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Wang CL, Li P, Liu B, Ma YQ, Feng JX, Xu YN, Liu L, Li ZH. Decrypting the skeletal toxicity of vertebrates caused by environmental pollutants from an evolutionary perspective: From fish to mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 255:119173. [PMID: 38763280 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of modern society has led to an increasing severity in the generation of new pollutants and the significant emission of old pollutants, exerting considerable pressure on the ecological environment and posing a serious threat to both biological survival and human health. The skeletal system, as a vital supportive structure and functional unit in organisms, is pivotal in maintaining body shape, safeguarding internal organs, storing minerals, and facilitating blood cell production. Although previous studies have uncovered the toxic effects of pollutants on vertebrate skeletal systems, there is a lack of comprehensive literature reviews in this field. Hence, this paper systematically summarizes the toxic effects and mechanisms of environmental pollutants on the skeletons of vertebrates based on the evolutionary context from fish to mammals. Our findings reveal that current research mainly focuses on fish and mammals, and the identified impact mechanisms mainly involve the regulation of bone signaling pathways, oxidative stress response, endocrine system disorders, and immune system dysfunction. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic understanding of research on skeletal toxicity, while also promoting further research and development in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Long Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Yu-Qing Ma
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Jian-Xue Feng
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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2
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Solomon HM, Murzyn S, Rendemonti J, Chapman S, Cheng SH, Jucker BM, Stanislaus D, Gehman A, Alsaid H. Concordance between alizarin red stained skeleton and micro-CT skeleton evaluation methods: A case study in New Zealand White rabbits. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1284-1293. [PMID: 37140214 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the fetal skeletons using both alizarin red stain and micro-computed tomography (CT) images; investigate differences, and to determine if the conclusions of the study were the same regardless of the examination method. METHODS A candidate drug was given orally by gavage to pregnant New Zealand White rabbits on gestation day (GD) 7 to GD 19 (mating = GD 0) at doses of 0 (control), 0.02, 0.5, 5, and 15 mg/kg/day. Maternal toxicity was evident at ≥0.02 mg/kg/day. The 199 fetal skeletons (totaling 50,546 skeletal elements) obtained at cesarean delivery on GD29 were first stained with Alizarin Red S, then imaged by a Siemens Inveon micro-CT scanner. All fetal skeletons were examined by both methods, without knowledge of dose group, and the results were compared. RESULTS In total, 33 types of skeletal abnormalities were identified. There was 99.8% concordance of results comparing stain to micro-CT. Ossification of the middle phalanx of the forepaw digit 5 showed the greatest difference between the two methods. CONCLUSION Overall, micro-CT imaging is a realistic, and robust alternative to skeletal staining to examine fetal rabbit skeletons in developmental toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Solomon
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacia Murzyn
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joyce Rendemonti
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon Chapman
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Beat M Jucker
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dinesh Stanislaus
- Reproductive Toxicology, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew Gehman
- Research & MDS Statistics, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Connah K, Michael B, Brassey C. MiTiSegmenter: Software for high throughput segmentation and meshing of microCT data in microtiter plate arrays. MethodsX 2022; 9:101849. [PMID: 36164432 PMCID: PMC9508551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lab-based microCT is a powerful means of visualising the internal structure of physical specimens deployed across the physical sciences, engineering and the arts. As its popularity has grown, demand for bulk digitisation of multiple samples within a single scan has increased. High throughput workflows can increase sample sizes and reduce scan time, yet downstream segmentation and meshing remain a bottleneck. We present MiTiSegmenter as a new tool for the bulk archiving of valuable zooarchaeological and palaeontological remains. We foresee MiTiSegmenter as particularly useful when incorporated into workflows that ultimately require the destructive testing of specimens, including sampling for ancient DNA and proteomics. The software may also play an important role in national museums' ongoing mass digitisation efforts, facilitating the high-speed archiving of specimen 3D morphology across extensive collections with very minimal user intervention or prior training. •We present MiTiSegmenter, a software package for semi-automated image processing and segmentation of array-based batch microCT data.•Implemented in Python, MiTiSegmenter expedites cropping, meshing and exporting samples within stacked microtiter plates, facilitating the rapid digitisation of hundreds-thousands of samples per scan.•We illustrate MiTiSegmenter's capabilities when applied to bulk archiving of valuable zooarchaeological and palaeontological remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendrick Connah
- Department of Computing Maths and Digital Technologies, Manchester Metropolitan University, M1 5GD UK
| | - Buckley Michael
- School of Natural Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Charlotte Brassey
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, M1 5GD UK
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4
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Hipsley CA, Aguilar R, Black JR, Hocknull SA. High-throughput microCT scanning of small specimens: preparation, packing, parameters and post-processing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13863. [PMID: 32807929 PMCID: PMC7431592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography, or microCT (μCT), enables the digital imaging of whole objects in three dimensions. The power of μCT to visualize internal features without disarticulation makes it particularly valuable for the study of museum collections, which house millions of physical specimens documenting the spatio-temporal patterns of life. Despite the potential for comparative analyses, most μCT studies include limited numbers of museum specimens, due to the challenges of digitizing numerous individuals within a project scope. Here we describe a method for high-throughput μCT scanning of hundreds of small (< 2 cm) specimens in a single container, followed by individual labelling and archival storage. We also explore the effects of various packing materials and multiple specimens per capsule to minimize sample movement that can degrade image quality, and hence μCT investment. We demonstrate this protocol on vertebrate fossils from Queensland Museum, Australia, as part of an effort to track community responses to climate change over evolutionary time. This system can be easily modified for other types of wet and dry material amenable to X-ray attenuation, including geological, botanical and zoological samples, providing greater access to large-scale phenotypic data and adding value to global collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Hipsley
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, BioSciences 4, Building 147, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
| | - Rocio Aguilar
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, BioSciences 4, Building 147, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jay R Black
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott A Hocknull
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, BioSciences 4, Building 147, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Queensland Museum, Geosciences, 122 Gerler Rd., Hendra, QLD, 4011, Australia
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5
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Qiu Y, Tang C, Serrano-Sosa M, Hu J, Zhu J, Tang G, Huang C, Huang M. Bone microarchitectural parameters can detect oxytocin induced changes prior to bone density on mitigating bone deterioration in rabbit osteoporosis model using micro-CT. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:560. [PMID: 31759393 PMCID: PMC6875040 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study is aimed to determine the efficacy of X-Ray Microtomography (micro-CT) in predicting oxytocin (OT) treatment response in rabbit osteoporosis(OP) model. Methods Sixty-five rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: control group, ovariectomy (OVX) -vehicle and OVX-oxytocin group. The controls underwent sham surgery. OVX-vehicle and OVX-oxytocin groups were subjected to bilateral OVX. The rabbits in OVX-oxytocin group were injected with oxytocin. In the 0th, 4th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks post OVX operation, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone micro-architectural parameters were measured in three groups. Results Bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), Trabecular Number (Tb.N), and Trabecular Thickness (Tb.Th) decreased, while Trabecular Spacing (Tb.Sp) and Structure Model Index (SMI) increased overtime in all the three groups. In OVX-oxytocin group, the bone deterioration tendency is slowing down compared with that of the OVX-vehicle group. The BMD of the OVX-oxytocin group was significantly lower than those in the OVX-vehicle group at 12th week (P = 0.017). BV/TV and Tb.Sp in OVX-oxytocin group changed significantly from 8th week (P = 0.043) and 12th week (P = 0.014), which is earlier than that of BMD and other bone micro-architectural parameters. Conclusion BV/TV and Tb.Sp changed prior to BMD and other bone micro-architectural parameters with oxytocin intervention, which indicate that they are more sensitive markers for predicting early osteoporosis and treatment monitoring when using micro-CT to evaluate osteoporosis rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyou Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Cuisong Tang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Mario Serrano-Sosa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jingqi Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Guangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Chuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Mingqian Huang
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
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Ban S, Cho NH, Min E, Bae JK, Ahn Y, Shin S, Park SA, Lee Y, Jung W. Label-free optical projection tomography for quantitative three-dimensional anatomy of mouse embryo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800481. [PMID: 30729697 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in three-dimensional optical imaging techniques allows visualization of many comprehensive biological specimens. Optical clearing methods provide volumetric and quantitative information by overcoming the limited depth of light due to scattering. However, current imaging technologies mostly rely on the synthetic or genetic fluorescent labels, thus limits its application to whole-body visualization of generic mouse models. Here, we report a label-free optical projection tomography (LF-OPT) technique for quantitative whole mouse embryo imaging. LF-OPT is based on the attenuation contrast of light rather than fluorescence, and it utilizes projection imaging technique similar to computed tomography for visualizing the volumetric structure. We demonstrate this with a collection of mouse embryo morphologies in different stages using LF-OPT. Additionally, we extract quantitative organ information applicable toward high-throughput phenotype screening. Our results indicate that LF-OPT can provide multi-scale morphological information in various tissues including bone, which can be difficult in conventional optical imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungbea Ban
- Samsung Electro-Mechanics, Global Technology Center (GTC), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hyun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eunjung Min
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jung Kweon Bae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ah Park
- In Vivo Research Center, UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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7
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Maronpot RR, Nyska A, Troth SP, Gabrielson K, Sysa-Shah P, Kalchenko V, Kuznetsov Y, Harmelin A, Schiffenbauer YS, Bonnel D, Stauber J, Ramot Y. Regulatory Forum Opinion Piece*: Imaging Applications in Toxicologic Pathology-Recommendations for Use in Regulated Nonclinical Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2018. [PMID: 28641506 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317710014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Available imaging systems for use in preclinical toxicology studies increasingly show utility as important tools in the toxicologic pathologist's armamentarium, permit longitudinal evaluation of functional and morphological changes in tissues, and provide important information such as organ and lesion volume not obtained by conventional toxicology study parameters. Representative examples of practical imaging applications in toxicology research and preclinical studies are presented for ultrasound, positron emission tomography/single-photon emission computed tomography, optical, magnetic resonance imaging, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-imaging mass spectrometry imaging. Some of the challenges for making imaging systems good laboratory practice-compliant for regulatory submission are presented. Use of imaging data on a case-by-case basis as part of safety evaluation in regulatory submissions is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham Nyska
- 2 Toxicologic Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Timrat, Israel
| | - Sean P Troth
- 3 Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- 4 Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Polina Sysa-Shah
- 4 Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- 5 Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuri Kuznetsov
- 5 Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- 5 Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Yuval Ramot
- 8 Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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Solomon HM, Murzyn S, Rendemonti J, Chapman S, Skedzielewski T, Jucker BM, Stanislaus D, Alsaid H. The use of micro-CT imaging to examine and illustrate fetal skeletal abnormalities in Dutch Belted rabbits and to prove concordance with Alizarin Red stained skeletal examination. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:276-298. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard M. Solomon
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Stacia Murzyn
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Joyce Rendemonti
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon Chapman
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Tinamarie Skedzielewski
- Bioimaging, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Beat M. Jucker
- Bioimaging, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Dinesh Stanislaus
- Reproductive Toxicology, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Bioimaging, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; King of Prussia Pennsylvania
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9
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Magsam AW, Johnson M, Villani T, Pierce MC. Optical Projection Tomography with a Tissue Clearing Agent for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Studies. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:12-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Magsam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering; University of Nebraska; Lincoln Nebraska
| | | | | | - Mark C. Pierce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers; The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway New Jersey
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11
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Solomon HM, Makris SL, Alsaid H, Bermudez O, Beyer BK, Chen A, Chen CL, Chen Z, Chmielewski G, DeLise AM, de Schaepdrijver L, Dogdas B, French J, Harrouk W, Helfgott J, Henkelman RM, Hesterman J, Hew KW, Hoberman A, Lo CW, McDougal A, Minck DR, Scott L, Stewart J, Sutherland V, Tatiparthi AK, Winkelmann CT, Wise LD, Wood SL, Ying X. Micro-CT imaging: Developing criteria for examining fetal skeletons in regulatory developmental toxicology studies - A workshop report. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:100-8. [PMID: 26930635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades the use and refinements of imaging modalities have markedly increased making it possible to image embryos and fetuses used in pivotal nonclinical studies submitted to regulatory agencies. Implementing these technologies into the Good Laboratory Practice environment requires rigorous testing, validation, and documentation to ensure the reproducibility of data. A workshop on current practices and regulatory requirements was held with the goal of defining minimal criteria for the proper implementation of these technologies and subsequent submission to regulatory agencies. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is especially well suited for high-throughput evaluations, and is gaining popularity to evaluate fetal skeletons to assess the potential developmental toxicity of test agents. This workshop was convened to help scientists in the developmental toxicology field understand and apply micro-CT technology to nonclinical toxicology studies and facilitate the regulatory acceptance of imaging data. Presentations and workshop discussions covered: (1) principles of micro-CT fetal imaging; (2) concordance of findings with conventional skeletal evaluations; and (3) regulatory requirements for validating the system. Establishing these requirements for micro-CT examination can provide a path forward for laboratories considering implementing this technology and provide regulatory agencies with a basis to consider the acceptability of data generated via this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L Makris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, United States
| | - Oscar Bermudez
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Antong Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Connie L Chen
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Zhou Chen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Anthony M DeLise
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, United States
| | | | - Belma Dogdas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Julian French
- Morphology Consulting Ltd., Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Wafa Harrouk
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - R Mark Henkelman
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Kok-Wah Hew
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Deerfield, IL, United States
| | - Alan Hoberman
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrew McDougal
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Daniel R Minck
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lelia Scott
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Horsham, PA, United States
| | | | - Vicki Sutherland
- National Toxicology Program/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | - L David Wise
- Independent Teratologist, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sandra L Wood
- Merck Research Laboratories, Upper Gwynedd, PA, United States
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12
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Chahoud I, Talsness C, Walter A, Grote K. Postnatal investigation of prenatally induced effects on the vertebral column of rats reduces the uncertainty of classification of anomalies. Reprod Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Zhou Z, Chen Z, Shan J, Ma W, Li L, Zu J, Xu J. Monitoring brain development of chick embryos in vivo using 3.0 T MRI: subdivision volume change and preliminary structural quantification using DTI. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26208519 PMCID: PMC4513430 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has many advantages in the research of in vivo embryonic brain development, specifically its noninvasive aspects and ability to avoid skeletal interference. However, few studies have focused on brain development in chick, which is a traditional animal model in developmental biology. We aimed to serially monitor chick embryo brain development in vivo using 3.0 T MRI. Methods Ten fertile Hy-line white eggs were incubated and seven chick embryo brains were monitored in vivo and analyzed serially from 5 to 20 days during incubation using 3.0 T MRI. A fast positioning sequence was pre-scanned to obtain sagittal and coronal brain planes corresponding to the established atlas. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) was performed for volume estimation of the whole brain and subdivision (telencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, and lateral ventricle [LV]); diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to reflect the evolution of neural bundle structures. Results The chick embryos’ whole brain and subdivision grew non-linearly over time; the DTI fractional anisotropy (FA) value within the telencephalon increased non-linearly as well. All seven scanned eggs hatched successfully. Conclusions MRI avoids embryonic sacrifice in a way that allows serial monitoring of longitudinal developmental processes of a single embryo. Feasibility for analyzing subdivision of the brain during development, and adding structural information related to neural bundles, makes MRI a powerful tool for exploring brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zien Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zengai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiehui Shan
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinyan Zu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Barbe MF, Adiga R, Gordiienko O, Pleshko N, Selzer ME, Krynska B. Micro-computed tomography assessment of vertebral column defects in retinoic acid-induced rat model of myelomeningocele. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 100:453-62. [PMID: 24954432 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a common congenital malformation and the most severe form of spina bifida characterized by the protrusion of spinal cord and meninges through the spinal defect. Our objective was to improve the assessment of congenital vertebral defects in animal models of MMC using three-dimensional high resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging and quantitative digital analyses methods. METHODS Lumbosacral MMC was induced in fetal rats by exposure of pregnant mothers at embryonic day 10 (E10) to all-trans retinoic acid, and rats were examined at term (embryonic day 22). The axial skeleton was examined in an MMC model for the first time using ex vivo micro-CT at 10 μm voxel resolution to allow high resolution two-dimensional and three-dimensional characterization of anomalies in lumbosacral vertebrae, and quantitative assessment of distances between dorsal vertebral arches in lumbosacral regions in MMC rats, compared with normal controls. RESULTS We observed, in detail, skeletal defects in lumbosacral vertebra of MMC rats, including in the morphology of individual dorsal vertebral arches. Use of high resolution micro-CT has also enabled us to identify the delayed (nonfused) or absent ossification in vertebral bodies, increased fusion of adjacent lateral vertebral elements, and quantify the extent of dorsal arch widening. Distances between dorsal vertebral arches showed statistically significant increases from L5 through S4 in MMC rats, compared with normal controls. CONCLUSION High-resolution micro-CT combined with digital quantification methods is a powerful technique ideally suited for precise assessment of complex congenital skeletal abnormalities such as examined in this rodent model of MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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PET/CT imaging reveals unrivaled placental avidity for glucose compared to other tissues. Placenta 2014; 36:115-20. [PMID: 25555498 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to define the kinetics of glucose transport from maternal blood to placenta to fetus using real time imaging. METHODS Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the glucose-tracer [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was used to temporally and spatially define, in vivo, the kinetics of glucose transport from maternal blood into placentae and fetuses, in the late gestational gravid rat. Computed tomography (CT), with intravenous contrast, co-registered to the PET images allowed anatomic differentiation of placentae from fetal and maternal tissues. RESULTS FDG was rapidly taken up by placentae and subsequently appeared in fetuses with minimal temporal lag. FDG standardized uptake values in placentae and fetuses approached that of maternal brain. In both anesthetized and awake dams, one quarter of the administered FDG ultimately was accrued in the collective fetuses and placentae. Accordingly, kinetic modeling demonstrated that the placentae had very high avidity for FDG, 2-fold greater than that of the fetus and maternal brain, when accounting for the fact that fetal FDG necessarily must first be taken up by placentae. Consistent with this, placental expression of glucose transporter 1 exceeded that of all other tissues. DISCUSSION Fetal and placental tissues place a substantial glucose metabolic burden on the mother, owing to very high avidity of placentae for glucose coupled with the large relative mass of fetal and placental tissues. CONCLUSIONS The placenta has a tremendous capacity to uptake and transport glucose. PET/CT imaging is an ideal means to study metabolite transport kinetics in the fetoplacental unit.
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Long HQ, Xie WH, Chen WL, Xie WL, Xu JH, Hu Y. Value of micro-CT for monitoring spinal microvascular changes after chronic spinal cord compression. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12061-73. [PMID: 25003643 PMCID: PMC4139829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological degeneration can occur after compression of the spinal cord. It is widely accepted that spinal cord compression leads to ischemic lesions and ultimately neurological dysfunction due to a narrowed spinal canal. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of spinal cord compression injury is required to help develop effective clinical interventions. In the present study, we propose a new method of quantitative 3D micro-CT to observe microvascular events in a chronic spinal cord compression rat model. A total of 36 rats were divided into two groups: sham control group (n = 12) and compressive spinal cord injury group (n = 24). Rats were scarified at four weeks after surgery. In each group, CD34 micro-vessel immunohistochemical staining was performed in half of the animals, while micro-CT scanning was performed in the other half. Microvessel density (MVD) was measured after immunohistochemical staining, while the vascular index (VI) was measured in 3D micro-CT. In comparison with sham control, abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) can be seen in all 24 cases of the compression group, and VI shows the amount of microvessels reduced consistently and significantly (p < 0.01). A significant correlation is also found between MVD and VI (r = 0.95, p < 0.01). These data suggest that quantitative 3D micro-CT is a sensitive and promising tool for investigating microvascular changes during chronic compressive spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Qing Long
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Wen-Han Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Wen-Li Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Wen-Lin Xie
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Jing-Hui Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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De Schaepdrijver L, Delille P, Geys H, Boehringer-Shahidi C, Vanhove C. In vivo longitudinal micro-CT study of bent long limb bones in rat offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 46:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Reduced post-natal versus pre-natal incidence of bent long bones and scapulae in a preliminary investigation using the Han Wistar rat. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 45:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Johnson CA, Winkelmann CT, Wise LD. Considerations for conducting imaging studies in support of developmental toxicology studies for regulatory submission. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:41-3. [PMID: 24863470 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical imaging technologies are increasingly being applied to developmental toxicology studies in drug development to determine potential compound toxicity. Although most of these studies are conducted in a non-regulatory setting, there is interest in performing these imaging studies under applicable regulations, for example Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), to support regulatory decisions concerning drug safety. This manuscript will describe regulations and processes to consider when bringing an imaging technology into GLP compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colena A Johnson
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States.
| | | | - L David Wise
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
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French JM. Imaging and morphology in reproductive toxicology - progress to date and future directions. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:37-40. [PMID: 24681297 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review looks at the recent development and application of imaging techniques for the morphological examination of fetuses from preclinical regulatory reproductive toxicology studies. Full replacement of the examination methods currently used in routine studies (microdissection, Bouin's fluid fixation/sectioning and alizarin red S/alcian blue preparations) by imaging techniques has yet to be achieved. Progress, especially in the application of micro-CT for skeletal examination, has been made but challenges, particularly the financial investment required, remain. Despite this apparent lack of progress the application of imaging techniques to "non-routine" preclinical reproductive toxicology studies has been used to good effect. The ability to acquire multiple images over a time course i.e. longitudinally has enabled the fate, particularly of skeletal features, to be determined. The additional evidence gained from such studies can be used to better inform the prenatal developmental hazard assessment of test compounds.
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Wise LD, Winkelmann CT, Dogdas B, Bagchi A. Micro-computed tomography imaging and analysis in developmental biology and toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:71-82. [PMID: 23897592 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a high resolution imaging technique that has expanded and strengthened in use since it was last reviewed in this journal in 2004. The technology has expanded to include more detailed analysis of bone, as well as soft tissues, by use of various contrast agents. It is increasingly applied to questions in developmental biology and developmental toxicology. Relatively high-throughput protocols now provide a powerful and efficient means to evaluate embryos and fetuses subjected to genetic manipulations or chemical exposures. This review provides an overview of the technology, including scanning, reconstruction, visualization, segmentation, and analysis of micro-CT generated images. This is followed by a review of more recent applications of the technology in some common laboratory species that highlight the diverse issues that can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Wise
- Merck Research Laboratories, Departments of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Imaging, and Informatics IT, West Point, PA, USA.
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Ahuja V, Sharma S. Drug safety testing paradigm, current progress and future challenges: an overview. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:576-94. [PMID: 24777877 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early assessment of the toxicity potential of new molecules in pharmaceutical industry is a multi-dimensional task involving predictive systems and screening approaches to aid in the optimization of lead compounds prior to their entry into development phase. Due to the high attrition rate in the pharma industry in last few years, it has become imperative for the nonclinical toxicologist to focus on novel approaches which could be helpful for early screening of drug candidates. The need is that the toxicologists should change their classical approach to a more investigative approach. This review discusses the developments that allow toxicologists to anticipate safety problems and plan ways to address them earlier than ever before. This includes progress in the field of in vitro models, surrogate models, molecular toxicology, 'omics' technologies, translational safety biomarkers, stem-cell based assays and preclinical imaging. The traditional boundaries between teams focusing on efficacy/ safety and preclinical/ clinical aspects in the pharma industry are disappearing, and translational research-centric organizations with a focused vision of bringing drugs forward safely and rapidly are emerging. Today's toxicologist should collaborate with medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and clinicians and these value-adding contributions will change traditional toxicologists from side-effect identifiers to drug development enablers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- Drug Safety Assessment, Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Limited (Research Park), 46A/47A, Nande Village, MulshiTaluka, Pune, 412 115, India
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Gregg CL, Butcher JT. Quantitative in vivo imaging of embryonic development: opportunities and challenges. Differentiation 2012; 84:149-62. [PMID: 22695188 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are critically important for a mechanistic understanding of embryonic morphogenesis. For decades, visualizing these rapid and complex multidimensional events has relied on projection images and thin section reconstructions. While much insight has been gained, fixed tissue specimens offer limited information on dynamic processes that are essential for tissue assembly and organ patterning. Quantitative imaging is required to unlock the important basic science and clinically relevant secrets that remain hidden. Recent advances in live imaging technology have enabled quantitative longitudinal analysis of embryonic morphogenesis at multiple length and time scales. Four different imaging modalities are currently being used to monitor embryonic morphogenesis: optical, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Each has its advantages and limitations with respect to spatial resolution, depth of field, scanning speed, and tissue contrast. In addition, new processing tools have been developed to enhance live imaging capabilities. In this review, we analyze each type of imaging source and its use in quantitative study of embryonic morphogenesis in small animal models. We describe the physics behind their function, identify some examples in which the modality has revealed new quantitative insights, and then conclude with a discussion of new research directions with live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Gregg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Henning AL, Jiang MX, Yalcin HC, Butcher JT. Quantitative three-dimensional imaging of live avian embryonic morphogenesis via micro-computed tomography. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1949-57. [PMID: 21761480 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many clinically relevant congenital malformations arise during mid to late embryonic stages. This period is challenging to image quantitatively in live embryos, necessitating the use of multiple specimens with increased experimental variability. Here we establish X-ray and blood-pool computed tomography (CT) contrast agent toxicity and teratogenesis thresholds for 3D Micro-CT imaging of live avian embryos. Day 4 chick embryos micro-injected with Visipaque™ (VP) developed for an additional 6 days without defect. X-ray radiation up to 798 mGy was nontoxic. Peak average contrast of 1,060 HU occurred within 1 hr of imaging at 50 μm resolution. VP-enhanced contrast persisted past 24 hr with delayed accumulation in the allantois. Regional volumes of VP-injected embryos were statistically identical to those of fixed embryos perfused with osmium tetroxide. We further quantified longitudinal volumetric morphogenesis of the allantois over 30 hr. These results demonstrate the safety and efficacy of contrast enhanced quantitative micro-CT imaging for live embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Henning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7501, USA
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Powell KA, Wilson D. 3-dimensional imaging modalities for phenotyping genetically engineered mice. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:106-15. [PMID: 22146851 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811429814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of 3-dimensional (3D) digital imaging modalities are available for whole-body assessment of genetically engineered mice: magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT), optical projection tomography (OPT), episcopic and cryoimaging, and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Embryo and adult mouse phenotyping can be accomplished at microscopy or near microscopy spatial resolutions using these modalities. MRM and microCT are particularly well-suited for evaluating structural information at the organ level, whereas episcopic and OPT imaging provide structural and functional information from molecular fluorescence imaging at the cellular level. UBM can be used to monitor embryonic development longitudinally in utero. Specimens are not significantly altered during preparation, and structures can be viewed in their native orientations. Technologies for rapid automated data acquisition and high-throughput phenotyping have been developed and continually improve as this exciting field evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Powell
- Small Animal Imaging Shared Resource, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Plaks V, Sapoznik S, Berkovitz E, Haffner-Krausz R, Dekel N, Harmelin A, Neeman M. Functional phenotyping of the maternal albumin turnover in the mouse placenta by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:481-492. [PMID: 20686857 PMCID: PMC3087877 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a tool for functional phenotyping of the maternal circulation in the mouse placenta. Procedures In utero macromolecular dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) was performed on embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), E13.5, and E18.5. Fluorescence analysis was also used for validation of the results. Results The initial rate of contrast enhancement revealed an increased maternal blood volume fraction as the pregnancy progressed. Serial imaging of E10.5 and E13.5 placentas revealed a loss of contrast enhancement due to phagocytic uptake. A key application of macromolecular DCE-MRI would be to follow mouse pregnancies during fetal and placental manipulation including embryo transfer, tetraploid complementation, and fetal resorptions. We were able to resolve strain differences in ICR outbred mice carrying both ICR and C57Bl/6J embryos and to differentiate in utero resorptions from functional placentas. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of the functional in utero analysis of placental vascularization in physiological phenotyping of transgenic mice and suggest MRI, particularly macromolecular DCE-MRI, as a non-invasive tool for the analysis of the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Plaks
- Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Stav Sapoznik
- Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elina Berkovitz
- Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | | - Nava Dekel
- Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Neeman
- Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Tremoleda JL, Khalil M, Gompels LL, Wylezinska-Arridge M, Vincent T, Gsell W. Imaging technologies for preclinical models of bone and joint disorders. EJNMMI Res 2011; 1:11. [PMID: 22214535 PMCID: PMC3251252 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models for musculoskeletal disorders are critical for understanding the pathogenesis of bone and joint disorders in humans and the development of effective therapies. The assessment of these models primarily relies on morphological analysis which remains time consuming and costly, requiring large numbers of animals to be tested through different stages of the disease. The implementation of preclinical imaging represents a keystone in the refinement of animal models allowing longitudinal studies and enabling a powerful, non-invasive and clinically translatable way for monitoring disease progression in real time. Our aim is to highlight examples that demonstrate the advantages and limitations of different imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and optical imaging. All of which are in current use in preclinical skeletal research. MRI can provide high resolution of soft tissue structures, but imaging requires comparatively long acquisition times; hence, animals require long-term anaesthesia. CT is extensively used in bone and joint disorders providing excellent spatial resolution and good contrast for bone imaging. Despite its excellent structural assessment of mineralized structures, CT does not provide in vivo functional information of ongoing biological processes. Nuclear medicine is a very promising tool for investigating functional and molecular processes in vivo with new tracers becoming available as biomarkers. The combined use of imaging modalities also holds significant potential for the assessment of disease pathogenesis in animal models of musculoskeletal disorders, minimising the use of conventional invasive methods and animal redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi L Tremoleda
- Biological Imaging Centre (BIC), Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Carney EW, Ellis AL, Tyl RW, Foster PM, Scialli AR, Thompson K, Kim J. Critical evaluation of current developmental toxicity testing strategies: a case of babies and their bathwater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:395-403. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Wise LD, Xue D, Winkelmann CT. Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of fetal skeletal changes induced by all-trans-retinoic acid in rats and rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 89:408-17. [PMID: 20836124 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our laboratory has been conducting positive control studies to evaluate the utility of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for qualitative evaluation of fetal skeletal morphology. All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) was used to produce a different spectrum of defects compared to our previous studies with boric acid and hydroxyurea. METHODS Groups of five mated Crl:CD(SD) female rats each were administered vehicle or atRA (2.5-50 mg/kg) on GD 10, and groups of four mated Dutch Belted rabbits each were dosed with vehicle or atRA (6.25-25 mg/kg) on GD 9. Cesarean sections were performed on GD 21 and 28, respectively. Following external examination the viscera were removed and fetuses scanned in a micro-CT imaging system. Fetuses were subsequently stained with alizarin red. Skeletal morphology was evaluated by each method without the knowledge of treatment group. Total bone mineral content (BMC) of each fetus was quantitated using the micro-CT images. RESULTS In rats there were dose-related increases in the incidence of extra lumbar vertebra and non-dose-related increases in supernumerary ribs at all dose levels. There were decreases in mean number of ossified sacrocaudal vertebra at ≥ 5 mg/kg, and increases in skull bone malformations at ≥ 10 mg/kg. Rabbits were less sensitive on a mg/kg basis since skeletal malformations and a decrease in mean number of ossified sacrocaudal vertebra were observed only in the 25-mg/kg group. Micro-CT evaluation detected essentially the same incidence of skeletal abnormalities as seen in alizarin red-stained rat and rabbit fetuses. BMC analysis showed a trend toward slight decreases in atRA-treated rats, but no notable changes in rabbits. CONCLUSIONS These results add support to our previous work that demonstrates that micro-CT imaging can effectively assess rat and rabbit fetal skeletal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Wise
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Peterson RA, Gabrielson KL, Allan Johnson G, Pomper MG, Coatney RW, Winkelmann CT. Continuing education course #1: non-invasive imaging as a problem-solving tool and translational biomarker strategy in toxicologic pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 39:267-72. [PMID: 21147931 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310390392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The continuing education course "Non-Invasive Imaging as a Problem-Solving Tool and Translational Biomarker Strategy in Toxicologic Pathology" provided a thorough overview of commonly used imaging modalities and the logistics required for integration of small animal imaging into toxicologic pathology. Non-invasive imaging (NIN) is gaining acceptance as an important modality in toxicologic pathology. This technology allows nonterminal, time-course evaluation of functional and morphologic endpoints and can be used to translate biomarkers between preclinical animal models and human patients. NIN can support drug development as well as basic research in academic or industrial environments. An initial overview of theoretical principles was followed by focused presentations on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), positron emission tomography (PET)/single proton emission computed tomography (SPECT), ultrasonography (US, primarily focused on echocardiography), optical (bioluminescent) imaging, and computed tomography (CT). The choice of imaging modality will depend on the research question and the needed resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Peterson
- GlaxoSmithKline Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Wise LD, Buschmann J, Feuston MH, Fisher JE, Hew KW, Hoberman AM, Lerman SA, Ooshima Y, Stump DG. Embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study design for pharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:418-28. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wise LD, Winkelmann CT. Evaluation of hydroxyurea-induced fetal skeletal changes in Dutch belted rabbits by micro-computed tomography and alizarin red staining. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:220-6. [PMID: 19479798 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This laboratory has been investigating the utility of X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to produce high-resolution, 3D images of skeletal structures in common laboratory species. The present investigation uses micro-CT evaluation of skeletons from rabbit fetuses exposed to the known teratogen, hydroxyurea. METHODS Groups of 4-6 mated Dutch Belted female rabbits each were administered vehicle or hydroxyurea (62.5 to 500 mg/kg) once on GD 12. On GD 28, all live fetuses were weighed, euthanized, and viscera removed. Up to 7 fetuses per litter were placed into a custom-made polystyrene holder and scanned in the micro-CT imaging system. Raw projection data were acquired in approximately 15 seconds, and reconstructed images at 100-micron cubic voxel dimension could be viewed as early as 20 minutes later. Fetuses were subsequently stained with alizarin red, and findings recorded separately for each method without knowledge of treatment group. RESULTS Except for a few isolated cases, micro-CT evaluation detected the same skeletal malformations, variations, and incomplete ossifications as seen by the staining method. Skeletal elements that are very small (e.g., caudal-most vertebrae, metacarpal no. 1) or those with a minimal degree of ossification were occasionally not observed with micro-CT. However, this difference did not impact the overall study conclusions. Femur length was easily measured by micro-CT. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that micro-CT imaging can effectively assess rabbit fetal skeletal structures, and for those laboratories with this resource, may be used to significantly reduce time prior to skeletal evaluation and hazardous wastes associated with staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Wise
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Wise LD, Winkelmann CT. Micro-computed tomography and alizarin red evaluations of boric acid-induced fetal skeletal changes in Sprague-Dawley rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:214-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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