Vaccinomics: A scoping review

In virto priming of the STING signaling pathway enhances the maturation and activation of dendritic cells induced by hepatitis B vaccine

This study investigates the role of the STING signaling pathway in enhancing dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and activation in response to the hepatitis B vaccine. By analyzing the GSE52894 dataset, we compared differentially expressed genes between mature dendritic cells (mDCs) and immature dendritic cells (iDCs). In vitro, iDCs were treated with the STING agonist 2'3'-cGAMP, either alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the hepatitis B vaccine, to assess the expression of costimulatory molecules and key signaling molecules in the STING pathway, including STING, pNF-κBp65, and pIRF3. The results indicated that mDCs expressed significantly higher levels of STING mRNA compared to iDCs (P < 0.01). Treatment with 2'3'-cGAMP increased STING expression and activated downstream signaling molecules pNF-κBp65 and pIRF3. Co-treatment with 2'3'-cGAMP and LPS upregulated costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, CD11c) more effectively than LPS alone (P < 0.05). Co-treatment with 2'3'-cGAMP and the hepatitis B vaccine resulted in significantly higher expression of costimulatory molecules compared to vaccine-only treatment. Furthermore, co-treatment with 2'3'-cGAMP and the hepatitis B vaccine enhanced STING, pNF-κBp65, and pIRF3 expression relative to vaccine alone. Mixed lymphocyte reaction assays demonstrated that the 2'3'-cGAMP and hepatitis B vaccine co-treatment group had a significantly stronger effect on the proliferation of CD4+T cells compared to the vaccine-only treatment group. In conclusion, 2'3'-cGAMP enhances DCs maturation and promotes CD4+T cells proliferation in response to the hepatitis B vaccine by activating the STING/IRF3 and STING/NF-κB pathways, highlighting its potential as an adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy.

Precise Therapy Using the Selective Endogenous Encapsidation for Cellular Delivery Vector System

Interindividual variability in drug response is a major problem in the prescription of pharmacological treatments. The therapeutic effect of drugs can be influenced by human genes. Pharmacogenomic guidelines for individualization of treatment have been validated and used for conventional dosage forms. However, drugs can often target non-specific areas and produce both desired and undesired pharmacological effects. The use of nanoparticles, liposomes, or other available forms for drug formulation could help to overcome the latter problem. Virus-like particles based on retroviruses could be a potential envelope for safe and efficient drug formulations. Human endogenous retroviruses would make it possible to overcome the host immune response and deliver drugs to the desired target. PEG10 is a promising candidate that can bind to mRNA because it is secreted like an enveloped virus-like extracellular vesicle. PEG10 is a retrotransposon-derived gene that has been domesticated. Therefore, formulations with PEG10 may have a lower immunogenicity. The use of existing knowledge can lead to the development of suitable drug formulations for the precise treatment of individual diseases.