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Wariri O, Okomo U, Kwarshak YK, Utazi CE, Murray K, Grundy C, Kampmann B. Timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in 103 low-and middle-income countries, 1978-2021: A scoping review to map measurement and methodological gaps. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000325. [PMID: 36962319 PMCID: PMC10021799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Empiric studies exploring the timeliness of routine vaccination in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have gained momentum in the last decade. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence suggesting that these studies have key measurement and methodological gaps that limit their comparability and utility. Hence, there is a need to identify, and document these gaps which could inform the design, conduct, and reporting of future research on the timeliness of vaccination. We synthesised the literature to determine the methodological and measurement gaps in the assessment of vaccination timeliness in LMICs. We searched five electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles in English and French that evaluated vaccination timeliness in LMICs, and were published between 01 January 1978, and 01 July 2021. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts and reviewed full texts of relevant articles, following the guidance framework for scoping reviews by the Joanna Briggs Institute. From the 4263 titles identified, we included 224 articles from 103 countries. China (40), India (27), and Kenya (23) had the highest number of publications respectively. Of the three domains of timeliness, the most studied domain was 'delayed vaccination' [99.5% (223/224)], followed by 'early vaccination' [21.9% (49/224)], and 'untimely interval vaccination' [9% (20/224)]. Definitions for early (seven different definitions), untimely interval (four different definitions), and delayed vaccination (19 different definitions) varied across the studies. Most studies [72.3% (166/224)] operationalised vaccination timeliness as a categorical variable, compared to only 9.8% (22/224) of studies that operationalised timeliness as continuous variables. A large proportion of studies [47.8% (107/224)] excluded the data of children with no written vaccination records irrespective of caregivers' recall of their vaccination status. Our findings show that studies on vaccination timeliness in LMICs has measurement and methodological gaps. We recommend the development and implement of guidelines for measuring and reporting vaccination timeliness to bridge these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenebrume Wariri
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uduak Okomo
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Chigozie Edson Utazi
- WorldPop, School of geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kris Murray
- MRC Unit The Gambia at The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Grundy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Mandomando I, Mumba M, Nsiari-Muzeyi Biey J, Kipese Paluku G, Weldegebriel G, Mwenda JM. Implementation of the World Health Organization recommendation on the use of rotavirus vaccine without age restriction by African countries. Vaccine 2021; 39:3111-3119. [PMID: 33958225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the worldwide use of rotavirus vaccines initially in 2007 and 2009 applying a strict age restriction criterion due to the potential for age-related association with increased risk of intussusception in infants. The restriction was relaxed in the 2013 after detailed review of robust safety data generated in post-marketing surveillance studies. We assessed the status of the implementation of the 2013 recommendation to remove age restriction in the WHO African region (AFR). Of the approximately 75% (35/47) of countries that had introduced the vaccine by 2018, only 43% (15/35) removed age restriction, exclusively from South and East sub-region (78%, 14/18). Avoiding confusion at the health facilities and financial constraints particularly resources required for re-training the health workers, use of vaccine off-label were cited as the main reasons for not implementing the 2013 WHO recommendation on age restriction removal. The 2013 WHO recommendation has not been fully implemented by African countries, suggesting the need for technical advisory bodies to further guide the countries, continue monitoring the implementation status and impact on the rotavirus vaccine coverage and intussusception in the Africa region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Mutale Mumba
- World Health Organization (WHO), Inter Country Support Team (IST), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Gilson Kipese Paluku
- World Health Organization (WHO), Inter Country Support Team (IST), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Goitom Weldegebriel
- World Health Organization (WHO), Inter Country Support Team (IST), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.
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