1
|
Kim J, Rosenberger MG, Chen S, IP CKM, Bahmani A, Chen Q, Shen J, Tang Y, Wang A, Kenna E, Son M, Tay S, Ferguson AL, Esser-Kahn AP. Discovery of New States of Immunomodulation for Vaccine Adjuvants via High Throughput Screening: Expanding Innate Responses to PRRs. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:427-439. [PMID: 36968540 PMCID: PMC10037445 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the innate immune system is crucial in both effective vaccinations and immunotherapies. This is often achieved through adjuvants, molecules that usually activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and stimulate two innate immune signaling pathways: the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells pathway (NF-κB) and the interferon regulatory factors pathway (IRF). Here, we demonstrate the ability to alter and improve adjuvant activity via the addition of small molecule "immunomodulators". By modulating signaling activity instead of receptor binding, these molecules allow the customization of select innate responses. We demonstrate both inhibition and enhancement of the products of the NF-κB and IRF pathways by several orders of magnitude. Some modulators apply generally across many receptors, while others focus specifically on individual receptors. Modulators boost correlates of a protective immune responses in a commercial flu vaccine model and reduced correlates of reactogenicity in a typhoid vaccine model. These modulators have a range of applications: from adjuvanticity in prophylactics to enhancement of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siquan Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Carman KM IP
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Azadeh Bahmani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jinjing Shen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yifeng Tang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrew Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Emma Kenna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Minjun Son
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Savaş Tay
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrew L. Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Semi- and fully synthetic carbohydrate vaccines against pathogenic bacteria: recent developments. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2411-2429. [PMID: 34495299 PMCID: PMC8589429 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of vaccine-induced protection was repeatedly demonstrated over the last three decades and emphasized during the recent COVID-19 pandemic as the safest and most effective way of preventing infectious diseases. Vaccines have controlled, and in some cases, eradicated global viral and bacterial infections with high efficiency and at a relatively low cost. Carbohydrates form the capsular sugar coat that surrounds the outer surface of human pathogenic bacteria. Specific surface-exposed bacterial carbohydrates serve as potent vaccine targets that broadened our toolbox against bacterial infections. Since first approved for commercial use, antibacterial carbohydrate-based vaccines mostly rely on inherently complex and heterogenous naturally derived polysaccharides, challenging to obtain in a pure, safe, and cost-effective manner. The introduction of synthetic fragments identical with bacterial capsular polysaccharides provided well-defined and homogenous structures that resolved many challenges of purified polysaccharides. The success of semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccines against bacterial infections, now in different phases of clinical trials, opened up new possibilities and encouraged further development towards fully synthetic antibacterial vaccine solutions. In this mini-review, we describe the recent achievements in semi- and fully synthetic carbohydrate vaccines against a range of human pathogenic bacteria, focusing on preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar P, Sunita, Dubey KK, Shukla P. Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2183:249-266. [PMID: 32959248 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are biological preparations to elicit a specific immune response in individuals against the targetted microorganisms. The use of vaccines has caused the near eradication of many critical diseases and has had an everlasting impact on public health at a relatively low cost. Most of the vaccines developed today are based on techniques which were developed a long time ago. In the beginning, vaccines were prepared from tissue fluids obtained from infected animals or people, but at present, the scenario has changed with the development of vaccines from live or killed whole microorganisms and toxins or using genetic engineering approaches. Considerable efforts have been made in vaccine development, but there are still many diseases that need attention, and new technologies are being developed in vaccinology to combat them. In this chapter, we discuss different approaches for vaccine development, including the properties and preparation of whole-cell vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Microbiology, Karaganda Medical University, 40 Gogol Street, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Sunita
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
O'Reilly PJ, Pant D, Shakya M, Basnyat B, Pollard AJ. Progress in the overall understanding of typhoid fever: implications for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:367-382. [PMID: 32238006 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1750375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Typhoid fever continues to have a substantial impact on human health, especially in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Access to safe water, and adequate sanitation and hygiene remain the cornerstone of prevention, but these are not widely available in many impoverished settings. The emergence of antibiotic resistance affects typhoid treatment and adds urgency to typhoid control efforts. Vaccines provide opportunities to prevent and control typhoid fever in endemic settings. AREAS COVERED Literature search was performed looking for evidence concerning the global burden of typhoid and strategies for the prevention and treatment of typhoid fever. Cost of illness, available typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines and cost-effectiveness were also reviewed. The objective was to provide a critical overview of typhoid fever, in order to assess the current understanding and potential future directions for typhoid treatment and control. EXPERT COMMENTARY Our understanding of typhoid burden and methods of prevention has grown over recent years. However, typhoid fever still has a significant impact on health in low and middle-income countries. Introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines to the immunization schedule is expected to make a major contribution to control of typhoid fever in endemic countries, although vaccination alone is unlikely to eliminate the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J O'Reilly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford, UK
| | - Dikshya Pant
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mila Shakya
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leung AKC, Leung AAM, Wong AHC, Hon KL. Travelers' Diarrhea: A Clinical Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:38-48. [PMID: 31084597 PMCID: PMC6751351 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x13666190514105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Travelers’ diarrhea is the most common travel-related malady. It affects millions of international travelers to developing countries annually and can significantly disrupt travel plans. Objective: To provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of traveler’s diar-rhea. Methods: A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key term “traveler’s diarrhea”. The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature. Patents were searched using the key term “traveler’s diarrhea” from www.freepatentsonline.com. Results: Between 10% and 40% of travelers develop diarrhea. The attack rate is highest for travelers from a developed country who visit a developing country. Children are at particular risk. Travelers’ diarrhea is usually acquired through ingestion of food and water contaminated by feces. Most cases are due to a bac-terial pathogen, commonly, Escherichia coli, and occur within the first few days after arrival in a foreign country. Dehydration is the most common complication. Pretravel education on hygiene and on the safe selection of food items is important in minimizing episodes. For mild travelers’ diarrhea, the use of antibi-otic is not recommended. The use of bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide may be considered. For moder-ate travelers’ diarrhea, antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and rifaximin may be used. Loperamide may be considered as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. For severe travelers’ diarrhea, antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, and rifaximin should be used. Azithromycin can be used even for the treatment of dysentery whereas fluoroquinolones and rifaximin cannot be used for such purpose. Recent patents related to the management of travelers’ diarrhea are discussed. Conclusion: Although travelers’ diarrhea is usually self-limited, many travelers prefer expedient relief of diarrhea, especially when they are traveling for extended periods by air or ground. Judicious use of an antimotility agent and antimicrobial therapy reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy A M Leung
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex H C Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kam L Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmedullah H, Khan FY, Al Maslamani M, Al Soub H, Chacko K, Abu Khattab M, Mahmoud S, Howaidy F, Thapur M, Al Madhoun E, Hamed M, Doiphode S, Al Khal A, Deshmukh A. Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Salmonella Typhi Infection Among Adult Patients in Qatar: A Hospital-based Study. Oman Med J 2018; 33:468-472. [PMID: 30410688 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2018.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of typhoid fever in Qatar. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of adult patients treated for typhoid fever at Hamad General Hospital and Alkhor Hospital between 2005 and 2012. Results The mean age of the 354 patients enrolled in the study was 28.4±9.3 years; 296 (83.6%) were males. There were 42, 48, 39, 44, 46, 47, 52, and 36 cases of adults with typhoid fever in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. Overall, 343 (96.9%) patients had a history of travel to endemic areas. Among them, 93.0% acquired typhoid fever in the Indian subcontinent. Fever was observed in all cases, and the other predominant symptoms were abdominal pain (38.1%), diarrhea (35.6%), and headache (33.1%). Salmonella typhi, showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin (n = 163; 46.0%), and low resistance to ceftriaxone (n = 2; 0.6%). Four patients developed intestinal perforation, which was surgically repaired in two cases. Two patients (0.6%) died. Conclusions Typhoid fever was frequent among immigrants to endemic areas. Travelers returning from endemic areas with suspected typhoid fever should be treated empirically with third-generation cephalosporin after obtaining appropriate cultures. Moreover, preventive measurements such as education on food and water hygiene, and effective vaccination of travelers should be practiced widely among travelers to endemic areas to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ahmedullah
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Muna Al Maslamani
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hussam Al Soub
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kadavil Chacko
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abu Khattab
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Samar Mahmoud
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faraj Howaidy
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maliha Thapur
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Al Madhoun
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manal Hamed
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sanjay Doiphode
- Department of Microbiology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdulatif Al Khal
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anand Deshmukh
- Department of Microbiology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|