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Ingvarsson J, Grut V, Biström M, Berg LP, Stridh P, Huang J, Hillert J, Alfredsson L, Kockum I, Olsson T, Waterboer T, Nilsson S, Sundström P. Rubella virus seropositivity after infection or vaccination as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2024:e16387. [PMID: 39023088 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Hereditary susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to disease risk. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) have previously been associated with MS risk. Other neurotropic viruses, such as rubella virus (RV), are possible candidates in MS aetiopathogenesis, but previous results are limited and conflicting. METHODS In this nested case-control study of biobank samples in a Swedish cohort, we analysed the serological response towards RV before the clinical onset of MS with a bead-based multiplex assay in subjects vaccinated and unvaccinated towards RV. The association between RV seropositivity and MS risk was analysed with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Seropositivity towards RV was associated with an increased risk of MS for unvaccinated subjects, even when adjusting for plausible confounders including EBV, HHV-6A, cytomegalovirus and vitamin D (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-8.8). Cases also had stronger antibody reactivity towards rubella than controls, which was not seen for other neurotropic viruses such as herpes simplex or varicella zoster. Furthermore, we observed an association between RV seropositivity and MS in vaccinated subjects. However, this association was not significant when adjusting for the aforementioned confounders (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.9). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, these are the first reported associations between early RV seropositivity and later MS development. This suggests a broadening of the virus hypothesis in MS aetiology, where molecular mimicry between rubella epitopes and human central nervous system molecules could be an attractive possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ingvarsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Viktor Grut
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Biström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linn Persson Berg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse Huang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sundström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Xing W, Li L, Zhang J, Ma C, Xue X, Ye S, Xue H, Hu R, Ma Y, Yuan H. Design of a chimaeric antigen and its use in the detection of IgG antibodies against rubella virus. Virol J 2022; 19:33. [PMID: 35197095 PMCID: PMC8867874 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of rubella or German measles. Although most infections cause only mild self-limited measles-like illness, the infection in pregnant women can cause severe foetal malformation or even miscarriage, especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to establish a simple and sensitive RV detection method. METHODS The partial epitopes of the E1 and E2 proteins from Rubella Virus were selected as the target sites, the sequence of the selected antigenic sites of the E1 and E2 were linked by a linker. The expression plasmid P6T was constructed by inserting the gene into PET-32A + with a histidine Tag. The P6 protein was induced and expressed in Escherichia coli L21 (DE3) and purified by nickel column affinity. The protein P6 antigen was identified by Western blotting analysis, and an anti-P6 antibody ELISA was established to test known serum samples to evaluate the capability of this method. RESULTS After purification, the concentration and purity of the protein P6 were 0.283 mg/mL and more than 80%, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed that the protein P6 could react with rubella virus positive serum. By ELISA, 36 negative sera and 58 positive sera were detected. The coincidence rate, specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 86.2%, 88.89% and 84.48%, respectively. The P6 ELISA with a kappa coefficient of 0.715, P < 0.05, indicated excellent consistency. CONCLUSIONS The protein P6 with excellent antigenicity obtained from prokaryotic expression followed by chromatography purification could prove useful for early diagnosis of RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Xing
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.,The People's Hospital of Jiang County, Shanxi, 043600, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jingnan Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Xue
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shumei Ye
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Huiting Xue
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruiping Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Yanhua Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Dinesh DC, Tamilarasan S, Rajaram K, Bouřa E. Antiviral Drug Targets of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses Causing Chronic Human Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:105-124. [PMID: 31538891 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666190920153247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses associated with chronic diseases in humans are major threats to public health causing high mortality globally. The high mutation rate of RNA viruses helps them to escape the immune response and also is responsible for the development of drug resistance. Chronic infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses (HBV and HCV) lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatocellular carcinoma respectively, which are one of the major causes of human deaths. Effective preventative measures to limit chronic and re-emerging viral infections are absolutely necessary. Each class of antiviral agents targets a specific stage in the viral life cycle and inhibits them from its development and proliferation. Most often, antiviral drugs target a specific viral protein, therefore only a few broad-spectrum drugs are available. This review will be focused on the selected viral target proteins of pathogenic viruses containing single-stranded (ss) RNA genome that causes chronic infections in humans (e.g. HIV, HCV, Flaviviruses). In the recent past, an exponential increase in the number of available three-dimensional protein structures (>150000 in Protein Data Bank), allowed us to better understand the molecular mechanism of action of protein targets and antivirals. Advancements in the in silico approaches paved the way to design and develop several novels, highly specific small-molecule inhibitors targeting the viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvaraj Tamilarasan
- Section of Microbial Biotechnology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kaushik Rajaram
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Evžen Bouřa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Performance of Zika Assays in the Context of Toxoplasma gondii, Parvovirus B19, Rubella Virus, and Cytomegalovirus (TORCH) Diagnostic Assays. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:33/1/e00130-18. [PMID: 31826871 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00130-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections during pregnancy that may cause congenital abnormalities have been recognized for decades, but their diagnosis is challenging. This was again illustrated with the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), highlighting the inherent difficulties in estimating the extent of pre- and postnatal ZIKV complications because of the difficulties in establishing definitive diagnoses. We reviewed the epidemiology, infection kinetics, and diagnostic methods used for Toxoplasma gondii, parvovirus B19, rubella virus, and cytomegalovirus (TORCH) infections and compared the results with current knowledge of ZIKV diagnostic assays to provide a basis for the inclusion of ZIKV in the TORCH complex evaluations. Similarities between TORCH pathogens and ZIKV support inclusion of ZIKV as an emerging TORCH infection. Our review evaluates the diagnostic performance of various TORCH diagnostic assays for maternal screening, fetal screening, and neonatal screening. We show that the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of TORCH complex pathogens are widely variable, stressing the importance of confirmatory testing and the need for novel techniques for earlier and accurate diagnosis of maternal and congenital infections. In this context it is also important to acknowledge different needs and access to care for different geographic and resource settings.
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Mousa M, Al-Amri SS, Degnah AA, Tolah AM, Abduljabbar HH, Oraif AM, Abduljabbar HS, Mirza AA, Azhar EI, Hashem AM. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2019; 39:403-409. [PMID: 31804132 PMCID: PMC6894452 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2019.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that consist of more than 200 genotypes. Low-risk genotypes are associated with warts or benign lesions, whereas high-risk genotypes are usually associated with malignancies and cancers including cervical cancer. However, the real prevalence and incidence of HPV in Saudi Arabia may be understated due to a lack of comprehensive data reporting. OBJECTIVES Determine the positivity rate of HPV in men and women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Tertiary care center in Jeddah. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Self-collected vaginal swab samples were obtained from females attending the gynecological clinic in the period between October 2017 and April 2018 at a tertiary care center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PCR-positive HPV samples were sequenced to determine genotype. Additionally, serum samples were collected from healthy male and female blood donors and screened for HPV IgG antibodies by ELISA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Molecular and serological positivity for HPV. SAMPLE SIZE 119 self-collected vaginal swabs from females at a gynecology clinic and 966 serum samples from healthy blood donors. RESULTS Of the 119 tested vaginal swabs, 7 samples (5.9%) were positive for HPV DNA. Several genotypes were identified. Most of the positive samples were from Saudi females in the age range of 31-50 years seeking care for infertility. Of the 966 serum samples, only 16 samples (1.7%) were positive for HPV IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION While the prevalence of HPV in men and women in our sample from the western region of Saudi Arabia was low, our data clearly show that it is not uncommon among high-risk groups and people are still exposed to the risk of HPV infection. Most importantly, these data provide valuable information that could aid in enhancing national awareness about HPV and in introducing an HPV vaccination program. LIMITATIONS Single hospital and a convenience sample CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Mousa
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan S Al-Amri
- From the Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan A Degnah
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,From the Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Tolah
- From the Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanin H Abduljabbar
- From the Reproductive endocrinology and infertility unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Oraif
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan S Abduljabbar
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Mirza
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,From the Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,From the Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Haralambieva IH, Gibson MJ, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Warner ND, Grill DE, Poland GA. Characterization of rubella-specific humoral immunity following two doses of MMR vaccine using proteome microarray technology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188149. [PMID: 29145521 PMCID: PMC5690594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction//Background The lack of standardization of the currently used commercial anti-rubella IgG antibody assays leads to frequent misinterpretation of results for samples with low/equivocal antibody concentration. The use of alternative approaches in rubella serology could add new information leading to a fuller understanding of rubella protective immunity and neutralizing antibody response after vaccination. Methods We applied microarray technology to measure antibodies to all rubella virus proteins in 75 high and 75 low rubella virus-specific antibody responders after two MMR vaccine doses. These data were used in multivariate penalized logistic regression modeling of rubella-specific neutralizing antibody response after vaccination. Results We measured antibodies to all rubella virus structural proteins (i.e., the glycoproteins E1 and E2 and the capsid C protein) and to the non-structural protein P150. Antibody levels to each of these proteins were: correlated with the neutralizing antibody titer (p<0.006); demonstrated differences between the high and the low antibody responder groups (p<0.008); and were components of the model associated with/predictive of vaccine-induced rubella virus-specific neutralizing antibody titers (misclassification error = 0.2). Conclusion Our study supports the use of this new technology, as well as the use of antibody profiles/patterns (rather than single antibody measures) as biomarkers of neutralizing antibody response and correlates of protective immunity in rubella virus serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H. Haralambieva
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Gibson
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel D. Warner
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Grill
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Study of rubella candidate vaccine based on a structurally modified plant virus. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:27-33. [PMID: 28511994 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel rubella candidate vaccine based on a structurally modified plant virus - spherical particles (SPs) - was developed. SPs generated by the thermal remodelling of the tobacco mosaic virus are promising platforms for the development of vaccines. SPs combine unique properties: biosafety, stability, high immunogenicity and the effective adsorption of antigens. We assembled in vitro and characterised complexes (candidate vaccine) based on SPs and the rubella virus recombinant antigen. The candidate vaccine induced a strong humoral immune response against rubella. The IgG isotypes ratio indicated the predominance of IgG1 which plays a key role in immunity to natural rubella infection. The immune response was generally directed against the rubella antigen within the complexes. We suggest that SPs can act as a platform (depot) for the rubella antigen, enhancing specific immune response. Our results demonstrate that SPs-antigen complexes can be an effective and safe candidate vaccine against rubella.
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