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He M, Yan Y, Liu X, Li L, Yang B, Liu M, Yu Q, Wang E, Li P, Liu T, Wang G. A nanobody-mediated drug system against largemouth bass virus delivered by bacterial nanocellulose in Micropterus salmoides. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131146. [PMID: 38561116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogens severely hampered the development of aquaculture, especially largemouth bass virus (LMBV) has caused massive mortality and severe economic losses to the culture of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Considering the environmental hazards and human health, effective and environmentally friendly therapy strategy against LMBV is of vital importance and in pressing need. In the present study, a novel nanobody (NbE4) specific for LMBV was selected from a phage display nanobody library. Immunofluorescence and indirect ELISA showed that NbE4 could recognize LMBV virions and had strong binding capacity, but RT-qPCR evidenced that NBE4 did not render the virus uninfectious. Besides, antiviral drug ribavirin was used to construct a targeted drug system delivered by bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). RT-qPCR revealed that NbE4 could significantly enhance the antiviral activity of ribavirin in vitro and in vivo. The targeted drug delivery system (BNC-Ribavirin-NbE4, BRN) reduced the inflammatory response caused by LMBV infection and improved survival rate (BRN-L, 33.3 %; BRN-M, 46.7 %; BRN-H, 56.7 %)compared with control group (13.3 %), ribavirin group (RBV, 26.7 %) and BNC-ribavirin (BNC-R, 40.0 %), respectively. This research provided an effective antiviral strategy that improved the drug therapeutic effect and thus reduced the dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Engineering Research Center of the Innovation and Development of Green Fishery Drugs, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ying Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Engineering Research Center of the Innovation and Development of Green Fishery Drugs, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Engineering Research Center of the Innovation and Development of Green Fishery Drugs, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linhan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Engineering Research Center of the Innovation and Development of Green Fishery Drugs, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Erlong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Engineering Research Center of the Innovation and Development of Green Fishery Drugs, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China.
| | - Tianqiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Engineering Research Center of the Innovation and Development of Green Fishery Drugs, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Engineering Research Center of the Innovation and Development of Green Fishery Drugs, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Mao M, Jiang J, Xu J, Liu Y, Wang H, Mao Y. Cells and Fugu Response to Capsid of BFNNV Genotype. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040988. [PMID: 37112968 PMCID: PMC10142826 DOI: 10.3390/v15040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) of the BFNNV genotype is the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in cold water fishes. Similar to the RGNNV genotype, BFNNV is also considered a highly destructive virus. In the present study, the RNA2 of the BFNNV genotype was modified and expressed in the EPC cell line. The subcellular localization results showed that the capsid and N-terminal (1-414) were located in the nucleus, while the C-terminal (415-1014) of the capsid was located in the cytoplasm. Meanwhile, cell mortality obviously increased after expression of the capsid in EPC. EPC cells were transfected with pEGFP-CP and sampled at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h for transcriptome sequencing. There are 254, 2997 and 229 up-regulated genes and 387, 1611, and 649 down-regulated genes post-transfection, respectively. The ubiquitin-activating enzyme and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme were up-regulated in the DEGs, indicating that cell death evoked by capsid transfection may be related to ubiquitination. The qPCR results showed that heat stock protein 70 (HSP70) is extremely up-regulated after expression of BFNNV capsid in EPC, and N-terminal is the key region to evoke the high expression. For further study, the immunoregulation of the capsid in fish pcDNA-3.1-CP was constructed and injected into the Takifugu rubripes muscle. pcDNA-3.1-CP can be detected in gills, muscle and head kidney, and lasted for more than 70 d post-injection. The transcripts of IgM and interferon inducible gene Mx were up-regulated after being immunized in different tissues, and immune factors, such as IFN-γ and C3, were also up-regulated in serum, while C4 was down-regulated one week after injection. It was suggested that pcDNA-3.1-CP can be a potential DNA vaccine in stimulating the immune system of T. rubripes; however, NNV challenge needs to be conducted in the following experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Mao
- Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Jielan Jiang
- Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haishan Wang
- Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Yunxiang Mao
- Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
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Combe M, Reverter M, Caruso D, Pepey E, Gozlan RE. Impact of Global Warming on the Severity of Viral Diseases: A Potentially Alarming Threat to Sustainable Aquaculture Worldwide. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041049. [PMID: 37110472 PMCID: PMC10146364 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With an ever-increasing human population, food security remains a central issue for the coming years. The magnitude of the environmental impacts of food production has motivated the assessment of the environmental and health benefits of shifting diets, from meat to fish and seafood. One of the main concerns for the sustainable development of aquaculture is the emergence and spread of infectious animal diseases in a warming climate. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the influence of global warming on mortality due to viral infections in farmed aquatic animals. We found a positive trend between increasing temperature and increasing viral virulence, with an increase in water temperature of 1 °C resulting in an increase in mortality of 1.47-8.33% in OsHV-1 infected oysters, 2.55-6.98% in carps infected with CyHV-3 and 2.18-5.37% in fishes infected with NVVs. We suggest that global warming is going to pose a risk of viral disease outbreaks in aquaculture and could compromise global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Combe
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Miriam Reverter
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Domenico Caruso
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Pepey
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ISEM, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Krishnan R, Jang YS, Kim JO, Yoon SY, Rajendran R, Oh MJ. Temperature dependent cellular, and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying the antiviral immunity in sevenband grouper to nervous necrosis virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:898-907. [PMID: 36334701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the thermal optima of fish impacts changes in the physiology and immune response associated with infections. The present study showed that at suboptimal temperatures (17 °C), the host tries to evade viral infection by downregulating the inflammatory response through enhanced neuronal protection. There was significantly less abundance of IgM + B cells in the 17 °C group compared to that in the 25 °C group. An increased macrophage population (Iba1+) during the survival phase in fish challenged at 25 °C demonstrated inflammation. Optimal temperature challenge activated virus-induced senescence in brain cells, demonstrated with a heterochromatin-associated H3K9me3 histone mark. There was an abundant expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain of fish at the suboptimal challenge. Besides the cytokines, the expression of BDNF was significantly higher in the suboptimally challenged group, suggesting that its neuronal protection activity following NNV infection is mediated through TGFβ. The suboptimal challenge resulted in H3k9ac displaying transcriptional competency, activation of trained immunity H3K4me3, and enrichment of H3 histone-lysine-4 monomethylation (H3K4me1), resulting in a robust re-stimulatory immune response. The observations from the H4 modifications showed that besides H4K12ac and H4K20m3, all the assayed modifications were significantly higher in suboptimal convalescent fishes. The suboptimally challenged fish acquired more methylation along cytosine residues than the optimally infected fish. Together, these observations suggest that optimal temperature results in an immune priming effect, whereas the protection enabled in suboptimal convalescent fishes is operated through epigenetically controlled trained immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59629, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yo-Seb Jang
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59629, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Young Yoon
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59629, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rahul Rajendran
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59629, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59629, Republic of Korea.
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Comprehensive Linear Epitope Prediction System for Host Specificity in Nodaviridae. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071357. [PMID: 35891339 PMCID: PMC9319239 DOI: 10.3390/v14071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nodaviridae infection is one of the leading causes of death in commercial fish. Although many vaccines against this virus family have been developed, their efficacies are relatively low. Nodaviridae are categorized into three subfamilies: alphanodavirus (infects insects), betanodavirus (infects fish), and gammanodavirus (infects prawns). These three subfamilies possess host-specific characteristics that could be used to identify effective linear epitopes (LEs). Methodology: A multi-expert system using five existing LE prediction servers was established to obtain initial LE candidates. Based on the different clustered pathogen groups, both conserved and exclusive LEs among the Nodaviridae family could be identified. The advantages of undocumented cross infection among the different host species for the Nodaviridae family were applied to re-evaluate the impact of LE prediction. The surface structural characteristics of the identified conserved and unique LEs were confirmed through 3D structural analysis, and concepts of surface patches to analyze the spatial characteristics and physicochemical propensities of the predicted segments were proposed. In addition, an intelligent classifier based on the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) dataset was utilized to review the predicted segments, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed to identify host-specific LEs. Principal findings: We predicted 29 LEs for Nodaviridae. The analysis of the surface patches showed common tendencies regarding shape, curvedness, and PH features for the predicted LEs. Among them, five predicted exclusive LEs for fish species were selected and synthesized, and the corresponding ELISAs for antigenic feature analysis were examined. Conclusion: Five identified LEs possessed antigenicity and host specificity for grouper fish. We demonstrate that the proposed method provides an effective approach for in silico LE prediction prior to vaccine development and is especially powerful for analyzing antigen sequences with exclusive features among clustered antigen groups.
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Krishnan R, Jang YS, Kim JO, Oh MJ. Altered expression of immune factors in sevenband grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus following nervous necrosis virus challenge at optimal and suboptimal temperatures. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:442-451. [PMID: 34699974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection is generally observed in aquafarms when the seawater temperature is higher than 24 °C and the fishes seem to be refractory to disease at suboptimal temperatures below 20 °C suggesting a role of thermoregulation in NNV pathogenesis. The present study profiled the temperature-dependent regulation of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ), innate antiviral factors (IFN-1, Mx, ISG-15), adaptive immune factors (CD-4, CD-8, IgM), signaling regulators (SOCS-1, SOCS-3), transcription factors (STAT-1, STAT-3) and microglial and NCC/NK specific cell markers (TMEM-119 and NCCRP-1) during NNV challenge in seven-band grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. The co-habitation challenge at 17 °C with showed a sustained expression of proinflammatory cytokines and following rechallenge with a dose of 104 TCID50/100μL/fish at optimal temperature, the survivors also exhibited a stable expression of immune factors. The 100% survival following the challenge at sub-optimal (17 °C) and rechallenge at optimal (25 °C) was due to the stable and sustained activation of the immune response. However, at 25 °C, the rechallenge displayed a priming effect with hyperactivation of the immune system evident from the immune gene expression profile. The mortality pattern observed is co-related with the cytokine storm as is evident from the gene expression profile. Whereas, neither of the adaptive immune markers was suggestive of humoral immune response in the 17 °C groups. Also, the data suggest a possible role of NK cell and microglia in mediating antiviral immune response following infection in the brain at different temperatures, where, former is beneficial in restricting viral infection with higher host tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Seb Jang
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
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Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111477. [PMID: 34832632 PMCID: PMC8623669 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing Mediterranean aquaculture production of European sea bass is compromised by outbreaks of viral nervous necrosis, which can be recurrent and detrimental. In this study, we evaluated the duration of protection and immune response in sea bass given a single dose of a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine. Examinations included experimental challenge with nervous necrosis virus (NNV), serological assays for NNV-specific antibody reactivity, and immune gene expression analysis. VLP-vaccinated fish showed high and superior survival in challenge both 3 and 7.5 months (1800 and 4500 dd) post-vaccination (RPS 87 and 88, OR (surviving) = 16.5 and 31.5, respectively, p < 0.01). Although not providing sterile immunity, VLP vaccination seemed to control the viral infection, as indicated by low prevalence of virus in the VLP-vaccinated survivors. High titers of neutralizing and specific antibodies were produced in VLP-vaccinated fish and persisted for at least ~9 months post-vaccination as well as after challenge. However, failure of immune sera to protect recipient fish in a passive immunization trial suggested that other immune mechanisms were important for protection. Accordingly, gene expression analysis revealed that VLP-vaccination induced a mechanistically broad immune response including upregulation of both innate and adaptive humoral and cellular components (mx, isg12, mhc I, mhc II, igm, and igt). No clinical side effects of the VLP vaccination at either tissue or performance levels were observed. The results altogether suggested the VLP-based vaccine to be suitable for clinical testing under farming conditions.
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Barsøe S, Toffan A, Pascoli F, Stratmann A, Pretto T, Marsella A, Er-Rafik M, Vendramin N, Olesen NJ, Sepúlveda D, Lorenzen N. Long-Term Protection and Serologic Response of European Sea Bass Vaccinated with a Betanodavirus Virus-Like Particle Produced in Pichia pastoris. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050447. [PMID: 34063318 PMCID: PMC8147411 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) causes high mortality and reduced growth in farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the Mediterranean. In the current studies, we tested a novel Pichia-produced virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against VNN in European sea bass, caused by the betanodavirus “Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus” (RGNNV). European sea bass were immunized with a VLP-based vaccine formulated with different concentrations of antigen and with or without adjuvant. Antibody response was evaluated by ELISA and serum neutralization. The efficacy of these VLP-vaccine formulations was evaluated by an intramuscular challenge with RGNNV at different time points (1, 2 and 10 months post-vaccination) and both dead and surviving fish were sampled to evaluate the level of viable virus in the brain. The VLP-based vaccines induced an effective protective immunity against experimental infection at 2 months post-vaccination, and even to some degree at 10 months post-vaccination. Furthermore, the vaccine formulations triggered a dose-dependent response in neutralizing antibodies. Serologic response and clinical efficacy, measured as relative percent survival (RPS), seem to be correlated with the administered dose, although for the individual fish, a high titer of neutralizing antibodies prior to challenge was not always enough to protect against disease. The efficacy of the VLP vaccine could not be improved by formulation with a water-in-oil (W/O) adjuvant. The developed RGNNV-VLPs show a promising effect as a vaccine candidate, even without adjuvant, to protect sea bass against disease caused by RGNNV. However, detection of virus in vaccinated survivors means that it cannot be ruled out that survivors can transmit the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Barsøe
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; (A.T.); (F.P.); (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; (A.T.); (F.P.); (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; (A.T.); (F.P.); (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Marsella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; (A.T.); (F.P.); (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Mériem Er-Rafik
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Niels J. Olesen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Sites responsible for infectivity and antigenicity on nervous necrosis virus (NNV) appear to be distinct. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3608. [PMID: 33574489 PMCID: PMC7878751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a pathogenic fish-virus belonging to the genus Betanodavirus (Nodaviridae). Surface protrusions on NNV particles play a crucial role in both antigenicity and infectivity. We exposed purified NNV particles to different physicochemical conditions to investigate the effects on antigenicity and infectivity, in order to reveal information regarding the conformational stability and spatial relationships of NNV neutralizing-antibody binding sites and cell receptor binding sites. Treatment with PBS at 37 °C, drastically reduced NNV antigenicity by 66–79% on day one, whereas its infectivity declined gradually from 107.6 to 105.8 TCID50/ml over 10 days. When NNV was treated with carbonate/bicarbonate buffers at different pHs, both antigenicity and infectivity of NNV declined due to higher pH. However, the rate of decline with respect to antigenicity was more moderate than for infectivity. NNV antigenicity declined 75–84% after treatment with 2.0 M urea, however, there was no reduction observed in infectivity. The antibodies used in antigenicity experiments have high NNV-neutralizing titers and recognize conformational epitopes on surface protrusions. The maintenance of NNV infectivity means that receptor binding sites are functionally preserved. Therefore, it seems highly likely that NNV neutralizing-antibody binding sites and receptor binding sites are independently located on surface protrusions.
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Kim SW, Kim SJ, Oh MJ. Efficacy of live NNV immersion vaccine immunized at low temperature in sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus. Virus Res 2020; 292:198227. [PMID: 33186642 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate safety and efficacy using a low-temperature immunization protocol with NNV in sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus. Further, NNV specific antibody post immunization and intramuscularly challenge was also evaluated. Immunization at low temperature resulted in a low titer virus infection in brain tissues without any clinical symptoms of infection such as sluggish behavior and/or spinning, rotating swimming being observed, and no mortality was observed. Post challenge, NNV titer NNV giving an RPS of 100 %, increased in brain tissues of naïve (non-immunized) sevenband grouper NNV giving an RPS of 100 %, with a cumulative mortality of 100 % at 25 days post-infection. No mortality or disease symptoms NNV giving an RPS of 100 %, as NNV giving and of 100 %, observed in the groups immunized at low temperature with live NNV giving an RPS of 100 %. NNV giving an RPS of 100 %. NNV specific antibody was not detected in live NNV vaccinated sevenband grouper. This is the first study that confirms that field-scale NNV immersion vaccine can protect sevenband grouper against lethal infection with NNV at natural seawater temperature under the gradually increased from 14.3-24.8 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Woo Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea; Gyengsangbuk-do Fishery Technology Center, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea; Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
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Hu F, Li Y, Wang Q, Wang G, Zhu B, Wang Y, Zeng W, Yin J, Liu C, Bergmann SM, Shi C. Carbon nanotube-based DNA vaccine against koi herpesvirus given by intramuscular injection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:810-818. [PMID: 31743761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) also named Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is one of the most threatening pathogens affecting common carp production as well as the valued ornamental koi carp. The current commercial vaccines available are costly and potentially cause severe stress caused by live virus. KHV ORF149 gene has been proved encoding one of the main immunogenic proteins for KHV. In this study, we coupled a plasmid expression vector for ORF149 to single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for an anti-KHV vaccine. The vaccine conferred an 81.9% protection against intraperitoneal challenge with KHV. Importantly, SWCNTs as a promising vehicle can enhanced the protective effects 33.9% over that of the naked DNA vaccine at the same dose. The protection was longer and serum antibody production, enzyme activities and immune-related gene expression were all induced in fish vaccinated with the nanotube-DNA vaccine compared with the DNA alone. Thereby, this study demonstrates that the ORF149 DNA vaccine loaded onto SWCNTs as a novel vaccine might provide an effective method of coping with KHV disease using intra-muscular vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020106. [PMID: 32050492 PMCID: PMC7168202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.
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Reproducibility of antigen-immobilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sandwich ELISA for quantitative detection of NNV particles. J Virol Methods 2019; 275:113754. [PMID: 31629807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a fish virus belonging to family Nodaviridae. In this study, we prepared partially aggregated and monometric NNV particles to determine reproducibility of two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs): antigen-immobilized ELISA and sandwich ELISA. Passing ratios of purified NNV particles through ultrafilters with molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of 105, 3 × 105 and 106 were 0%, 35.2% and 80.3%, respectively, suggesting that purified NNV particles were partially aggregated whereas those in filtrates with MWCO of 3 × 105 could be monometric. Both NNV particles were subjected to ELISAs. Reduction ratios of ELISA values by 2-fold dilution of antigens were 50% in sandwich ELISA regardless of aggregation state of NNV particles. In contrast, those in antigen-immobilized ELISA were 42% (partially aggregated NNV) to 43% (monometric NNV), which were lower than the theoretical value (50%). This could be due to changes in aggregation state of NNV particles during dry-immobilization. Sandwich ELISA has excellent reproducibility from five times of experiments, in comparison with antigen-immobilized ELISA. Furthermore, available range of regression lines (R2 > 0.99) in sandwich ELISA was wider than that in antigen-immobilized ELISA. These results revealed that sandwich ELISA had better quantitativeness, reproducibility and available range of ELISA values than antigen-immobilized ELISA.
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Altered conformational structures of nervous necrosis virus surface protrusions and free coat proteins after incubation at moderate-low temperatures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8647. [PMID: 31201359 PMCID: PMC6573060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a pathogenic fish virus belonging to family Nodaviridae. The objective of this study was to analyze stabilities of NNV surface protrusion and free coat protein (CP) conformational structures by analyzing changes of NNV infectivity and antigenicity after incubation at moderate-low temperatures. When cultured NNV suspension was incubated at 45 °C, its infectivity declined gradually but its antigenicity maintained. In contrast, both infectivity and antigenicity of purified NNV declined after incubation at 45 °C. After heat-treatment, surface protrusions of NNV particles disappeared completely, although viral particle structures maintained. Therefore, the reduction in NNV infectivity appeared to specifically occur as a result of heat-denaturation of virus surface protrusions. The loss of NNV infectivity in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was delayed compared to virus heated in the absence of FBS, demonstrating that FBS could function as a stabilizer for conformational structures of NNV surface protrusions. Moreover, the stabilizing function of FBS changed depending on salt concentration. Continued maintenance of antigenicity for heated cultured NNV suspension containing free-CPs may suggest that conformational structures corresponding to protrusion-domain of free-CP are more heat-stable than those of surface protrusions on NNV particles.
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