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Iqbal H, Rhee DK. Intranasal Immunization of Pneumococcal pep27 Mutant Attenuates Allergic and Inflammatory Diseases by Upregulating Skin and Mucosal Tregs. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:737. [PMID: 39066375 PMCID: PMC11281725 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional immunization methods such as intramuscular injections lack effective mucosal protection against pathogens that enter through the mucosal surfaces. Moreover, conventional therapy often leads to adverse events and compromised immunity, followed by complicated outcomes, leading to the need to switch to other options. Thus, a need to develop safe and effective treatment with long-term beneficial outcomes to reduce the risk of relapse is mandatory. Mucosal vaccines administered across mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory or intestinal mucosa, to prompt robust localized and systemic immune responses to prevent the public from acquiring pathogenic diseases. Mucosal immunity contains a unique immune cell milieu that selectively identify pathogens and limits the transmission and progression of mucosal diseases, such as allergic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It also offers protection from localized infection at the site of entry, enables the clearance of pathogens on mucosal surfaces, and leads to the induction of long-term immunity with the ability to shape regulatory responses. Regulatory T (Treg) cells have been a promising strategy to suppress mucosal diseases. To find advances in mucosal treatment, we investigated the therapeutic effects of intranasal pep27 mutant immunization. Nasal immunization protects mucosal surfaces, but nasal antigen presentation appears to entail the need for an adjuvant to stimulate immunogenicity. Here, a novel method is developed to induce Tregs via intranasal immunization without an adjuvant to potentially overcome allergic diseases and gut and lung inflammation using lung-gut axis communication in animal models. The implementation of the pep27 mutant for these therapies should be preceded by studies on Treg resilience through clinical translational studies on dietary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Kim JH, Ahn S, Ghosh P, Rhee DK. Immunization with a Pneumococcal pep27 Mutant Strain Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis through the Upregulation of Regulatory T-Cell Activity and Epithelial Barrier Function and Suppressing TSLP Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:115-123.e6. [PMID: 35988588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disease driven in part by type 2 helper T (Th2) cytokines and skin barrier disruption alleviating the entry of allergens. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cell‒derived cytokine, is known to aggravate AD symptoms by activating Th2. In addition, regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit inflammatory cells such as Th2. However, the relationship between TSLP and Tregs in AD is unclear. A murine dermatitis model was induced by applying oxazolone to the ear skin of mice. Prophylactic and therapeutic responses were analyzed by immunizing mice intranasally with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant (Δpep27 mutant), attenuated strain by reducing the virulence of a pathogen. Intranasal immunization with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant could elicit anti-inflammatory Treg-relevant factors and epithelial barrier genes (loricrin, involucrin, filaggrin, and small proline-rich repeat proteins). Thus, pneumococcal pep27-mutant immunization suppressed epidermal collapse, IgE, TSLP, and upregulation of Th2 expression by upregulating Treg activity. In contrast, Treg inhibition aggravated AD symptoms through the upregulation of TSLP and Th2 and the repression of epithelial barrier function compared with that of the noninhibited pneumococcal Δpep27-mutant group. Taken together, immunization with pneumococcal Δpep27 mutant upregulated Treg and epithelial barrier function and inhibited TSLP and Th2 to relieve AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saemi Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; DNBio Pharm, Research Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Iqbal H, Kim GL, Kim JH, Ghosh P, Shah M, Lee W, Rhee DK. Pep27 Mutant Immunization Inhibits Caspase-14 Expression to Alleviate Inflammatory Bowel Disease via Treg Upregulation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091871. [PMID: 36144473 PMCID: PMC9502188 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a highly prevalent gut inflammatory disorder. Complicated clinical outcomes prolong the use of conventional therapy and often lead to compromised immunity followed by adverse events and high relapse rates. Thus, a profound medical intervention is required. Previously, intranasal immunization of pneumococcal pep27 mutant (Δpep27) exhibited long-lasting protection against immune-related disorders. System biology analysis has predicted an inverse correlation between Δpep27 immunization and gastroenteritis. Recently, we established that Δpep27-elicited Tregs repressed Wnt5a expression and enhanced barrier integrity, suggesting the restoration of immunological tolerance. Therefore, we evaluated whether Δpep27 can alleviate IBD. Δpep27 dose-dependent response was analyzed in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice using transcriptome analysis. Pro- and anti-inflammatory signatures were cross-correlated by quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. To address the hierarchy regulating the activity of caspase-14, an undefined marker in IBD, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), antibody-based neutralization studies were conducted. Fecal microbiome profiles were analyzed by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. Δpep27 significantly attenuated dextran sulfate sodium-induced oxidative stress parameters, proinflammatory cytokines, caspase-14 expression level, and upregulated tight junction, anti-inflammatory genes IL-10 and TGF-β1 via upregulation of Tregs to restore healthy gut microbiota. Neutralization studies unveiled that ∆pep27 had a remedial effect via Treg upregulation. Caspase-14, being an important mediator in the pathogenesis of IBD, can be an alternate therapeutic target in IBD. ∆pep27-increased Tregs repressed caspase-14 expression and reversed gut microbial dysbiosis, aiding to re-establish immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Iqbal
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Gyu-Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | | | - Masaud Shah
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Research Center, DNBIO, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Iqbal H, Kim GL, Kim JH, Ghosh P, Shah M, Lee W, Rhee DK. Pneumococcal pep27-mutant inhibits Wnt5a expression via the regulation of T helper cells to attenuate colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108927. [PMID: 35691272 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gut inflammatory disease characterized by extensive colitis and remission of the symptoms. The incidence rate and prevalence of IBD are increasing worldwide; IBD affects millions of people, has poorly defined etiology, and often results in a failure of pharmacological interventions. Regardless of the cause, mucosal healing is indispensable for the regeneration of inflamed mucosa to ensure intestinal homeostasis. Intranasal immunization with the pneumococcal pep27 mutant (Δpep27) has been reported as an avirulent and live vaccine that has been proposed to suppress immune-regulated disorders, eliciting long-lasting immunity. The dose-dependent activity of Δpep27 in the lungs was measured by transcriptome analysis to investigate the long-lasting immunogenic response against IBD. Novel therapeutic targets based on the modulation of Wnt signaling and T regulatory cells interconnected with other signaling cascades in the context of IBD were investigated by qPCR and immunoblotting. M1/M2 macrophages were quantified by FACS analysis. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis induced significant upregulation of Th2 and Th17 as well as noncanonical Wnt5, which subsequently inhibited regulatory T (Treg) expression. In contrast, Δpep27 immunization significantly attenuated the levels of Wnt5, proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress parameters, and infiltration of inflammatory cells and enhanced barrier integrity via T helper cell homeostasis and upregulation of M2 macrophages. The data of the present study suggested that Δpep27-elicited Tregs were able to repress Wnt5a expression, assisting with the restoration of immunological tolerance and providing a robust regenerative and antioxidant milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Iqbal
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Gyu-Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Masaud Shah
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; DNBIO Pharm. Inc., Research Center, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Kim GL, Lee S, Kim SJ, Lee SO, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Pulmonary Colonization Resistance to Pathogens via Noncanonical Wnt and Interleukin-17A by Intranasal pep27 Mutant Immunization. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1977-1986. [PMID: 29579238 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have focused on colonization resistance of the gut microbiota against antibiotic resistant strains. However, less research has been performed on respiratory colonization resistance. Methods Because respiratory colonization is the first step of respiratory infections, intervention to prevent colonization would represent a new approach for preventive and therapeutic measures. The Th17 response plays an important role in clearance of respiratory pathogens. Thus, harnessing the Th17 immune response in the mucosal site would be an effective method to design a respiratory mucosal vaccine. Results In this study, we show that intranasal Δpep27 immunization induces noncanonical Wnt and subsequent interleukin (IL)-17 secretion, and it inhibits Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization. Moreover, IL-17A neutralization or nuclear factor of activated T-cell inhibition augmented bacterial colonization, indicating that noncanonical Wnt signaling is involved in pulmonary colonization resistance. Conclusions Therefore, Δpep27 immunization can provide nonspecific respiratory colonization resistance via noncanonical Wnt signaling and IL-17A-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Se-Jin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Si-On Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Kim BG, Ghosh P, Ahn S, Rhee DK. Pneumococcal pep27 mutant immunization suppresses allergic asthma in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:210-216. [PMID: 31029416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an allergic airway disease (AAD) characterized by eosinophilic inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyper responsiveness, and it is caused by dysregulated immune responses. Conversely, regulatory T cells (Tregs) control aberrant immune responses and maintain homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that Streptococcus pneumoniae, including its components as well as a live attenuated mutant, and pneumococcal infection induce Tregs and can thus potentially be harnessed therapeutically for asthma treatment. Previously, a pep27 deletion mutant (Δpep27) demonstrated a significantly attenuated virulence in a sepsis model, and Δpep27 immunization induced serotype-nonspecific protection against S. pneumoniae infection, as well as influenza virus, possibly via an immune tolerance mechanism. Here, the potential of Δpep27 immunization for asthma protection was studied. Mice were immunized intranasally with Δpep27 before or after ovalbumin sensitization and subsequent challenge. Δpep27 immunization suppressed hallmark features of AAD, including antigen-specific type 2 helper T cell cytokine and antibody responses, peripheral and pulmonary eosinophil accumulation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. Thus, a Δpep27 vaccine may be highly feasible as a preventive or therapeutic agent for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Gyeong Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Saemi Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Kim SJ, Seon SH, Luong TT, Ghosh P, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Immunization with attenuated non-transformable pneumococcal pep27 and comD mutant provides serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal infection. Vaccine 2018; 37:90-98. [PMID: 30467061 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a well-known pathogenic bacterium with a high mortality rate. Currently, a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and protein-conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are available on the market. However, both of these vaccines have limitations; specifically, PPV23 produces weak antibody responses in children younger than 2 years and PCVs only partially protect against secondary infection. Previously, we showed serotype-nonspecific protection by Δpep27 vaccine, but the reversion of Δpep27 to the wild type serotype during immunization cannot be excluded. To ensure the safety of the Δpep27 vaccine, comD, an important protein that activates competence, was inactivated, and the transformability of the double mutant (Δpep27ΔcomD) was determined. The transformation ability of this double mutant was successfully abolished. Δpep27ΔcomD immunization significantly increased the survival time after heterologous challenge(s), and diminished colonization levels independent of serotype, including a non-typeable strain (NCC1). Moreover, the double mutant was found to be highly safe in both normal and immunocompromised mice. In conclusion, this pneumococcal Δpep27ΔcomD vaccine appears to be a highly feasible and safe vaccine to prevent various types of pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Seung Han Seon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Truc Thanh Luong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Abstract
Colonization of the human nasopharynx by pneumococcus is extremely common and is both the primary reservoir for transmission and a prerequisite for disease. Current vaccines targeting the polysaccharide capsule effectively prevent colonization, conferring herd protection within vaccinated communities. However, these vaccines cover only a subset of all circulating pneumococcal strains, and serotype replacement has been observed. Given the success of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in preventing colonization in unvaccinated adults within vaccinated communities, reducing nasopharyngeal colonization has become an outcome of interest for novel vaccines. Here, we discuss the immunological mechanisms that control nasopharyngeal colonization, with an emphasis on findings from human studies. Increased understanding of these immunological mechanisms is required to identify correlates of protection against colonization that will facilitate the early testing and design of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Jochems
- Department of Clinicial Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPJ); (DMF)
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children′s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinicial Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPJ); (DMF)
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Korean Red Ginseng enhances pneumococcal Δ pep27 vaccine efficacy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:218-225. [PMID: 30962736 PMCID: PMC6437420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, more than 90 serotypes of which exist, is recognized as an etiologic agent of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immunization with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant (Δpep27) has been shown to confer comprehensive, long-term protection against even nontypeable strains. However, Δpep27 is effective as a vaccine only after at least three rounds of immunization. Therefore, treatments capable of enhancing the efficiency of Δpep27 immunization should be identified without delay. Panax ginseng Mayer has already been shown to have pharmacological and antioxidant effects. Here, the ability of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) to enhance the efficacy of Δpep27 immunization was investigated. Methods Mice were treated with KRG and immunized with Δpep27 before infection with the pathogenic S. pneumoniae strain D39. Total reactive oxygen species production was measured using lung homogenates, and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and antiapoptotic protein expression was determined by immunoblotting. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was also tested after KRG treatment. Results Compared with the other treatments, KRG significantly increased survival rate after lethal challenge and resulted in faster bacterial clearance via increased phagocytosis. Moreover, KRG enhanced Δpep27 vaccine efficacy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, reducing extracellular signal–regulated kinase apoptosis signaling and inflammation. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that KRG reduces the time required for immunization with the Δpep27 vaccine by enhancing its efficacy.
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Seon SH, Choi JA, Yang E, Pyo S, Song MK, Rhee DK. Intranasal Immunization With an Attenuated pep27 Mutant Provides Protection From Influenza Virus and Secondary Pneumococcal Infections. J Infect Dis 2017; 217:637-640. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Xu B, Zhang P, Li W, Liu R, Tang J, Fan H. hsdS, Belonging to the Type I Restriction-Modification System, Contributes to the Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Survival Ability in Phagocytes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1524. [PMID: 28848531 PMCID: PMC5552720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic agent in swine and humans. Anti-phagocytosis and survival in phagocytic cells and whole blood is essential for bacteria to be pathogenic. In this study, the host specificity determinant specificity subunit (coded by hsdS) of the Type I Restriction-Modification system and two peptidoglycan-binding proteins (coded by lysM and lysM′, respectively), which were simultaneously found to be subjected to transcript-level influence by hsdS, were identified to facilitate the anti-phagocytosis of SS2 to a microglia cell line BV2. Furthermore, they significantly enhanced its survival in BV2, whole blood, and a peroxidation environment (H2O2) (p < 0.05), yet not in the acidic condition based on statistical analysis of the characteristic differences between gene mutants and wild-type SS2. In contrast, another specificity subunit, coded by hsdS′, that belonged to the same Type I Restriction-Modification system, only significantly reduced the survival ability of SS2 in the acidic condition when in the form of a gene-deleted mutant (p < 0.05), but it did not significantly influence the survival ability in other conditions mentioned above or have enhanced anti-phagocytosis action when compared with wild-type SS2. In addition, the mutation of hsdS significantly enhanced the secretion of nitric oxide and TNF-α by BV2 with SS2 incubation (p < 0.05). The SS2 was tested, and it failed to stimulate BV2 to produce IFN-γ. These results demonstrated that hsdS contributed to bacterial anti-phagocytosis and survival in adverse host environments through positively impacting the transcription of two peptidoglycan-binding protein genes, enhancing resistance to reactive oxygen species, and reducing the secretion of TNF-α and nitric oxide by phagocytes. These findings revealed new mechanisms of SS2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China.,Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesYangzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jinsheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
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Kim GL, Seon SH, Rhee DK. Pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:885-893. [PMID: 28735461 PMCID: PMC7090487 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is an inflammatory disease of the lung, responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram-positive bacterium with over 90 serotypes, is the most common causative agent. Moreover, comorbid factors including heart failure, renal disease, and pulmonary disease could increase the risk of pneumococcal pneumonia. Since the advent of the pneumococcal vaccine in the 1980s, the incidence of pneumonia has decreased significantly. However, current vaccines confer only limited protection against serotypes included in the vaccine. Thus, to overcome this limitation, new types of pneumococcal vaccines have been sought and under clinical trials. In this review, we discuss pneumonia and summarize the various types of pneumococcal vaccines in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Seung-Han Seon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea.
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