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Michelis GA, Politi LE, Becerra SP. Primary Retinal Cell Cultures as a Model to Study Retina Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:565-569. [PMID: 37440087 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception, primary retinal cultures have been an in vitro tool for modeling the in vivo environment of the retina for biological studies on development and disease. They offer simple and controlled experimental approaches when compared to in vivo models. In this review we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of primary retinal culture models, and the features of dispersed retinal cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán A Michelis
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB, NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Department of Biology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB, NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Laughter MR, Ammar DA, Bardill JR, Pena B, Kahook MY, Lee DJ, Park D. A Self-Assembling Injectable Biomimetic Microenvironment Encourages Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Extension in Vitro. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20540-8. [PMID: 27434231 PMCID: PMC5752433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensory-somatic nervous system neurons, such as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), are typically thought to be incapable of regenerating. However, it is now known that these cells may be stimulated to regenerate by providing them with a growth permissive environment. We have engineered an injectable microenvironment designed to provide growth-stimulating cues for RGC culture. Upon gelation, this injectable material not only self-assembles into laminar sheets, similar to retinal organization, but also possesses a storage modulus comparable to that of retinal tissue. Primary rat RGCs were grown, stained, and imaged in this three-dimensional scaffold. We were able to show that RGCs grown in this retina-like structure exhibited characteristic long, prominent axons. In addition, RGCs showed a consistent increase in average axon length and neurite-bearing ratio over the 7 day culture period, indicating this scaffold is capable of supporting substantial RGC axon extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Laughter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David A. Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - James R. Bardill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Brisa Pena
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Malik Y. Kahook
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David J. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Daewon Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Jang SY, Lee ES, Ohn YH, Park TK. Expression of Aquaporin-6 in Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:965-970. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu Y, Xu X, Tang R, Chen G, Lei X, Gao L, Li W, Chen Y. Viability of primary cultured retinal neurons in a hyperglycemic condition. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:410-9. [PMID: 25206682 PMCID: PMC4146128 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina of Wistar rats within 1-3 days of birth were dissociated into a retinal cell suspension using 0.05% trypsin digestion. The cell suspension was incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium for 24 hours, followed by neurobasal medium for 5-7 days. Nissl staining showed that 79.86% of primary cultured retinal cells were positive and immunocytochemical staining showed that the purity of anti-neurofilament heavy chain antibody-positive cells was 71.53%, indicating that the primary culture system of rat retinal neurons was a reliable and stable cell system with neurons as the predominant cell type. The primary cultured retinal neurons were further treated with 0, 5.5, 15, 25, and 35 mM glucose for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide test and flow cytometry showed that with increasing glucose concentration and treatment duration, the viability of retinal neurons was reduced, and apoptosis increased. In particular, 35 mM glucose exhibited the most significant effect at 72 hours. Thus, rat retinal neurons treated with 35 mM glucose for 72 hours can be used to simulate a neuronal model of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xueliang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Renhong Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Limo Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Ying X, Peng Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Wu N, Zeng Y, Wang Y. Endogenous α-crystallin inhibits expression of caspase-3 induced by hypoxia in retinal neurons. Life Sci 2014; 111:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hu C, Hill DD, Wong KY. Intrinsic physiological properties of the five types of mouse ganglion-cell photoreceptors. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:1876-89. [PMID: 23343892 PMCID: PMC3628016 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00579.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian retina, some ganglion cells express the photopigment melanopsin and function as photoreceptors. Five morphological types of these intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), M1-M5, have been identified in mice. Whereas M1 specializes in non-image-forming visual functions and drives such behaviors as the pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment, the other types appear to contribute to image-forming as well as non-image-forming vision. Recent work has begun to reveal physiological diversity among some of the ipRGC types, including differences in photosensitivity, firing rate, and membrane resistance. To gain further insights into these neurons' functional differences, we conducted a comprehensive survey of the electrophysiological properties of all five morphological types. Compared with the other types, M1 had the highest membrane resistance, longest membrane time constant, lowest spike frequencies, widest action potentials, most positive spike thresholds, smallest hyperpolarization-activated inwardly-rectifying current-induced "sagging" responses to hyperpolarizing currents, and the largest effects of voltage-gated K(+) currents on membrane potentials. M4 and M5 were at the other end of the spectrum for most of these measures, while M2 and M3 tended to be in the middle of this spectrum. Additionally, M1 and M2 cells generated more diverse voltage-gated Ca(2+) currents than M3-M5. In conclusion, M1 cells are significantly different from all other ipRGCs in most respects, possibly reflecting the unique physiological requirements of non-image-forming vision. Furthermore, the non-M1 ipRGCs are electrophysiologically heterogeneous, implicating these cells' diverse functional roles in both non-image-forming vision and pattern vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Dumanskaya GV, Kosheleva SO, Veselovsky N. Chemical Neurotransmission from Retinal Ganglion Cells to Superior Colliculus Neurons under Conditions of Long-Lasting Neighboring Co-Culturing. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-012-9306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Primary Culture of Dissociated Cells of the Rat Retina under Conditions of Long-Lasting Culturing: Properties of Ganglion Cells. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-011-9223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Koechling T, Khalique H, Sundström E, Ávila J, Lim F. A culture model for neurite regeneration of human spinal cord neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 201:346-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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McGovern B, Berlinguer Palmini R, Grossman N, Drakakis E, Poher V, Neil MAA, Degenaar P. A New Individually Addressable Micro-LED Array for Photogenetic Neural Stimulation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2010; 4:469-76. [PMID: 23853385 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2010.2081988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the use of a micro light emitting diode (LED) array as a powerful tool for complex spatiotemporal control of photosensitized neurons. The array can generate arbitrary, 2-D, excitation patterns with millisecond and micrometer resolution. In particular, we describe an active matrix control address system to allow simultaneous control of 256 individual micro LEDs. We present the system optically integrated into a microscope environment and patch clamp electrophysiology. The results show that the emitters have sufficient radiance at the required wavelength to stimulate neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2).
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Redfern WS, Waldron G, Winter MJ, Butler P, Holbrook M, Wallis R, Valentin JP. Zebrafish assays as early safety pharmacology screens: Paradigm shift or red herring? J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 58:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Giovannelli A, Di Marco S, Maccarone R, Bisti S. Long-term dark rearing induces permanent reorganization in retinal circuitry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 365:349-54. [PMID: 17999915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent data challenged the assumption that light has little effect on retina development. Here, we report evidence that dark rearing permanently changes the synaptic input to GCs. A reduced spontaneous postsynaptic currents (SPSCs) frequency was found in retinal GCs from rats born and raised in the dark for three months. Glutamate antagonists (CNQX and AP-5) reversibly reduced SPSCs frequency in control and dark-reared (DR) retinae. The GABA antagonist picrotoxin (PTX) reduced SPSCs frequency in control retinas, but increased SPSCs frequency in DR, mainly by presynaptic action on excitatory currents. In DR animals exposed to normal cyclic light for 3 months, SPSCs frequency remained lower then in control rats and increased following PTX, suggesting that long-term dark rearing induces permanent modifications of the retinal circuitry. Our results strongly support the idea that light stimulation plays a role in establishing normal synaptic input to GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Giovannelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 2, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
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