C500 vaccine is a safe and potentially effective novel method for controlling WA-MCF in cattle. The implementation of this vaccine may have significant impacts on marginalised cattle keeping communities.
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9
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Orono SA, Gitao GC, Mpatswenumugabo JP, Chepkwony M, Mutisya C, Okoth E, Bronsvoort BMDC, Russell GC, Nene V, Cook EAJ. Field validation of clinical and laboratory diagnosis of wildebeest associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:69. [PMID: 30819152 PMCID: PMC6396541 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wildebeest associated malignant catarrhal fever (WA-MCF) is a fatal disease of cattle. Outbreaks are seasonal and associated with close interaction between cattle and calving wildebeest. In Kenya, WA-MCF has a dramatic effect on cattle-keepers who lose up to 10% of their cattle herds per year. The objective of this study was to report the impact of WA-MCF on a commercial ranch and assess the performance of clinical diagnosis compared to laboratory diagnosis as a disease management tool. A retrospective study of WA-MCF in cattle was conducted from 2014 to 2016 at Kapiti Plains Ranch Ltd., Kenya. During this period, 325 animals showed clinical signs of WA-MCF and of these, 123 were opportunistically sampled. In addition, 51 clinically healthy animals were sampled. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to confirm clinically diagnosed cases of WA-MCF. A latent class model (LCM) was used to evaluate the diagnostic parameters of clinical diagnosis and the tests in the absence of a gold standard. Results By PCR, 94% (95% C.I. 89–97%) of clinically affected animals were positive to WA-MCF while 63% (95% C.I. 54–71%) were positive by indirect ELISA. The LCM demonstrated the indirect ELISA had poor sensitivity 63.3% (95% PCI 54.4–71.7%) and specificity 62.6% (95% PCI 39.2–84.9%) while the nested PCR performed better with sensitivity 96.1% (95% PCI 90.7–99.7%) and specificity 92.9% (95% PCI 76.1–99.8%). The sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnosis were 99.1% (95% PCI 96.8–100.0%) and 71.5% (95% PCI 48.0–97.2%) respectively. Conclusions Clinical diagnosis was demonstrated to be an effective method to identify affected animals although animals may be incorrectly classified resulting in financial loss. The study revealed indirect ELISA as a poor test and nested PCR to be a more appropriate confirmatory test for diagnosing acute WA-MCF. However, the logistics of PCR make it unsuitable for field diagnosis of WA-MCF. The future of WA-MCF diagnosis should be aimed at development of penside techniques, which will allow for fast detection in the field. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1818-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheillah Ayiela Orono
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box, 29053, Kangemi, Kenya.,International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Chege Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box, 29053, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box, 29053, Kangemi, Kenya.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box: 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Maurine Chepkwony
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Mutisya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
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10
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Warimwe GM, Purushotham J, Perry BD, Hill AV, Gilbert SC, Dungu B, Charleston B. Tackling human and animal health threats through innovative vaccinology in Africa. AAS Open Res 2018; 1:18. [PMID: 32259020 PMCID: PMC7118973 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12877.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa bears the brunt of many of the world's most devastating human and animal infectious diseases, a good number of which have no licensed or effective vaccines available. The continent's potential to generate novel interventions against these global health threats is however largely untapped. Strengthening Africa's vaccine research and development (R&D) sector could accelerate discovery, development and deployment of effective countermeasures against locally prevalent infectious diseases, many of which are neglected and have the capacity to spread to new geographical settings. Here, we review Africa's human and veterinary vaccine R&D sectors and identify key areas that should be prioritized for investment, and synergies that could be exploited from Africa's veterinary vaccine industry, which is surprisingly strong and has close parallels with human vaccine R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Warimwe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Brian D. Perry
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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11
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Warimwe GM, Purushotham J, Perry BD, Hill AVS, Gilbert SC, Dungu B, Charleston B. Tackling human and animal health threats through innovative vaccinology in Africa. AAS Open Res 2018; 1:18. [PMID: 32259020 PMCID: PMC7118973 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12877.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa bears the brunt of many of the world's most devastating human and animal infectious diseases, a good number of which have no licensed or effective vaccines available. The continent's potential to generate novel interventions against these global health threats is however largely untapped. Strengthening Africa's vaccine research and development (R&D) sector could accelerate discovery, development and deployment of effective countermeasures against locally prevalent infectious diseases, many of which are neglected and have the capacity to spread to new geographical settings. Here, we review Africa's human and veterinary vaccine R&D sectors and identify key areas that should be prioritized for investment, and synergies that could be exploited from Africa's veterinary vaccine industry, which is surprisingly strong and has close parallels with human vaccine R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Warimwe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Brian D Perry
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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12
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Casey-Bryars M, Reeve R, Bastola U, Knowles NJ, Auty H, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Fowler VL, Fyumagwa R, Kazwala R, Kibona T, King A, King DP, Lankester F, Ludi AB, Lugelo A, Maree FF, Mshanga D, Ndhlovu G, Parekh K, Paton DJ, Perry B, Wadsworth J, Parida S, Haydon DT, Marsh TL, Cleaveland S, Lembo T. Waves of endemic foot-and-mouth disease in eastern Africa suggest feasibility of proactive vaccination approaches. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1449-1457. [PMID: 30082738 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production in Africa is key to national economies, food security and rural livelihoods, and > 85% of livestock keepers live in extreme poverty. With poverty elimination central to the Sustainable Development Goals, livestock keepers are therefore critically important. Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious livestock disease widespread in Africa that contributes to this poverty. Despite its US$2.3 billion impact, control of the disease is not prioritized: standard vaccination regimens are too costly, its impact on the poorest is underestimated, and its epidemiology is too weakly understood. Our integrated analysis in Tanzania shows that the disease is of high concern, reduces household budgets for human health, and has major impacts on milk production and draft power for crop production. Critically, foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in cattle are driven by livestock-related factors with a pattern of changing serotype dominance over time. Contrary to findings in southern Africa, we find no evidence of frequent infection from wildlife, with outbreaks in cattle sweeping slowly across the region through a sequence of dominant serotypes. This regularity suggests that timely identification of the epidemic serotype could allow proactive vaccination ahead of the wave of infection, mitigating impacts, and our preliminary matching work has identified potential vaccine candidates. This strategy is more realistic than wildlife-livestock separation or conventional foot-and-mouth disease vaccination approaches. Overall, we provide strong evidence for the feasibility of coordinated foot-and-mouth disease control as part of livestock development policies in eastern Africa, and our integrated socioeconomic, epidemiological, laboratory and modelling approach provides a framework for the study of other disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Casey-Bryars
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland.,The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Umesh Bastola
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Harriet Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), An Lòchran, Inverness, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tito Kibona
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Felix Lankester
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman , WA, USA
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Ahmed Lugelo
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Francois F Maree
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Deogratius Mshanga
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Brian Perry
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel T Haydon
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas L Marsh
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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13
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Oliveira MC, Pereira GO, Daoualibi Y, Dutra V, Brito MF, Caldas SA, Balthazar DA, Ubiali DG. An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an infectious, pansystemic and highly fatal disease with wide geographic distribution. The species that are clinically prone to it include cattle, deer and bison. In Brazil, the disease in ruminants and deer is associated with the contact with sheep, especially during labor, when the fetal remains that are eliminated contain the ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). The outbreak took place in a conservationist property in the city of Casimiro de Abreu/RJ, which hosted 23 Sambar deer, and, of these, 19 died, showing neurological signs. The deer lived in a location together with 15 male and female meat sheep. A female specimen of the Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), aged approximately three years, which had presented with neurological clinical signs was referred to necropsy in the Setor de Anatomia Patológica at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (SAP/UFRRJ). During necropsy, cerebrospinal fluid was sampled for analysis; fragments of several organs were fixated in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathological analysis. Fragments of occipital lobe, cerebellum and bulb were collected to perform the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The diagnosis of this outbreak was based on epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings, and on the amplification of the OvHV-2 DNA through PCR. The histological changes were the base to confirm the MCF case and were characterized by degeneration of vascular endothelial cells, fibrinoid vasculitis, hyperplasia and necrosis of lymphoid organs. However, PCR was an important tool to confirm the diagnosis. MCF as an important disease with nervous symptomatology in deer.
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14
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Ortiz K, Javaux J, Simon M, Petit T, Clavel S, Lamglait B, Blanc B, Brunet A, Myster F, Li H, Dewals BG. Seroprevalence of malignant catarrhal fever virus in captive wildebeest (Connochaetes sp.) in France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1697-1704. [PMID: 29962104 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus carried asymptomatically by wildebeests (Connochaetes sp.) in sub-Saharan Africa. Although asymptomatic in wildebeest, AlHV-1 infection in a number of other ruminant species causes a severe and fatal lymphoproliferative disease named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF). Several endangered species of captive ruminants are highly susceptible to developing WD-MCF if infected by AlHV-1, which is a critical concern in zoos, game reserves and wildlife parks where wildebeests are also kept in captivity. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of AlHV-1 in 52 captive wildebeests randomly sampled from five different zoos in France. We found 46% (24/52) seropositive animals and detected AlHV-1 DNA in one of them, demonstrating that AlHV-1 infection is present in captive wildebeests in France. In an interesting manner, the repartition of seropositive wildebeests was not homogenous between zoos with 100% (20/20) of seronegative animals in three parks. These results further highlight the importance of considering WD-MCF as a threat for clinically susceptible species and encourage for testing AlHV-1 infection in captive wildebeests as a management control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ortiz
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7205, Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Obterre, France
| | - Justine Javaux
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Blanc
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7205, Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Obterre, France
| | - Alice Brunet
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7205, Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Obterre, France
| | - Françoise Myster
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.,Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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15
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Bildfell RJ, Li H, Alcantar BE, Cunha CW, Bradway DS, Thomas KS. Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1-induced malignant catarrhal fever in a Watusi ( Bos taurus africanus) steer in a North American game park. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:579-582. [PMID: 28545343 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717708392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-y-old Watusi ( Bos taurus africanus) steer housed at a drive-through game park in Winston, Oregon developed severe clinical illness including fever, marked nasal discharge, injected scleral and conjunctival membranes, plus oral hemorrhages and erosions. The animal responded poorly to supportive treatment and was euthanized. Additional gross findings at postmortem examination included papules and erosive lesions on the tongue, hemorrhagic large intestine, and multifocal cardiac hemorrhages. Histopathologic findings included multifocal lymphoplasmacytic vasculitis plus fibrin exudation in heart and tongue. Total DNA obtained from the splenic samples was positive for alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) as tested by a multiplex PCR for malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) viruses. The AlHV-1 detection was further confirmed by amplification and sequencing of a viral DNA polymerase gene fragment, which was identical to AlHV-1 sequences in GenBank. This was the first diagnosis of clinical wildebeest-associated MCF on these premises, although wildebeest have been held at the park for over 25 y. This disease is sporadic in North America and should be considered as a differential diagnosis for febrile illness with ulcerative oral lesions in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bildfell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Li, Cunha).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Li).,Wildlife Safari, Winston, OR (Alcantar, Thomas).,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Bradway).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Cunha, Bradway)
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Li, Cunha).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Li).,Wildlife Safari, Winston, OR (Alcantar, Thomas).,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Bradway).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Cunha, Bradway)
| | - Benjamin E Alcantar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Li, Cunha).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Li).,Wildlife Safari, Winston, OR (Alcantar, Thomas).,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Bradway).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Cunha, Bradway)
| | - Cristina W Cunha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Li, Cunha).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Li).,Wildlife Safari, Winston, OR (Alcantar, Thomas).,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Bradway).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Cunha, Bradway)
| | - Dan S Bradway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Li, Cunha).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Li).,Wildlife Safari, Winston, OR (Alcantar, Thomas).,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Bradway).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Cunha, Bradway)
| | - Kirsten S Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Bildfell).,Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Li, Cunha).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Li).,Wildlife Safari, Winston, OR (Alcantar, Thomas).,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Bradway).,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Cunha, Bradway)
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16
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HUSSAIN I, KASHOO ZA, WANI AH, HASIN D, PAMPORI ZA, WANI SA. Malignant catarrhal fever: recent update. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i3.68792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a serious, usually fatal disease affecting many species of ungulates of the subfamily Bovinae and family Cervidae including pigs and caused by a herpesvirus under the genus Macavirus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. Ten Macaviruses have been identified to date and 6 were found to be associated with clinical MCF. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), which causes inapparent infection in wildebeest and ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), which is associated with subclinical infections in sheep are the two most important herpes viruses that cause clinical wildebeest associated MCF (WA-MCF) and sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF), respectively. The disease is characterized by accumulation of lymphocytes (predominantly CD8+ T cells) in a variety of organs, often associated with tissue necrosis. AIHV-1 can be recovered from animals, while OvHV-2 has never been recovered from affected animals, only OvHV-2 specific DNA is detected in cultured lymphoblastoid cells from infected animals. Diagnosis is normally achieved by observing the clinical signs, characteristic histopathological changes, ELISA and detection of viral DNA in the infected animals. Detection of viral DNA by PCR is becoming the method of choice for diagnosing the SA-MCF. Currently, there is no effective disease control measure. Attenuated AlHV-1 virus vaccine has been developed with varying degree of success for control of WAMCF in Africa. Separation of reservoir host from susceptible host or raising of OvHV-2 free sheep is the only solution for control of SA-MCF. In India, our group first confirmed SA-MCF in Kashmir. The present article updates current epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control of MCF with special reference to India.
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17
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Ladbury G, Allan KJ, Cleaveland S, Davis A, de Glanville WA, Forde TL, Halliday JEB, Haydon DT, Kibiki G, Kiwelu I, Lembo T, Maro V, Mmbaga BT, Ndyetabura T, Sharp J, Thomas K, Zadoks RN. One Health Research in Northern Tanzania - Challenges and Progress. East Afr Health Res J 2017; 1:8-18. [PMID: 34308154 PMCID: PMC8279194 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj-d-16-00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
East Africa has one of the world's fastest growing human populations-many of whom are dependent on livestock-as well as some of the world's largest wildlife populations. Humans, livestock, and wildlife often interact closely, intimately linking human, animal, and environmental health. The concept of One Health captures this interconnectedness, including the social structures and beliefs driving interactions between species and their environments. East African policymakers and researchers are recognising and encouraging One Health research, with both groups increasingly playing a leading role in this subject area. One Health research requires interaction between scientists from different disciplines, such as the biological and social sciences and human and veterinary medicine. Different disciplines draw on norms, methodologies, and terminologies that have evolved within their respective institutions and that may be distinct from or in conflict with one another. These differences impact interdisciplinary research, both around theoretical and methodological approaches and during project operationalisation. We present experiential knowledge gained from numerous ongoing projects in northern Tanzania, including those dealing with bacterial zoonoses associated with febrile illness, foodborne disease, and anthrax. We use the examples to illustrate differences between and within social and biological sciences and between industrialised and traditional societies, for example, with regard to consenting procedures or the ethical treatment of animals. We describe challenges encountered in ethical approval processes, consenting procedures, and field and laboratory logistics and offer suggestions for improvement. While considerable investment of time in sensitisation, communication, and collaboration is needed to overcome interdisciplinary challenges inherent in One Health research, this can yield great rewards in paving the way for successful implementation of One Health projects. Furthermore, continued investment in African institutions and scientists will strengthen the role of East Africa as a world leader in One Health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Ladbury
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alicia Davis
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William A de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Taya L Forde
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gibson Kibiki
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, Tanzania.,East African Health Research Commission, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Venance Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Theonest Ndyetabura
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jo Sharp
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kate Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, Tanzania.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, Tanzania
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18
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Lankester F, Lugelo A, Werling D, Mnyambwa N, Keyyu J, Kazwala R, Grant D, Smith S, Parameswaran N, Cleaveland S, Russell G, Haig D. The efficacy of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) immunization with the adjuvants Emulsigen ® and the monomeric TLR5 ligand FliC in zebu cattle against AlHV-1 malignant catarrhal fever induced by experimental virus challenge. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:144-153. [PMID: 27771060 PMCID: PMC5081063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination induces a pharyngeal antibody response in shorthorn zebu cross (SZC). Direct challenge with the AlHV-1 virus is effective at inducing MCF in SZC. Attenuated AlHV–1 + Emulsigen® vaccine efficacy in SZC calculated to be 50%. Bacterial flagellin is not a good adjuvant as inclusion reduced antibody response. We provide evidence that non-fatal AlHV-1 infections occur in SZC.
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal disease of cattle that, in East Africa, follows contact with wildebeest excreting alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1). Recently an attenuated vaccine (atAlHV-1) was tested under experimental challenge on Friesian-Holstein (FH) cattle and gave a vaccine efficacy (VE) of approximately 90%. However testing under field conditions on an East African breed, the shorthorn zebu cross (SZC), gave a VE of 56% suggesting that FH and SZC cattle may respond differently to the vaccine. To investigate, a challenge trial was carried out using SZC. Additionally three adjuvant combinations were tested: (i) Emulsigen®, (ii) bacterial flagellin (FliC) and (iii) Emulsigen® + bacterial flagellin. We report 100% seroconversion in all immunized cattle. The group inoculated with atAlHV-1 + Emulsigen® had significantly higher antibody titres than groups inoculated with FliC, the smallest number of animals that became infected and the fewest fatalities, suggesting this was the most effective combination. A larger study is required to more accurately determine the protective effect of this regime in SZC. There was an apparent inhibition of the antibody response in cattle inoculated with atAlHV-1 + FliC, suggesting FliC might induce an immune suppressive mechanism. The VE in SZC (50–60%) was less than that in FH (80–90%). We speculate that this might be due to increased risk of disease in vaccinated SZC (suggesting that the vaccine may be less effective at stimulating an appropriate immune response in this breed) and/or increased survival in unvaccinated SZC (suggesting that these cattle may have a degree of prior immunity against infection with AlHV-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lankester
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Ahmed Lugelo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Dirk Werling
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Mnyambwa
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Julius Keyyu
- Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Dawn Grant
- Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nevi Parameswaran
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - David Haig
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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