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Bourque LA, Raverty S, Co C, Lillie BN, Daoust PY, Clark ME, Caswell JL. Benzo(a)pyrene suppresses tracheal antimicrobial peptide gene expression in bovine tracheal epithelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 203:40-46. [PMID: 30243371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cetaceans, which are also threatened by environmental degradation caused by crude oil spills. Following oil spills, cetaceans at the water surface may inhale droplets of oil containing toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which could potentially alter respiratory immunity via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and its subsequent interaction with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). β-defensins are antimicrobial peptides secreted by airway epithelial cells and their expression is known to be dependent on NF-κB. We hypothesized that PAHs may suppress the expression of β-defensins, and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of pneumonia. This hypothesis was modeled by measuring the in vitro effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BAP), phenanthrene, and naphthalene on tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) gene expression in bovine tracheal epithelial cells. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced 20 ± 17-fold (mean ± SD) increased TAP gene expression. Exposure of tracheal epithelial cells to 5 μM BAP for 4 or 8 h, followed by incubation with a combination of LPS and 5 μM BAP for another 16 h, significantly (P = 0.002) suppressed LPS-induced TAP gene expression by 40.6 ± 21.8% (mean ± SD) in tracheal epithelial cells from 9 calves tested. BAP-induced suppression of TAP gene expression coincided with induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 gene expression. In contrast, phenanthrene and naphthalene had no consistent effect, and exposure to PAHs did not significantly affect constitutive TAP gene expression (i.e. without LPS). These findings characterize the suppressive effects of BAP-a toxic pollutant found in crude oil-on this respiratory innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Bourque
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, C1A 4P3 Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Stephen Raverty
- Animal Health Center, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, V3G 2M3 Abbotsford, BC, Canada.
| | - Carmon Co
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Pierre-Yves Daoust
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, C1A 4P3 Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Mary Ellen Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Do Candida spp. "read" Nietzsche? Can xenobiotics modulate their aggressiveness? Proposition that chemicals may interfere in their virulence attributes. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:69-71. [PMID: 21986675 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
As well as the host, opportunist Candida spp. enface all sorts of exogenous chemicals, so-called xenobiotics. It is plausible that xenobiotics exert some effects on such microorganisms; among them, the modulation of virulence attributes.
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Dubovskiy IM, Grizanova EV, Ershova NS, Rantala MJ, Glupov VV. The effects of dietary nickel on the detoxification enzymes, innate immunity and resistance to the fungus Beauveria bassiana in the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:92-6. [PMID: 21676429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the effects of dietary nickel on the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), esterases, phenoloxidase, and encapsulation in the haemolymph of larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. We also explored the effects of dietary nickel on larval resistance to infection by the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Larvae fed a low dose of nickel (10 μg g(-1)) had significantly higher GST, phenoloxidase activity and encapsulation responses than controls fed on a nickel-free diet. We also found that larvae fed a sublethal dose of nickel (50 μg g(-1)) had increased GST, esterase activity and encapsulation rates but decreased phenoloxidase activity. Although, a sublethal dose of dietary nickel enhanced innate immunity, we found that this reduced resistance against the real pathogen. Our results suggest that enhanced immunity and detoxification enzyme activity of insects may not be beneficial to resistance to fungal infection. It appears that there is a trade off between different resistance mechanisms in insects under different metal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Dubovskiy
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia.
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Boyd RS. Heavy Metal Pollutants and Chemical Ecology: Exploring New Frontiers. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:46-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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