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Wang Q, Su H, Han J, Yang J, Lin N. Case report: Rubella virus-associated cutaneous granuloma in an adult with TAP1 deficiency. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1366840. [PMID: 38680488 PMCID: PMC11045939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1366840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus-associated granulomas commonly occur in immunocompromised individuals, exhibiting a diverse range of clinical presentations. These manifestations can vary from predominantly superficial cutaneous plaques or nonulcerative nodules to more severe deep ulcerative lesions, often accompanied by extensive necrosis and significant tissue destruction. TAP1 deficiency, an exceedingly rare primary immune-deficiency disorder, presents with severe chronic sino-pulmonary infection and cutaneous granulomas. This report highlights the occurrence of rubella virus-associated cutaneous granulomas in patients with TAP1 deficiency. Notably, the pathogenic mutation responsible for TAP1 deficiency stems from a novel genetic alteration that has not been previously reported. This novel observation holds potential significance for the field of diagnosis and investigative efforts in the context of immunodeficiency disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohui Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huilin Su
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiande Han
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juhua Yang
- Vision Medicals Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Naiyu Lin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Alonge OD, Marin M, Hickman CJ, Sowers SB, Chen MH, Hao L, Mercader S, El-Badry E, McClure DL, Icenogle JP, Sugerman DE, Crooke SN, Nguyen HQ. Long-term Neutralizing Antibody Levels Against Measles and Rubella Viruses Among Adults With 3 Doses of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofad700. [PMID: 38213634 PMCID: PMC10783245 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) may be administered for various reasons, but data on long-term immunity are limited. We assessed neutralizing antibody levels against measles and rubella among adults up to 11 years after receipt of a third MMR dose. Methods In this longitudinal study, healthy adults who received a third MMR dose as young adults (ages 18-28 years) were recalled around 5 years and 9-11 years after the third dose. Measles and rubella antibody levels were assessed by plaque-reduction and immunocolorimetric neutralization assays, respectively. Antibody concentrations <120 mIU/mL and <10 U/mL were considered potentially susceptible to measles and rubella, respectively. Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) over time were estimated from generalized estimating equation models. Results Approximately 5 and 9-11 years after receipt of the third dose, 405 and 304 adults were assessed, respectively. Measles GMC was 428 mIU/mL (95% CI, 392-468 mIU/mL) 5 years postvaccination, declining to 381 mIU/mL (95% CI, 339-428 mIU/mL) 11 years postvaccination. At the last follow-up visit (9-11 years postvaccination), 10% of participants were potentially susceptible to measles infection. Rubella GMCs were stable throughout the follow-up period (63 U/mL to 65 U/mL); none of the participants was susceptible to rubella at the last follow-up visit. Conclusions Eleven years after receiving a third MMR dose, measles and rubella neutralizing antibody levels remained high in adults. However, on the basis of waning antibody levels, some adults may become susceptible to measles infection over time despite receipt of 3 vaccine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi D Alonge
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mona Marin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carole J Hickman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sun B Sowers
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Min-hsin Chen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lijuan Hao
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara Mercader
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elina El-Badry
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David L McClure
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph P Icenogle
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Sugerman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen N Crooke
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huong Q Nguyen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Dollard S, Chen MH, Lindstrom S, Marin M, Rota PA. Diagnostic and Immunologic Testing for Varicella in the Era of High-Impact Varicella Vaccination: An Evolving Problem. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:S450-S455. [PMID: 36265850 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentation of varicella in unvaccinated persons, with skin vesicles and scabs, has facilitated the use of rapid diagnostic methods for confirming disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are the diagnostic method of choice. The sharp decline in unmodified cases of varicella due to the US varicella vaccination program has led to fewer healthcare providers being familiar with varicella presentation and an increased reliance on laboratory diagnosis to confirm suspected cases. The mild, atypical presentation of the disease in vaccinated persons (fewer skin lesions, mostly maculopapular) has made it more challenging for providers to recognize and also to collect samples to detect the virus. Nonetheless, PCR is highly sensitive and specific in confirming modified disease if adequate samples are provided. While a positive PCR result is confirmatory, interpreting a negative result can prove to be more challenging in determining whether suspected varicella is falsely negative or attributable to other causes. Enhanced education of healthcare providers is critical for adequate specimen collection from modified varicella cases. In addition, more sensitive commercial serologic assays are needed in the United States for varicella immunity testing in the vaccine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Dollard
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Min-Hsin Chen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mona Marin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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4
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Wanat KA, Perelygina L, Chen MH, Hao L, Abernathy E, Bender NR, Shields BE, Wilson BD, Crosby D, Routes J, Samimi SS, Haun PL, Sokumbi O, Icenogle JP, Sullivan KE, Rosenbach M, Drolet BA. Association of Persistent Rubella Virus With Idiopathic Skin Granulomas in Clinically Immunocompetent Adults. JAMA Dermatol 2022; 158:626-633. [PMID: 35338705 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Vaccine-derived and wild-type rubella virus (RuV) has been identified within granulomas in patients with inborn errors of immunity, but has not been described in granulomas of healthy adults. Objective To determine the association between RuV and atypical granulomatous inflammation in immune-competent adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This case series, conducted in US academic dermatology clinics from January 2019 to January 2021, investigated the presence of RuV in skin specimens using RuV immunofluorescent staining of paraffin-embedded tissue sections, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, whole-genome sequencing with phylogenetic analyses, and cell culture by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rubella immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunoassay, and viral neutralization assays were performed for the sera of immunocompetent individuals with treatment refractory cutaneous granulomas and histopathology demonstrating atypical palisaded and necrotizing granulomas. Clinical immune evaluation was performed. Main Outcomes and Measures Identification, genotyping, and culture of vaccine-derived and wild-type RuV within granulomatous dermatitis of otherwise clinically immune competent adults. Results Of the 4 total immunocompetent participants, 3 (75%) were women, and the mean (range) age was 61.5 (49.0-73.0) years. The RuV capsid protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in cutaneous granulomas. The presence of RuV RNA was confirmed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in fresh-frozen skin biopsies and whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the RuV sequences showed vaccine-derived RuV in 3 cases and wild-type RuV in 1. Live RuV was recovered from the affected skin in 2 participants. Immunology workup results demonstrated no primary immune deficiencies. Conclusions and Relevance The case series study results suggest that RuV (vaccine derived and wild type) can persist for years in cutaneous granulomas in clinically immunocompetent adults and is associated with atypical (palisaded and necrotizing type) chronic cutaneous granulomas. These findings represent a potential paradigm shift in the evaluation, workup, and management of atypical granulomatous dermatitis and raises questions regarding the potential transmissibility of persistent live RuV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min-Hsin Chen
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - LiJuan Hao
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily Abernathy
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Bridget E Shields
- University of Wisconsin, Madison.,Assistant Section Editor, JAMA Dermatology
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5
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Antibody Levels at 3-Years Follow-Up of a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine in Young Adults. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010132. [PMID: 35062794 PMCID: PMC8781586 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps outbreaks and breakthrough infections of measles and rubella have raised concerns about waning of vaccine-induced immunity after two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination. In the present follow-up study, serum IgG antibodies against mumps, measles and rubella, as well as the functional neutralizing antibodies against both the mumps vaccine strain and mumps outbreak strains were measured longitudinally in young adults that received a third MMR (MMR3) dose. The mumps-specific IgG and virus neutralizing antibody levels at 3 years after vaccination were still elevated compared to pre-vaccination antibody levels, although the differences were smaller than at earlier timepoints. Interestingly, subjects with low antibody levels to mumps before vaccination benefited the most as they showed the strongest antibody increase after an MMR3 dose. Three years after an MMR3 dose, all subjects had antibody levels to measles and rubella above the internationally agreed antibody cutoff levels for clinical protection. Our data support the recommendation that an MMR3 dose may provide additional protection for those that have become susceptible to mumps virus infection during outbreaks. MMR3 also resulted in an increase in anti-measles and rubella antibody levels that lasted longer than might have been expected.
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Haralambieva IH, Eberhard KG, Ovsyannikova IG, Grill DE, Schaid DJ, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Transcriptional signatures associated with rubella virus-specific humoral immunity after a third dose of MMR vaccine in women of childbearing age. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1824-1838. [PMID: 33818775 PMCID: PMC9841595 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple factors linked to host genetics/inherent biology play a role in interindividual variability in immune response outcomes after rubella vaccination. In order to identify these factors, we conducted a study of rubella-specific humoral immunity before (Baseline) and after (Day 28) a third dose of MMR-II vaccine in a cohort of 109 women of childbearing age. We performed mRNA-Seq profiling of PBMCs after rubella virus in vitro stimulation to delineate genes associated with post-vaccination rubella humoral immunity and to define genes mediating the association between prior immune response status (high or low antibody) and subsequent immune response outcome. Our study identified novel genes that mediated the association between prior immune response and neutralizing antibody titer after a third MMR vaccine dose. These genes included the following: CDC34; CSNK1D; APOBEC3F; RAD18; AAAS; SLC37A1; FAS; and JAK2. The encoded proteins are involved in innate antiviral response, IFN/cytokine signaling, B cell repertoire generation, the clonal selection of B lymphocytes in germinal centers, and somatic hypermutation/antibody affinity maturation to promote optimal antigen-specific B cell immune function. These data advance our understanding of how subjects' prior immune status and/or genetic propensity to respond to rubella/MMR vaccination ultimately affects innate immunity and humoral immune outcomes after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diane E. Grill
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J. Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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7
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Mara E, Kacic T, Zobl L, Pekar T. Rubella and tick-borne encephalitis vaccination rates among staff and students at Austrian University of Applied Sciences. Cent Eur J Public Health 2021; 29:18-22. [PMID: 33831282 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rubella and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) are infectious diseases caused by viruses. Rubella is an air-borne infection. TBE, on the other hand, is transmitted by virus-infected ticks. Both diseases show specific symptoms after an incubation period of approximately 10 days. The Austrian vaccination plan recommends vaccinations against both viruses, as only these can protect against both infectious diseases. Because of both, an increase in measles infections and the high endemic rate of TBE in Austria, our goal was to evaluate the vaccination rate, antibody titre and general level of knowledge with respect to these two infections amongst adults in order to identify possible nescience regarding booster vaccination and general titre rates. METHODS One hundred ninety-nine people participated in the study of the TBE and rubella titre determination. We used indirect ELISA and asked the volunteers to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS The analysis of the results showed a vaccination coverage rate of over 90% for both diseases. CONCLUSION Our findings lead to the conclusion that the protection through immunization is very high and the vaccines used are extremely effective, particularly as some individuals do not adhere to the recommended vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mara
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Tamara Kacic
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Lisa Zobl
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Thomas Pekar
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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8
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van den Boogaard J, de Gier B, de Oliveira Bressane Lima P, Desai S, de Melker HE, Hahné SJM, Veldhuijzen IK. Immunogenicity, duration of protection, effectiveness and safety of rubella containing vaccines: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2021; 39:889-900. [PMID: 33454135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubella containing vaccines (RCV) prevent rubella virus infection and subsequent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). To update the evidence on immunogenicity, duration of protection, effectiveness and safety of RCV, we conducted a systematic literature review. METHODS We searched EMBASE and SCOPUS, using keywords for rubella vaccine in combination with immunogenicity (seroconversion and seropositivity), duration of protection, efficacy/effectiveness, and safety. Original research papers involving at least one dose of RCV (at any age), published between 1-1-2010 and 17-5-2019 were included. Where appropriate, meta-analyses were performed. Quality of included studies was assessed using GRADE methodology. RESULTS We included 36 papers (32 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 observational studies) on immunogenicity (RA27/3 strain) in children and adolescent girls, 14 papers (5 RCTs and 9 observational studies) on duration of protection, one paper on vaccine effectiveness (VE) (BRDII strain), and 74 studies on safety, including three on safety in pregnancy. Meta-analysis of immunogenicity data showed 99% seroconversion (95% CI: 98-99%) after a single dose of RCV in children, independent of co-administration with other vaccines. Seroconversion after RCV1 below 9 months of age (BRDII strain, at 8 months) was 93% (95% CI: 92-95%). For duration of protection, the included studies showed a seropositivity of 88%-100% measured 1-20 years after one or two RCV doses. The single study on VE of BRDII strain, reported 100% VE after one and two doses. Among 34,332 individuals participating in the RCTs, 140 severe adverse events (SAEs) were reported as possibly related to RCV. Among the case reports on SAEs, the association with RCV was confirmed in one report (on fulminant encephalitis). Among 3,000 pregnant women who were inadvertently vaccinated, no SAEs were reported. CONCLUSIONS One and two doses of RCV are highly immunogenic for a long period of time, effective in preventing rubella and CRS, and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossy van den Boogaard
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Brechje de Gier
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Priscila de Oliveira Bressane Lima
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Shalini Desai
- World Health Organization, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hester E de Melker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susan J M Hahné
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Irene K Veldhuijzen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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9
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Crooke SN, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Warner ND, Poland GA. Associations between markers of cellular and humoral immunity to rubella virus following a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:7897-7904. [PMID: 33158591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rubella virus (RV) was eliminated in the United States in 2004, although a small portion of the population fails to develop long-term immunity against RV even after two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. We hypothesized that inherent biological differences in cytokine and chemokine signaling likely govern an individual's response to a third dose of the vaccine. METHODS Healthy young women (n = 97) were selected as study participants if they had either low or high extremes of RV-specific antibody titer after two previous doses of MMR vaccine. We measured cytokine and chemokine secretion from RV-stimulated PBMCs before and 28 days after they received a third dose of MMR vaccine and assessed correlations with humoral immune response outcomes. RESULTS High and low antibody vaccine responders exhibited a strong pro-inflammatory cellular response, with an underlying Th1-associated signature (IL-2, IFN-γ, MIP-1β, IP-10) and suppressed production of most Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). IL-10 and IL-4 exhibited significant negative associations with neutralizing antibody titers and memory B cell ELISpot responses among low vaccine responders. CONCLUSION IL-4 and IL-10 signaling pathways may be potential targets for understanding and improving the immune response to rubella vaccination or for designing new vaccines that induce more durable immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Crooke
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Nathaniel D Warner
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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10
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Crooke SN, Riggenbach MM, Ovsyannikova IG, Warner ND, Chen MH, Hao L, Icenogle JP, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. Durability of humoral immune responses to rubella following MMR vaccination. Vaccine 2020; 38:8185-8193. [PMID: 33190948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While administration of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR-II®) vaccine has been effective at preventing rubella infection in the United States, the durability of humoral immunity to the rubella component of MMR vaccine has not been widely studied among older adolescents and adults. METHODS In this longitudinal study, we sought to assess the durability of rubella virus (RV)-specific humoral immunity in a healthy population (n = 98) of adolescents and young adults at two timepoints: ~7 and ~17 years after two doses of MMR-II® vaccination. Levels of circulating antibodies specific to RV were measured by ELISA and an immune-colorimetric neutralization assay. RV-specific memory B cell responses were also measured by ELISpot. RESULTS Rubella-specific IgG antibody titers, neutralizing antibody titers, and memory B cell responses declined with increasing time since vaccination; however, these decreases were relatively moderate. Memory B cell responses exhibited a greater decline in men compared to women. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, rubella-specific humoral immunity declines following vaccination, although subjects' antibody titers remain well above the currently recognized threshold for protective immunity. Clinical correlates of protection based on neutralizing antibody titer and memory B cell ELISpot response should be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Crooke
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Nathaniel D Warner
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Min-Hsin Chen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lijuan Hao
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph P Icenogle
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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11
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Kaneko M, Ichida M, Fujii Y, Noda S, Ohi M. Differences in levels of rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers according to birth cohort. J Infect Chemother 2020; 27:434-438. [PMID: 33077365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to examine the immunity level against rubella in pregnant women of different birth cohorts. METHODS In total, 512 pregnant women who visited a primary clinic between May 2019 and March 2020 were enrolled. Information in terms of the patients' hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, birthdate, obstetrical history, and vaccination history were collected. Participants were divided into three generational groups according to the vaccination policy in Japan. Publicly funded vaccination was administered twice as part of a routine program in group A (n = 11), once as part of a routine program and once in a catch-up program in group B (n = 181), and once in group C (n = 320). RESULTS All groups had some women with negative rubella HI antibody titers (7.6% of all the women, 18.2% of group A, 9.4% of group B, and 6.3% of group C) and those with rubella HI antibody titers of ≤1:16 (45.1% of all women, 90.9% of group A, 56.4% of group B, and 37.2% of group C). Rubella HI antibody titers differed between the groups; group C had higher titers than that in group B. In groups B and C, the proportions of women with rubella HI antibody titers of ≤1:16 were not statistically different between primipara and multipara. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that an increase in immunity to rubella, a vaccine-preventable disease, is nevertheless required among childbearing women to prevent rubella and congenital rubella syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoki Kaneko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan; Graduate School of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Minako Ichida
- Graduate School of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Fujii
- Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Education, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Shunichi Noda
- Noda Clinic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 9-18 Kurahara, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0051, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ohi
- Siemens Healthineers Japan, 1-11-1 Ohsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 141-8673, Japan.
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Marin M, Fiebelkorn AP, Bi D, Coleman LA, Routh J, Curns AT, McLean HQ. Adverse Events Among Young Adults Following a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e1546-e1553. [PMID: 32766827 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A third measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) dose (MMR3) is recommended in the United States for persons at increased risk for mumps during outbreaks. MMR3 is also likely given to persons who might have received 2 doses of MMR but lack documentation. Since MMR3 safety data are limited, we describe adverse events in persons receiving MMR3 in a nonoutbreak setting. METHODS Young adults with 2 documented MMR doses were administered MMR3. From 2 weeks before until 4 weeks after MMR3 receipt, participants reported daily on 11 solicited, common symptoms potentially associated with MMR. Weekly rate differences in post- vs prevaccination (baseline) were evaluated by Poisson regression. Baseline rates were subtracted from postvaccination rates of significantly different symptoms to estimate the number and percentage of participants with excess risk for symptoms post-MMR3. Descriptive analyses were performed for 3 postvaccination injection-site symptoms. RESULTS The 662 participants were aged 18-28 years (median = 20 years); 56% were women. Headache, joint problems, diarrhea, and lymphadenopathy rates were significantly higher postvaccination vs baseline. We estimate that 119 participants (18%) reported more symptoms after MMR3 than prevaccination. By symptom, 13%, 10%, 8%, and 6% experienced increased symptoms of headache, joint problems, diarrhea, and lymphadenopathy, respectively, after MMR3. The median onset was Days 3-6 postvaccination; the median duration was 1-2 days. One healthcare visit for a potential vaccination-related symptom (urticaria) was reported. Injection-site symptoms were reported by 163 participants (25%); the median duration was 1-2 days. CONCLUSIONS Reported systemic and local events were mild and transient. MMR3 is safe and tolerable among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Marin
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy Parker Fiebelkorn
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daoling Bi
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura A Coleman
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Janell Routh
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aaron T Curns
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huong Q McLean
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Bartholomeus E, De Neuter N, Suls A, Elias G, van der Heijden S, Keersmaekers N, Jansens H, Van Tendeloo V, Beutels P, Laukens K, Ogunjimi B, Mortier G, Meysman P, Van Damme P. Transcriptomic profiling of different responder types in adults after a Priorix® vaccination. Vaccine 2020; 38:3218-3226. [PMID: 32165045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the recommendation of a combined Measles/Mumps/Rubella (MMR) vaccine, like Priorix®, these childhood diseases are less common now. This is beneficial to limit the spread of these diseases and work towards their elimination. However, the measles, mumps and rubella antibody titers show a large variability in short- and long-term immunity. The recent outbreaks worldwide of measles and mumps and previous studies, which mostly focused on only one of the three virus responses, illustrate that there is a clear need for better understanding the immune responses after vaccination. Our healthy cohort was already primed with the MMR antigens in their childhood. In this study, the adult volunteers received one Priorix® vaccine dose at day 0. First, we defined 4 different groups of responders, based on their antibody titers' evolution over 4 time points (Day 0, 21, 150 and 365). This showed a high variability within and between individuals. Second, we determined transcriptome profiles using 3'mRNA sequencing at day 0, 3 and 7. Using two analytical approaches, "one response group per time point" and "a time comparison per response group", we correlated the short-term gene expression profiles to the different response groups. In general, the list of differentially expressed genes is limited, however, most of them are clearly immune-related and upregulated at day 3 and 7, compared to the baseline day 0. Depending on the specific response group there are overlapping signatures for two of the three viruses. Antibody titers and transcriptomics data showed that an additional Priorix vaccination does not facilitate an equal immune response against the 3 viruses or among different vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Bartholomeus
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas De Neuter
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Adrem Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arvid Suls
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - George Elias
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sanne van der Heijden
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Keersmaekers
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hilde Jansens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viggo Van Tendeloo
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Adrem Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Geert Mortier
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Adrem Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination (CEV), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Goergen KM, Grill DE, Chen MH, Hao L, Icenogle J, Poland GA. Rubella virus-specific humoral immune responses and their interrelationships before and after a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in women of childbearing age. Vaccine 2019; 38:1249-1257. [PMID: 31732325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the U.S., measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination is recommended as two vaccine doses. A third dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is being administered in certain situations (e.g., identified seronegativity and during outbreaks). We studied rubella-specific humoral immunity (neutralizing antibody, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/ELISA IgG titer and antibody avidity) and the frequencies of antigen-specific memory B cells before and after a third dose of MMR-II in 109 female participants of childbearing age (median age, 34.5 years old) from Olmsted County, MN, with two documented prior MMR vaccine doses. The participants were selected from a cohort of 1117 individuals if they represented the high and the low ends of the rubella-specific antibody response spectrum. Of the 109 participants, we identified four individuals (3.67% of all study participants; 7.14% of the low-responder group) that were seronegative at Baseline (rubella-specific ELISA IgG titers <10 IU/mL), suggesting a lack of protection against rubella before receipt of a third MMR vaccine dose. The peak geometric mean neutralizing antibody titer one month following the third dose of MMR vaccine for the cohort was 243 NT50 (CI; 241, 245), which is expected for a cohort with two doses of MMR, and the peak geometric mean IgG titer was 150 IU/mL (CI; 148, 152) with no seronegative individuals at Day 28. One-third of all subjects (31.8% for the neutralizing antibody; 30.8% for the IgG titer) experienced a significant boost (≥4-fold) of antibody titers one month following vaccination. Antibody titers and other tested immune-response variables were significantly higher in the high-responder group compared to the low-responder group. The frequencies of rubella-specific memory B cells were modestly associated with the antibody titers. Our study suggests the importance of yet unknown inherent biologic and immune factors for the generation and maintenance of rubella-vaccine-induced humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Krista M Goergen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Diane E Grill
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Min-Hsin Chen
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30333, Georgia
| | - Lijuan Hao
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30333, Georgia
| | - Joseph Icenogle
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30333, Georgia
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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15
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Bianchi FP, De Nitto S, Stefanizzi P, Larocca AMV, Germinario CA, Tafuri S. Immunity to rubella: an Italian retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1490. [PMID: 31703651 PMCID: PMC6842203 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background International guidelines recommend that healthcare workers (HCWs) have presumptive evidence of immunity to rubella and that susceptible HCWs and doubt cases receive two doses of the MMR vaccine. However, a small percentage of the fully immunized will remain unprotected against wild viruses. Moreover, protective levels of antibodies induced by the vaccine have been shown to decline over time, but a formal recommendation regarding the testing of immunized HCWs for the persistence of IgG against rubella is lacking. Methods The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term immunogenicity conferred by rubella vaccination and the effectiveness of a strategy for the management of immunized individuals in whom IgG against rubella could not be demonstrated (non-responders). The study enrolled students and medical residents who attended the Hygiene Department of Bari Policlinico University Hospital for biological risk assessment (April 2014 to June 2018). Results Two thousand students and residents with documented immunization (≥2 doses of rubella or MMR vaccine) were tested. In 181 (9%), IgG against rubella was not detectable. The seronegative rate was higher among participants vaccinated at age < 2 years (89.6%) and lower among those immunized at age ≥ 2 years (93.6%; p < 0.0001). The administration of a single MMR booster dose resulted in a seroconversion rate of 98% in the seronegative group. The seroconversion rate after a second booster dose was 100%. No serious adverse events in the re-immunized were recorded. Conclusions An important proportion of individuals immunized for rubella or MMR do not have a protective titer for the disease(s). Our management strategy (booster followed by re-test and, for those who are still negative, a second booster and re-test) is consistent with the goal of achieving immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Sara De Nitto
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Annatea Germinario
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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