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Jhancy M. Poxvirus Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:273-287. [PMID: 38801584 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Smallpox was a significant cause of mortality for over three thousand years, amounting to 10% of deaths yearly. Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination in 1796, which rapidly became a smallpox infection preventive practice throughout the world and eradicated smallpox infection by 1980. After smallpox eradication, monkeypox vaccines have been used primarily in research and in outbreaks in Africa, where the disease is endemic. In the present, the vaccines are being used for people who work with animals or in high-risk areas, as well as for healthcare workers treating patients with monkeypox. Among all orthopoxviruses (OPXV), monkeypox viral (MPXV) infection occurs mainly in cynomolgus monkeys, natural reservoirs, and occasionally causes severe multi-organ infection in humans, who were the incidental hosts. The first case of the present epidemic of MXPV was identified on May 7, 2022, and rapidly increased the number of cases. In this regard, the WHO declared the outbreak, an international public health emergency on July 23, 2022. The first monkeypox vaccine was developed in the 1960s by the US Army and was based on the vaccinia virus, which is also used in smallpox vaccines. In recent years, newer monkeypox vaccines have been developed based on other viruses such as Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA). These newer vaccines are safer and can provide longer-lasting immunity with fewer side effects. For the future, there is ongoing research to improve the current vaccines and to develop new ones. One notable advance has been the development of a recombinant vaccine that uses a genetically modified vaccinia virus to express monkeypox antigens. This vaccine has shown promising results in pre-clinical trials and is currently undergoing further testing in clinical trials. Another recent development has been the use of a DNA vaccine, which delivers genetic material encoding monkeypox antigens directly into cells. This type of vaccine has shown effectiveness in animal studies and is also undergoing clinical testing in humans. Overall, these recent advances in monkeypox vaccine development hold promise for protecting individuals against this potentially serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Jhancy
- RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
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Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Tosh PK. Prevention of monkeypox with vaccines: a rapid review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:e349-e358. [PMID: 36116460 PMCID: PMC9628950 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The largest outbreak of monkeypox in history began in May, 2022, and has rapidly spread across the globe ever since. The purpose of this Review is to briefly describe human immune responses to orthopoxviruses; provide an overview of the vaccines available to combat this outbreak; and discuss the various clinical data and animal studies evaluating protective immunity to monkeypox elicited by vaccinia virus-based smallpox vaccines, address ongoing concerns regarding the outbreak, and provide suggestions for the appropriate use of vaccines as an outbreak control measure. Data showing clinical effectiveness (~85%) of smallpox vaccines against monkeypox come from surveillance studies conducted in central Africa in the 1980s and later during outbreaks in the same area. These data are supported by a large number of animal studies (primarily in non-human primates) with live virus challenge by various inoculation routes. These studies uniformly showed a high degree of protection and immunity against monkeypox virus following vaccination with various smallpox vaccines. Smallpox vaccines represent an effective countermeasure that can be used to control monkeypox outbreaks. However, smallpox vaccines do cause side-effects and the replication-competent, second-generation vaccines have contraindications. Third-generation vaccines, although safer for use in immunocompromised populations, require two doses, which is an impediment to rapid outbreak response. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic should be used to inform our collective response to this monkeypox outbreak and to future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pritish K Tosh
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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The evolving epidemiology of monkeypox virus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:1-12. [PMID: 36244878 PMCID: PMC9547435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is a zoonotic disease endemic mainly in West and Central Africa. As of 27 September 2022, human monkeypox has occurred in more than 100 countries (mostly in non-endemic regions) and caused over 66,000 confirmed cases, which differs from previous epidemics that mainly affected African countries. Due to the increasing number of confirmed cases worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the monkeypox outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on July 23, 2022. The international outbreak of human monkeypox represents a novel route of transmission for MPXV, with genital lesions as the primary infection, and the emergence of monkeypox in the current outbreak is also new, as novel variants emerge. Clinical physicians and scientists should be aware of this emerging situation, which presents a different scenario from previous outbreaks. In this review, we will discuss the molecular virology, evasion of antiviral immunity, epidemiology, evolution, and detection of MPXV, as well as prophylaxis and treatment strategies for monkeypox. This review also emphasizes the integration of relevant epidemiological data with genomic surveillance data to obtain real-time data, which could formulate prevention and control measures to curb this outbreak.
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Huang Y, Mu L, Wang W. Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:373. [PMID: 36319633 PMCID: PMC9626568 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that was once endemic in west and central Africa caused by monkeypox virus. However, cases recently have been confirmed in many nonendemic countries outside of Africa. WHO declared the ongoing monkeypox outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern on July 23, 2022, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapidly increasing number of confirmed cases could pose a threat to the international community. Here, we review the epidemiology of monkeypox, monkeypox virus reservoirs, novel transmission patterns, mutations and mechanisms of viral infection, clinical characteristics, laboratory diagnosis and treatment measures. In addition, strategies for the prevention, such as vaccination of smallpox vaccine, is also included. Current epidemiological data indicate that high frequency of human-to-human transmission could lead to further outbreaks, especially among men who have sex with men. The development of antiviral drugs and vaccines against monkeypox virus is urgently needed, despite some therapeutic effects of currently used drugs in the clinic. We provide useful information to improve the understanding of monkeypox virus and give guidance for the government and relative agency to prevent and control the further spread of monkeypox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Mu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Diesterbeck US, Ahsendorf HP, Frenzel A, Sharifi AR, Schirrmann T, Czerny CP. Characterization of an In Vivo Neutralizing Anti-Vaccinia Virus D8 Single-Chain Fragment Variable (scFv) from a Human Anti-Vaccinia Virus-Specific Recombinant Library. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111308. [PMID: 34835240 PMCID: PMC8619513 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of potent neutralizing antibodies are protective against orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infections. For the development of OPXV-specific recombinant human single-chain antibodies (scFvs), the IgG repertoire of four vaccinated donors was amplified from peripheral B-lymphocytes. The resulting library consisted of ≥4 × 108 independent colonies. The immuno-screening against vaccinia virus (VACV) Elstree revealed a predominant selection of scFv clones specifically binding to the D8 protein. The scFv-1.2.2.H9 was engineered into larger human scFv-Fc-1.2.2.H9 and IgG1-1.2.2.H9 formats to improve the binding affinity and to add effector functions within the human immune response. Similar binding kinetics were calculated for scFv-1.2.2.H9 and scFv-Fc-1.2.2.H9 (1.61 nM and 7.685 nM, respectively), whereas, for IgG1-1.2.2.H9, the Michaelis-Menten kinetics revealed an increased affinity of 43.8 pM. None of the purified recombinant 1.2.2.H9 formats were able to neutralize VACV Elstree in vitro. After addition of 1% human complement, the neutralization of ≥50% of VACV Elstree was achieved with 0.0776 µM scFv-Fc-1.2.2.H9 and 0.01324 µM IgG1-1.2.2.H9, respectively. In an in vivo passive immunization NMRI mouse model, 100 µg purified scFv-1.2.2.H9 and the IgG1-1.2.2.H9 partially protected against the challenge with 4 LD50 VACV Munich 1, as 3/6 mice survived. In contrast, in the scFv-Fc-1.2.2.H9 group, only one mouse survived the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike S. Diesterbeck
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Henrike P. Ahsendorf
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - André Frenzel
- Yumab GmbH, Science Campus Braunschweig Sued, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Ahmad Reza Sharifi
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Yumab GmbH, Science Campus Braunschweig Sued, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
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Effect of Serial Passage on the Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccinia Virus LC16m8 Strain. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111158. [PMID: 34827150 PMCID: PMC8614788 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of an attenuated live vaccine depends on gene mutation achieved by, for example, many passages in cultured cells. Viral clones with preferable phenotypes are selected and the causative genetic mutation(s) are later identified. LC16m8 is an example of a highly attenuated smallpox vaccine that was developed and licensed in Japan in the 1970s. LC16m8 was obtained by the passaging of Lister strain, with indicators of small plaque formation and temperature sensitivity as virus phenotypes. This strain can replicate in mammalian cells and provides robust cellular and humoral immunity, as well as long-term immune memory. Recent studies using proteome-wide antigen arrays have revealed that antibody production against LC16m8 and other VACVs differs largely among individuals. Moreover, associations between SNPs in immune-related genes and immune outcomes have been increasingly found. These results lead to predicting adverse events of a vaccine, which is a purpose of vaccinomics. Studies on VACV will continue to contribute to the understanding of host-pathogen interactions and to development of a vaccine for other infectious and non-infectious diseases. Here, we review studies of VACV, including our recent research on LC16m8, with a focus on the phenotype and genotype, and we discuss future research directions.
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Prow NA, Liu L, McCarthy MK, Walters K, Kalkeri R, Geiger J, Koide F, Cooper TH, Eldi P, Nakayama E, Diener KR, Howley PM, Hayball JD, Morrison TE, Suhrbier A. The vaccinia virus based Sementis Copenhagen Vector vaccine against Zika and chikungunya is immunogenic in non-human primates. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:44. [PMID: 32550013 PMCID: PMC7265471 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sementis Copenhagen Vector (SCV) is a new vaccinia virus-derived, multiplication-defective, vaccine technology assessed herein in non-human primates. Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were vaccinated with a multi-pathogen recombinant SCV vaccine encoding the structural polyproteins of both Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). After one vaccination, neutralising antibody responses to ZIKV and four strains of CHIKV, representative of distinct viral genotypes, were generated. A second vaccination resulted in significant boosting of neutralising antibody responses to ZIKV and CHIKV. Following challenge with ZIKV, SCV-ZIKA/CHIK-vaccinated animals showed significant reductions in viremias compared with animals that had received a control SCV vaccine. Two SCV vaccinations also generated neutralising and IgG ELISA antibody responses to vaccinia virus. These results demonstrate effective induction of immunity in non-human primates by a recombinant SCV vaccine and illustrates the utility of SCV as a multi-disease vaccine platform capable of delivering multiple large immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4029 and 4072 Australia.,Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Kevin Walters
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Jillian Geiger
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Fusataka Koide
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Tamara H Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Preethi Eldi
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia.,Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4029 and 4072 Australia
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