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Yu G, Yang W, Zhang N, Yang C, Zeng H, Xue C, Sun B. Autoclave-Induced Changes in the Physicochemical Properties and Antigen Adsorption of Aluminum Adjuvants. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:455-462. [PMID: 37813301 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum hydroxide adjuvants are widely used in human vaccines, such as diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. The adsorption of antigens on aluminum hydroxide adjuvants determines the immune boosting effect of vaccines, but it is not clear how changes in physicochemical properties resulting from the production and formulation processes affect the adsorption of aluminum hydroxide adjuvants with antigens. In this study, the commercial aluminum hydroxide adjuvant Alhydrogel® was pretreated by commonly used processes such as autoclaving and calcination, and the changes of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in physicochemical properties during the treatment were then comprehensively characterized. The adsorption of ovalbumin (OVA) with treated Alhydrogel®, was also investigated, it was found that the decrease in specific surface area caused by the autoclaving process reduced the adsorptive capacity of the antigen, and the adsorptive strength of antigen was decreased only when the surface hydroxyl groups and chemically bound water of adjuvant were reduced by calcination. These findings help to optimize the production and formulation process of adjuvants for the rational regulation of antigen adsorption in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China; Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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2
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Laera D, HogenEsch H, O'Hagan DT. Aluminum Adjuvants-'Back to the Future'. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1884. [PMID: 37514070 PMCID: PMC10383759 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants will continue to be a key component of currently approved and next generation vaccines, including important combination vaccines. The widespread use of aluminum adjuvants is due to their excellent safety profile, which has been established through the use of hundreds of millions of doses in humans over many years. In addition, they are inexpensive, readily available, and are well known and generally accepted by regulatory agencies. Moreover, they offer a very flexible platform, to which many vaccine components can be adsorbed, enabling the preparation of liquid formulations, which typically have a long shelf life under refrigerated conditions. Nevertheless, despite their extensive use, they are perceived as relatively 'weak' vaccine adjuvants. Hence, there have been many attempts to improve their performance, which typically involves co-delivery of immune potentiators, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. This approach has allowed for the development of improved aluminum adjuvants for inclusion in licensed vaccines against HPV, HBV, and COVID-19, with others likely to follow. This review summarizes the various aluminum salts that are used in vaccines and highlights how they are prepared. We focus on the analytical challenges that remain to allowing the creation of well-characterized formulations, particularly those involving multiple antigens. In addition, we highlight how aluminum is being used to create the next generation of improved adjuvants through the adsorption and delivery of various TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatello Laera
- Technical Research & Development, Drug Product, GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Global Manufacturing Division, Corporate Industrial Analytics, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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3
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Taraban MB, Briggs KT, Yu YB, Jones MT, Rosner L, Bhambhani A, Williams DM, Farrell C, Reibarkh M, Su Y. Assessing Antigen-Adjuvant Complex Stability Against Physical Stresses By wNMR. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1435-1446. [PMID: 36414838 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study applies an emerging analytical technology, wNMR (water proton nuclear magnetic resonance), to assess the stability of aluminum adjuvants and antigen-adjuvant complexes against physical stresses, including gravitation, flow and freeze/thaw. Results from wNMR are verified by conventional analytical technologies, including static light scattering and microfluidic imaging. The results show that wNMR can quickly and noninvasively determine whether an aluminum adjuvant or antigen-adjuvant complex sample has been altered by physical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Taraban
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Katharine T Briggs
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Yihua Bruce Yu
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA.
| | | | | | - Akhilesh Bhambhani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA.
- Biologics and mRNA Drug Product Development, Tech Dev/Tech Ops, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Brisbane, California, 94005, USA.
| | - Donna M Williams
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Christopher Farrell
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA.
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4
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Cerofolini L, Parigi G, Ravera E, Fragai M, Luchinat C. Solid-state NMR methods for the characterization of bioconjugations and protein-material interactions. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 122:101828. [PMID: 36240720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein solid-state NMR has evolved dramatically over the last two decades, with the development of new hardware and sample preparation methodologies. This technique is now ripe for complex applications, among which one can count bioconjugation, protein chemistry and functional biomaterials. In this review, we provide our account on this aspect of protein solid-state NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cerofolini
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Florence Data Science, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy.
| | - Marco Fragai
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Xu AY, Rinee KC, Stemple C, Castellanos MM, Bakshi K, Krueger S, Curtis JE. Counting the water: Characterize the hydration level of aluminum adjuvants using contrast matching small-angle neutron scattering. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Mechanistic elucidation of freezing-induced surface decomposition of aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant. iScience 2022; 25:104456. [PMID: 35874920 PMCID: PMC9301878 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The freezing-induced aggregation of aluminum-based (Alum) adjuvants has been considered as the most important cause of reduced vaccine potency. However, the intrinsic properties that determine the functionality of Alum after freezing have not been elucidated. In this study, we used engineered aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoparticles (AlOOH NPs) and demonstrated that cryogenic freezing led to the mechanical pressure-mediated reduction of surface hydroxyl. The sugar-based surfactant, octyl glucoside (OG), was demonstrated to shield AlOOH NPs from the freezing-induced loss of hydroxyl content and the aggregation through the reduction of recrystallization-induced mechanical stress. As a result, the antigenic adsorption property of frozen AlOOH NPs could be effectively protected. When hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was adjuvanted with OG-protected frozen AlOOH NPs in mice, the loss of immunogenicity was inhibited. These findings provide insights into the freezing-induced surface decomposition of Alum and can be translated to design of protectants to improve the stability of vaccines. The freezing stress led to the destruction of surface hydroxyl group on AlOOH NPs Octyl glucoside protected AlOOH NPs from freezing-induced surface decomposition Octyl glucoside protected vaccines from freezing-induced loss of immunogenicity
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Górska P, Główka M, Woźnica K, Zasada AA. Evaluation of precipitation time of the aluminum salts adsorbed potentially frozen vaccines used in the Polish National Immunization Schedule for their pre-qualification before the administration. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2022; 11:155-162. [PMID: 35799879 PMCID: PMC9200651 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2022.11.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vaccines adsorbed on aluminum adjuvants irreversibly lose potency after freezing and their safety is affected. To prevent the administration of such vaccines, the World Health Organization developed the Shake Test designed to determine whether adsorbed vaccines have been frozen or not. However, the Shake Test is difficult and time-consuming when routinely conducted at the place of vaccination. In this study, a modified shake test for prequalification of potentially frozen vaccines was elaborated. Materials and Methods Vaccines used in the Polish Immunization Schedule were investigated and the analysis includes an assessment of precipitation time and the influence of the container type, amount and type of aluminum compound, and a volume of vaccine dose on the precipitation time. Results Significant differences between the precipitation time of frozen and non-frozen vaccines routinely used in the Polish Immunization Schedule were observed. The precipitation time of all non-frozen vaccines was above 30 minutes. The longest precipitation time of frozen vaccines was 10 minutes. Conclusion The finding of the study can be used in practice by the personnel administering vaccines to patients. Step-by-step recommendations for the preparation of the test have been proposed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Górska
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH–National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Główka
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH–National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Woźnica
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH–National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra A. Zasada
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH–National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Preston KB, Wong TAS, To A, Tashiro TE, Lieberman MM, Granados A, Feliciano K, Harrison J, Yalley-Ogunro J, Elyard HA, Donini O, Lehrer AT, Randolph TW. Single-vial filovirus glycoprotein vaccines: Biophysical characteristics and immunogenicity after co-lyophilization with adjuvant. Vaccine 2021; 39:5650-5657. [PMID: 34400019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), and Marburg marburgvirus (MARV) are the most prevalent and pathogenic species of filovirus. Previously, we showed that glycoprotein antigens from each virus could be lyophilized to create thermostable monovalent subunit vaccines. However, cross-protection is not expected from the monovalent vaccines and therefore developing a trivalent filovirus vaccine would be desirable. Subunit protein vaccines often require the addition of an adjuvant to sufficiently boost the immunogenicity. Typically, liquid suspensions or emulsions of adjuvants and lyophilized antigens are stored in separate vials to avoid destabilizing interactions and are only mixed immediately before administration. Herein, we describe the development and characterization of monovalent and trivalent filovirus vaccines that are co-lyophilized with a squalane-in-water emulsion adjuvant. We found that the single-vial presentation retained adjuvant particle diameter and zeta potential after lyophilization and reconstitution. Furthermore, the trivalent vaccines elicited high antibody levels against all three antigens in mice and non-human primates. These results advance the prospect of developing a single-vial trivalent filovirus vaccine, which would enable easier distribution and administration of the vaccine to resource-poor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall B Preston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Teri Ann S Wong
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Albert To
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Taylor E Tashiro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Michael M Lieberman
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Axel T Lehrer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
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9
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Preston KB, Randolph TW. Stability of lyophilized and spray dried vaccine formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:50-61. [PMID: 33484735 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid formulations of vaccines are subject to instabilities that result from degradation processes that proceed via a variety of physical and chemical pathways. In dried formulations, such as those prepared by lyophilization or spray drying, many of these degradation pathways may be avoided or inhibited. Thus, the stability of vaccine formulations can be enhanced significantly in the absence of bulk water. Potential advantages of dry vaccine formulations include extended shelf lives and less stringent cold-chain storage requirements, both of which offer possibilities of reduced vaccine wastage and facilitated distribution to resource-poor areas. Lyophilization and spray drying represent the most common methods of stabilizing vaccines through drying. This article reviews several lyophilized and spray dried vaccines that address a diverse set of pathogens, as well as some of the assays used to quantify their stability. Recent dry vaccine trends include needle-free delivery of dry powder via non-parenteral routes of administration and the incorporation of advanced vaccine adjuvants into formulations, which further contribute to the goal of increasing vaccine distribution to resource-poor areas. Challenges associated with development of these newer technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall B Preston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America.
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10
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Taraban MB, Yu YB. Monitoring of the sedimentation kinetics of vaccine adjuvants using water proton NMR relaxation. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:147-161. [PMID: 32888244 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Suspensions of solid particles find applications in many areas-mining, waste treatment, and in pharmaceutical formulations. Pharmaceutical suspensions include aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines are widely administered to millions of people worldwide annually. Hence, the stability parameters of such suspensions, for example, sedimentation rate and the compactness of the formed sediments, are of great interest to achieve the most optimal and stable formulations. Unlike currently used analytical techniques involving visual observations and/or monitoring of several optical properties using specialized glassware, water proton nuclear magnetic resonance (wNMR) used in this work allows one to analyze samples in their original sealed container regardless of its opacity and/or labeling. It was demonstrated that the water proton transverse relaxation rate could be used to monitor in real time the sedimentation process of two widely used aluminum adjuvants-Alhydrogel® and Adju-Phos®. Using wNMR, we obtained valuable information on the sedimentation rate, dynamics of the supernatant and sediment formation, and the sedimentation volume ratio (SVR) reflecting the compactness of the formed sediment. Results on SVR from wNMR were verified by caliper measurements. Verification of the sedimentation rate results from wNMR by other analytical techniques is challenging due to differences in the measured attributes and even units of the reported rate. Nonetheless, our results demonstrate the practical applicability of wNMR as an analytical tool to study pharmaceutical suspensions, for example, aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines, to provide higher quality and more efficient vaccines. Such analyses could be carried out in the original container of a suspension drug product to study its colloidal stability and to monitor its quality over time without compromising product integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Taraban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yihua Bruce Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
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