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Sun YS, Xia Y, Xu F, Lu HJ, Mao ZA, Gao M, Pan TY, Yao PP, Wang Z, Zhu HP. Development and evaluation of an inactivated Coxsackievirus A16 vaccine in gerbils. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1994-2006. [PMID: 35787233 PMCID: PMC9377242 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2093132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the major pathogens responsible for human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which has threatened the health of young children, particularly in Asia-Pacific nations. Vaccination is an effective strategy for protecting children from CVA16 infection. However, there is currently no licensed CVA16 vaccine for use in humans. In this study, we isolated a high-growth CVA16 virus strain in MRC-5 cells and developed an MRC-5-adapted vaccine candidate strain termed CVA16-393 via two rounds of plaque purification. The CVA16-393 strain was grouped into the B1b subgenotype and grew to a titre of over 107 TCID50/ml in MRC-5 cells. The VP1 gene region of this strain, which contains the major neutralizing epitopes, displayed high stability during serial passages. The inactivated whole-virus vaccine produced by the CVA16-393 strain induced an effective neutralizing antibody response in Meriones unguiculatus (gerbils) after two doses of intraperitoneal inoculation. One week after the booster immunization, the geometric mean titres of the neutralizing antibodies for the 10246, 40812TXT, 11203SD, TJ-224 and CA16-194 strains from different regions of China were 137.8, 97.8, 113.4, 64.1 and 122.3, respectively. A CVA16 vaccine dose above 25 U was also able to provide 100% cross-protection against lethal challenges with these five clinical strains in gerbils. Immunization at a one-week interval could maintain a high level of neutralizing antibody titres for at least 8 weeks. Thus, the vaccine produced by this CVA16-393 strain might be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Sun
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang-Jing Lu
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-An Mao
- Zhejiang Pukang Biotechnology Co., LTD., China
| | - Meng Gao
- Zhejiang Pukang Biotechnology Co., LTD., China
| | - Tian-Yuan Pan
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping-Ping Yao
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han-Ping Zhu
- Key Lab of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Ji W, Zhu P, Liang R, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Tao L, Chen S, Yang H, Jin Y, Duan G. Coxsackievirus A2 Leads to Heart Injury in a Neonatal Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081588. [PMID: 34452454 PMCID: PMC8402683 DOI: 10.3390/v13081588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A2 (CVA2) has emerged as an active pathogen that has been implicated in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina outbreaks worldwide. It has been reported that severe cases with CVA2 infection develop into heart injury, which may be one of the causes of death. However, the mechanisms of CVA2-induced heart injury have not been well understood. In this study, we used a neonatal mouse model of CVA2 to investigate the possible mechanisms of heart injury. We detected CVA2 replication and apoptosis in heart tissues from infected mice. The activity of total aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was notably increased in heart tissues from infected mice. CVA2 infection also led to the disruption of cell-matrix interactions in heart tissues, including the increases of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3, MMP8, MMP9, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)4. Infiltrating leukocytes (CD45+ and CD11b+ cells) were observed in heart tissues of infected mice. Correspondingly, the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in tissue lysates of hearts, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly elevated in CVA2 infected mice. Inflammatory signal pathways in heart tissues, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), were also activated after infection. In summary, CVA2 infection leads to heart injury in a neonatal mouse model, which might be related to viral replication, increased expression levels of MMP-related enzymes and excessive inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ruonan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yuexia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.J.); (P.Z.); (R.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (H.Y.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (G.D.)
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Ji W, Qin L, Tao L, Zhu P, Liang R, Zhou G, Chen S, Zhang W, Yang H, Duan G, Jin Y. Neonatal Murine Model of Coxsackievirus A2 Infection for the Evaluation of Antiviral Therapeutics and Vaccination. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658093. [PMID: 34122374 PMCID: PMC8192712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus (CV) A2 has emerged as an important etiological agent in the pathogen spectrum of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). The symptoms of CVA2 infections are generally mild, but worsen rapidly in some people, posing a serious threat to children’s health. However, compared with enterovirus 71 detected frequently in fatal cases, limited attention has been paid to CVA2 infections because of its benign clinical course. In the present study, we identified three CVA2 strains from HFMD infections and used the cell-adapted CVA2 strain HN202009 to inoculate 5-day-old BALB/c mice intramuscularly. These mice developed remarkably neurological symptoms such as ataxia, hind-limb paralysis, and death. Histopathological determination showed neuronophagia, pulmonary hemorrhage, myofiberlysis and viral myocarditis. Viral replication was detected in multiple organs and tissues, and CVA2 exhibited strong tropism to muscle tissue. The severity of illness was associated with abnormally high levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, although the blockade of these proinflammatory cytokines had no obvious protection. We also tested whether an experimental formaldehyde-inactivated CVA2 vaccine could induce protective immune response in adult mice. The CVA2 antisera from the vaccinated mice were effective against CVA2 infection. Moreover, the inactivated CVA2 vaccine could successfully generate immune protection in neonatal mice. Our results indicated that the neonatal mouse model could be a useful tool to study CVA2 infection and to develop CVA2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luwei Qin
- Henan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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A hSCARB2-transgenic mouse model for Coxsackievirus A16 pathogenesis. Virol J 2021; 18:84. [PMID: 33882964 PMCID: PMC8061046 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is one of the neurotropic pathogen that has been associated with severe neurological forms of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), but its pathogenesis is not yet clear. The limited host range of CA16 make the establishment of a suitable animal model that can recapitulate the neurological pathology observed in human HFMD more difficult. Because the human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (hSCARB2) is a cellular receptor for CA16, we used transgenic mice bearing human SCARB2 and nasally infected them with CA16 to study the pathogenicity of the virus. Methods Coxsackievirus A16 was administered by intranasal instillation to groups of hSCARB2 transgenic mice and clinical signs were observed. Sampled at different time-points to document and characterize the mode of viral dissemination, pathological change and immune response of CA16 infection. Results Weight loss and virus replication in lung and brain were observed in hSCARB2 mice infected with CA16, indicating that these animals could model the neural infection process. Viral antigens were observed in the alveolar epithelia and brainstem cells. The typical histopathology was interstitial pneumonia with infiltration of significant lymphocytes into the alveolar interstitial in lung and diffuse punctate hemorrhages in the capillaries of the brainstem. In addition, we detected the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and detected high levels of interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and IFN-γ in nasal mucosa, lungs and brain tissues. Conclusions The hSCARB2-transgenic mice can be productively infected with CA16 via respiratory route and exhibited a clear tropism to lung and brain tissues, which can serve as a model to investigate the pathogenesis of CA16 associated respiratory and neurological disease.
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From Monovalent to Multivalent Vaccines, the Exploration for Potential Preventive Strategies Against Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD). Virol Sin 2020; 36:167-175. [PMID: 32997323 PMCID: PMC7525078 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) recently emerged as a global public threat. The licensure of inactivated enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccine was the first step in using a vaccine to control HFMD. New challenges arise from changes in the pathogen spectrum while vaccines directed against other common serotypes are in the preclinical stage. The mission of a broad-spectrum prevention strategy clearly favors multivalent vaccines. The development of multivalent vaccines was attempted via the simple combination of potent monovalent vaccines or the construction of chimeric vaccines comprised of epitopes derived from different virus serotypes. The present review summarizes recent advances in HFMD vaccine development and discusses the next steps toward a safe and effective HFMD vaccine that is capable of establishing a cross-protective antibody response.
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