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Huang H, Lu X, Guo J, Chen Y, Yi M, Jia K. Protective efficacy and immune responses of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) immunized with an inactivated vaccine against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVa. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109691. [PMID: 38871138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) poses a significant threat to the aquaculture industry, prompting the need for effective preventive measures. Here, we developed an inactivated VHSV and revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the host's protective response against VHSV. The vaccine was created by treating VHSV with 0.05 % formalin at 16 °C for 48 h, which was determined to be the most effective inactivation method. Compared with nonvaccinated fish, vaccinated fish exhibited a remarkable increase in survival rate (99 %) and elevated levels of serum neutralizing antibodies, indicating strong immunization. To investigate the gene changes induced by vaccination, RNA sequencing was performed on spleen samples from control and vaccinated fish 14 days after vaccination. The analysis revealed 893 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with notable up-regulation of immune-related genes such as annexin A1a, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor homolog, V-set domain-containing T-cell activation inhibitor 1-like, and heat shock protein 90 alpha class A member 1 tandem duplicate 2, indicating a vigorous innate immune response. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis highlighted significant enrichment of DEGs in processes related to antigen processing and presentation, necroptosis, and viral carcinogenesis. GO enrichment analysis further revealed enrichment of DEGs related to the regulation of type I interferon (IFN) production, type I IFN production, and negative regulation of viral processes. Moreover, protein-protein interaction network analysis identified central hub genes, including IRF3 and HSP90AA1.2, suggesting their crucial roles in coordinating the immune response elicited by the vaccine. These findings not only confirm the effectiveness of our vaccine formulation but also offer valuable insights into the underlying immunological mechanisms, which can be valuable for future vaccine development and disease management in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Xiaobing Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Jiasen Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Yihong Chen
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Meisheng Yi
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Kuntong Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Liu Q, Li L, Zhao J, Ren G, Lu T, Shao Y, Xu L. Andrographolide Alleviates Oxidative Damage and Inhibits Apoptosis Induced by IHNV Infection via CTSK/BCL2/Cytc Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:308. [PMID: 38203479 PMCID: PMC10778657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an important pathogen that causes significant economic losses to salmon trout farming. Although vaccines have been invented for the treatment of IHNV, findings from our previous survey show that breeding enterprises and farmers require effective oral drugs or immune enhancers. However, studies on the development of oral drugs are limited. In the present study, we used bioinformatics methods to predict the protein targets of andrographolide (Andro) in IHNV. Cells were infected with IHNV, and the effect of andrographolide was explored by evaluating the expression levels of genes implicated in oxidative stress, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the expression of genes implicated in apoptosis and necrosis. In the present study, cells were divided into NC, IHNV, IHNV+10 μM andrographolide, and IHNV+20 μM andrographolide groups. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expression level of genes, and an antioxidant enzyme detection kit was used to evaluate the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Fluorescent staining was performed using a reactive oxygen species detection kit (ROS) and Hoechst 33342/PI double staining kit, and the mechanism of alleviation of apoptosis and oxidative stress andrographolide after IHNV infection was determined. The results indicated that andrographolide inhibits viral growth by binding to the NV protein of IHNV and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the body through the CTSK/BCL2/Cytc axis, thereby inhibiting the occurrence of IHNV-induced apoptosis. This is the first study to explore the antagonistic mechanism of action of andrographolide in alleviating IHNV infection. The results provide valuable information on alternative strategies for the treatment of IHNV infection during salmon family and provide a reference for the use of andrographolide as an antioxidant agent in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China (J.Z.); (G.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Linfang Li
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China (J.Z.); (G.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China (J.Z.); (G.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Guangming Ren
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China (J.Z.); (G.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China (J.Z.); (G.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China (J.Z.); (G.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Liming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China (J.Z.); (G.R.); (T.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150070, China
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