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Pöhler A, Jany C, Butzer J, Bach T, Opolka-Hoffmann E, Staack RF, Jordan G. High ionic strength dissociation assay reduces dimeric target interference in immunogenicity testing. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:823-832. [PMID: 37326333 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The presence of di-/multi-meric forms of soluble target in biological samples can interfere in anti-drug antibody (ADA) assays, leading to increased background values and potentially false positivity. The authors investigated the use of the high ionic strength dissociation assay (HISDA) to reduce target interference in two different ADA assays. Results: Interference caused by homodimeric FAP was successfully eliminated to enable cut point determination after applying HISDA. Biochemical experiments confirmed the dissociation of homodimeric FAP after treatment with high ionic strength conditions. Conclusion: HISDA is a promising approach to simultaneously achieve high drug tolerance and reduced interference by noncovalently bound dimeric target molecules in ADA assays without extensive optimization, which is particularly advantageous in routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pöhler
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioanalysis & Biomarkers, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Cordula Jany
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioanalysis & Biomarkers, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Joachim Butzer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Thomas Bach
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioanalysis & Biomarkers, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Eugenia Opolka-Hoffmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioanalysis & Biomarkers, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Roland F Staack
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioanalysis & Biomarkers, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Gregor Jordan
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioanalysis & Biomarkers, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
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2
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The role of ligand-binding assay and LC-MS in the bioanalysis of complex protein and oligonucleotide therapeutics. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:931-954. [PMID: 33998268 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-binding assay (LBA) and LC-MS have been the preferred bioanalytical techniques for the quantitation and biotransformation assessment of various therapeutic modalities. This review provides an overview of the applications of LBA, LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS for the bioanalysis of complex protein therapeutics including antibody-drug conjugates, fusion proteins and PEGylated proteins as well as oligonucleotide therapeutics. The strengths and limitations of LBA and LC-MS, along with some guidelines on the choice of appropriate bioanalytical technique(s) for the bioanalysis of these therapeutic modalities are presented. With the discovery of novel and more complex therapeutic modalities, there is an increased need for the biopharmaceutical industry to develop a comprehensive bioanalytical strategy integrating both LBA and LC-MS.
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3
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Shi J, Chen X, Diao J, Jiang L, Li L, Li S, Liang W, Jin X, Wang Y, Wong C, Zhang XT, Tse FLS. Bioanalysis in the Age of New Drug Modalities. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:64. [PMID: 33942188 PMCID: PMC8093172 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of regulatory guidelines for the bioanalysis of new drug modalities, many of which contain multiple functional domains, bioanalytical strategies have been carefully designed to characterize the intact drug and each functional domain in terms of quantity, functionality, biotransformation, and immunogenicity. The present review focuses on the bioanalytical challenges and considerations for RNA-based drugs, bispecific antibodies and multi-domain protein therapeutics, prodrugs, gene and cell therapies, and fusion proteins. Methods ranging from the conventional ligand binding assays and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays to quantitative polymerase chain reaction or flow cytometry often used for oligonucleotides and cell and gene therapies are discussed. Best practices for method selection and validation are proposed as well as a future perspective to address the bioanalytical needs of complex modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China.
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jianbo Diao
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Liying Jiang
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Lan Li
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Stephen Li
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Wenzhong Liang
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Xiaoying Jin
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Colton Wong
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Xiaolong Tom Zhang
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Francis L S Tse
- Bioanalytical Services Department, WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, Shanghai, 200131, China
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4
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Gu Y, Zhao Z, Miao D, High H, Yang T, Yu L. Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29630056 PMCID: PMC5933252 DOI: 10.3791/57227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinpointing islet autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) leads the way to project and deter this disease in the general population. A novel ECL assay is a nonradioactive fluid phase assay for islet autoantibodies with higher sensitivity and specificity than the current 'gold' standard radio-binding assay (RBA). ECL assays can more precisely define the onset of presymptomatic T1D by distinguishing the high-risk, high-affinity autoantibodies from the low-risk, low-affinity autoantibodies generated in RBAs, and conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The antigen protein used in this ECL assay is labeled with Sulfo-tag and Biotin, respectively. Each ECL autoantibody assay that uses a particular antigen protein needs an optimization step before it can be used for laboratory application. This step is especially vital in determining the requirements for serum acid treatments, concentrations, and ratios of the two different antigens labeled with Sulfo-tag and Biotin. To perform the assay, serum samples are mixed with Sulfo-tag-conjugated and biotinylated capture antigen protein in phosphate buffered solution (PBS), containing 5% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Afterwards, the samples are incubated overnight at 4 °C. The same day, a streptavidin-coated plate is prepared with blocker buffer and incubated overnight at 4 °C. On the second day, wash the streptavidin plate and transfer the serum-antigen mixture onto the plate. Place the plate on the plate shaker, set it at low speed, and incubate at room temperature for 1 h. Subsequently, the plate is washed again, and reader buffer is added. The plate is then counted on the plate reader machine. The results are conveyed through an index, which is generated from internal standard positive and negative control serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver; Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Dongmei Miao
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Hilary High
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver;
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5
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Chen BM, Su YC, Chang CJ, Burnouf PA, Chuang KH, Chen CH, Cheng TL, Chen YT, Wu JY, Roffler SR. Measurement of Pre-Existing IgG and IgM Antibodies against Polyethylene Glycol in Healthy Individuals. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10661-10666. [PMID: 27726379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a biocompatible polymer that is often attached to therapeutic molecules to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Although antibodies with specificity for PEG may compromise the safety and effectiveness of PEGylated medicines, the prevalence of pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies in healthy individuals is unclear. Chimeric human anti-PEG antibody standards were created to accurately measure anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies by direct ELISA with confirmation by a competition assay in the plasma of 1504 healthy Han Chinese donors residing in Taiwan. Anti-PEG antibodies were detected in 44.3% of healthy donors with a high prevalence of both anti-PEG IgM (27.1%) and anti-PEG IgG (25.7%). Anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies were significantly more common in females as compared to males (32.0% vs 22.2% for IgM, p < 0.0001 and 28.3% vs 23.0% for IgG, p = 0.018). The prevalence of anti-PEG IgG antibodies was higher in younger (up to 60% for 20 year olds) as opposed to older (20% for >50 years) male and female donors. Anti-PEG IgG concentrations were negatively associated with donor age in both females (p = 0.0073) and males (p = 0.026). Both anti-PEG IgM and IgG strongly bound PEGylated medicines. The described assay can assist in the elucidation of the impact of anti-PEG antibodies on the safety and therapeutic efficacy of PEGylated medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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6
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) constitutes a set of closely related protein isoforms. In clinical practice, the disagreement of test results between commercially available ligand-binding assays is still an ongoing issue, and incomplete knowledge about the particular function of the different forms leaves an uncertainty of what should be the appropriate measurand. Mass spectrometry is promising to be a way forward. Not only is it capable of providing SI-traceable reference values for the calibration of current GH-tests, but it also offers an independent approach to highly reliable mass-selective quantification of individual GH-isoforms. This capability may add to reliability in doping control too. The article points out why and how.
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7
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Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay for the quantitation of a PEGylated anti-CD28 domain antibody in human serum: overcoming interference from antidrug antibodies and soluble target. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2371-83. [PMID: 25384590 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To support drug development of a PEGylated anti-CD28 domain antibody, a sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS assay was developed for the first in-human multiple ascending dose study. MATERIALS & METHODS The procedure consists of a protein precipitation with acidified acetonitrile, followed by trypsin digestion of the supernatant. A surrogate peptide from the complementarity determining region was quantified with an LC-MS/MS assay using a stable isotope-labeled internal standard with flanking amino acids. An acid dissociation step was found to be essential to achieve full analyte recovery in the presence of antidrug antibodies and soluble target CD28. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The fully validated LC-MS/MS assay demonstrates good accuracy (% deviation ≤6.3) and precision (%CV ≤5.2) with an lower limit of quantitation of 10 ng/ml.
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8
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An integrated multiplatform bioanalytical strategy for antibody–drug conjugates: a novel case study. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1569-82. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The bioanalytical strategy for antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) includes numerous measurements integrally designed to provide comprehensive characterization of PK, PD and immunogenicity. This manuscript describes the utilization of reagents specifically tailored to an ADC with a microtubule polymerization inhibitor payload and cathepsin B cleavable linker. Methods: The PK strategy includes the evaluation of physiological levels of total antibody, active ADC, total ADC, antibody-conjugated payload and unconjugated payload. These data are evaluated in the context of target and antidrug antibody levels to elucidate bioactive ADC. Results & conclusion: Herein, we discuss how this strategy has been applied and present our preliminary observations. Continuously evolving to meet pipeline demands, the integrated bioanalytical data will provide critical insights into the exposure–response relationship.
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9
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Lee JH, Kim JC. Human growth hormone-loaded nanogels composed of cinnamoyl alginate, cinnamoyl Pluronic F127, and cinnamoyl poly(ethylene glycol). J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyup Lee
- College of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University; 192-1, Hyoja 2 dong Chuncheon Kangwon-do 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- College of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University; 192-1, Hyoja 2 dong Chuncheon Kangwon-do 200-701 Republic of Korea
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10
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Liu T, Dan N, Dan W. The effect of crosslinking agent on sustained release of bFGF–collagen microspheres. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00991j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial burst release and loss of bioactivity of drugs are the shortcomings of drug delivery systems (DDSs) used for in vivo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Biomass Chemistry and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Nianhua Dan
- Department of Biomass Chemistry and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Weihua Dan
- Department of Biomass Chemistry and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering
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11
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PEG — A versatile conjugating ligand for drugs and drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2014; 192:67-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Parallelism: considerations for the development, validation and implementation of PK and biomarker ligand-binding assays. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:185-98. [PMID: 24423595 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this article is to discuss the fundamental key questions around parallelism assessments: why to do it, when to do it and how to do it, with consideration for different molecule types and the scientific rationale that drives different approaches. Current practices for both PK and biomarker assays regarding which samples to pick, whether to pool or not pool samples, as well as generally accepted acceptance criteria are discussed, while also highlighting the many outstanding questions that remain. In order to reach the long-term goal of understanding and developing best practices for implementation of parallelism testing for both PK and biomarker assays, industry and regulators will need to keep the conversations going, and commit to generating and reviewing data for the purposes of our own education. Means to easily share data in open forums to facilitate and build common understandings should continue and will be necessary to expedite resolution of many of these questions.
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13
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Pritchard C, Groves KJ, Biesenbruch S, O’Connor G, Ashcroft AE, Arsene C, Schulze D, Quaglia M. Quantification of Human Growth Hormone in Serum with a Labeled Protein as an Internal Standard: Essential Considerations. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6525-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501032q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pritchard
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, London TW11
0LY, United Kingdom
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kate J. Groves
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, London TW11
0LY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gavin O’Connor
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, London TW11
0LY, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E. Ashcroft
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian Arsene
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee
100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Schulze
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee
100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Milena Quaglia
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, London TW11
0LY, United Kingdom
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14
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Myler H, Felix T, Zhu J, Hruska M, Piccoli SP. Measuring biotherapeutics with endogenous counterparts and pre-existing antibodies: an interferon case study. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1113-22. [PMID: 24830895 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article presents case study data demonstrating the importance of having a thorough understanding of matrix-interference in support of global clinical trials. METHODS/RESULTS A ligand-binding assay used in the measurement of interferon lambda in human serum was transferred from the reference laboratory to a US-based comparator laboratory and then to a China-based comparator laboratory. The method was successfully validated at each laboratory, however, during cross-validation, there were notable differences, including 30-60% difference in incurred study sample results. The differences were attributed to matrix factors included in the serum pool used to prepare standards and quality controls. Newly procured serum (n = 75 individuals) was tested for assay interference. 12% contained either pre-existing antibodies (auto-antibodies) or were identified as pharmacokinetic assay outliers. CONCLUSION Prescreening of serum to exclude reactive individuals resulted in successful cross-validation and the establishment of a high integrity pharmacokinetic assay in support of global clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Myler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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15
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Kelley M, Ahene AB, Gorovits B, Kamerud J, King LE, McIntosh T, Yang J. Theoretical considerations and practical approaches to address the effect of anti-drug antibody (ADA) on quantification of biotherapeutics in circulation. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:646-58. [PMID: 23543601 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuous improvement in bioanalytical method development is desired in order to ensure the quality of the data and to better support pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety studies of biotherapeutics. One area that has been getting increasing attention recently is in the assessment of "free" and "total" analyte and the impact of the assay format on those assessments. To compliment these considerations, the authors provide a critical review of available literature and prospectively explore methods to mitigate the potential impact of anti-drug antibody on PK assay measurement. This challenge is of particular interest and importance since biotherapeutic drugs often elicit an immune response, and thus may have a direct impact on quantification of the drug for its PK and safety evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Kelley
- MKelley Consulting LLC, 1533 Glenmont Lane, West Chester, PA 19380, USA.
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16
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Validation and life-cycle management of a quantitative ligand-binding assay for the measurement of Nulojix®, a CTLA-4–Fc fusion protein, in renal and liver transplant patients. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1215-26. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nulojix® is a fusion protein composed of the Fc portion of a human IgG1 linked to the extracellular modified domain of CTLA-4. Nulojix differs from another Bristol Myers Squibb product, Orencia® by two amino acids and was approved by the FDA on 15 June 2011 for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients receiving kidney transplant. Results: A sandwich ELISA utilizing two monoclonal antibodies against CTLA-4 was employed for Nulojix quantification and pharmacokinetic analysis. At least 17 analysts have qualified on the assay and contributed to reportable results over the last 7 years. In-study accuracy and precision demonstrate suitable performance: %bias within -4 to 4%, %CV ≤13% and total error within 6–15%. Incurred sample reanalysis was completed in applicable disease-state populations. The assay was automated and validated in additional clinical matrices (ascites and urine) and Nulojix quantification was validated in the presence of clinically relevant co-administered compounds. In 2011, the biotinylation procedure was modified meriting a regression change (quadratic to 4-parameter logistic) and associated partial validation. Conclusion: This long-term pharmacokinetic program provides a good example of the dynamic clinical environment and adaptation requirements of ligand-binding assays.
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17
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Cheng TL, Chuang KH, Chen BM, Roffler SR. Analytical Measurement of PEGylated Molecules. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:881-99. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200478w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science
and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science
and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Yu L, Miao D, Scrimgeour L, Johnson K, Rewers M, Eisenbarth GS. Distinguishing persistent insulin autoantibodies with differential risk: nonradioactive bivalent proinsulin/insulin autoantibody assay. Diabetes 2012; 61:179-86. [PMID: 22124462 PMCID: PMC3237666 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A subset of children develops persistent insulin autoantibodies (IAA; almost always as the only islet autoantibody) without evidence of progression to diabetes. The aim of the current study was the development and characterization of the performance of a nonradioactive fluid phase IAA assay in relation to standard IAA radioassay. We developed a nonradioactive IAA assay where bivalent IAA cross-link two insulin moieties in a fluid phase. The serum samples positive for anti-islet autoantibodies from 150 newly diagnosed patients with diabetes (Barbara Davis Center plus Diabetes Autoantibody Standardization Program [DASP] workshop) and 70 prediabetic subjects who were followed to diabetes were studied. In addition, sequential samples from 64 nondiabetic subjects who were persistently IAA(+) were analyzed. With 99th percentile of specificity, the new assay with the technology from Meso Scale Discovery Company (MSD-IAA) detects as positive 61% (61 of 100) of new-onset patients and 80% (56 of 70) of prediabetic patients compared with our current fluid phase micro-IAA radioassay (mIAA; 44 and 74%, respectively). In addition, MSD-IAA demonstrated better sensitivity than our mIAA from blinded DASP workshop (68 vs. 56% with the same 99% specificity). Of 64 IAA(+) nondiabetic subjects, 25% (8 of 32) who had only IAA and thus the low risk for progression to diabetes were positive with MSD-IAA assay. In contrast, 100% (32 of 32) high-risk children (IAA plus other islet autoantibodies) were positive with MSD-IAA. The IAA detectable by radioassay, but not MSD-IAA, were usually of lower affinity compared with the IAA of the high-risk children. These data suggest that a subset of IAA with current radioassay (not MSD-IAA) represents biologic false positives in terms of autoimmunity leading to diabetes. We hypothesize that factors related to the mechanism of loss of tolerance leading to diabetes determine high affinity and MSD-IAA reactivity.
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19
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Application and interpretation of free and total drug measurements in the development of biologics. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1287-95. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-binding assays are used to determine concentration levels of biopharmaceuticals in biological matrices. The whole molecule does not serve as a basis for quantification, but subregions are captured and detected by specific binding critical reagents that have been produced for the sole purpose of bioanalysis. An assay can be designed to measure the free or the total analyte. Depending on the format of the assay, different observations and interpretations could be deemed. In the case studies presented in this article, the same serum samples were subjected to analysis in parallel by two different assay formats. In three out of the four cases presented, the results and the data interpretation were remarkably different. Therefore, it is essential for the bioanalyst to communicate to other stake-holders, such as toxicologists and pharmacokineticists, what the assay detects and measures for plausible data interpretation and implication.
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20
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Abstract
A thorough understanding of the structure and biology of a biotherapeutic is crucial to defining a suitable strategy for pharmacokinetic characterization in proof-of-concept disease models, toxicology species as well as the healthy and disease indication patient populations. This manuscript summarizes parameters that impact bioanalytical strategy for over 50 biotherapeutics indicated for the treatment of oncology, rheumatoid arthritis, allergy, multiple sclerosis, hematology, metabolism and infectious disease. We have addressed numerous therapeutic modalities including chimeric, humanized and fully human monoclonal antibodies, replacement proteins, peptides and fusion proteins, including polyethylene glycol and Fc fusions, as well as antibody–drug conjugates. With the rapid evolution of biotherapeutics over the last 20 years and the contraction of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology labor force, efficient workflow management becomes a crucial bioanalytical component. Thus, we have also addressed new technologies that have demonstrated either increased throughput or enhanced characterization, including Meso Scale Discovery, Gyrolab and affinity MS.
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Curtis MJ. Troubleshooting pharmacological and toxicological methods. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:65-6. [PMID: 20184960 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of articles published in J Pharmacol Tox Methods describe new approaches, or modifications to those established (Curtis, 2006). However, even established methods have their limitations. It is part of the practice of research to troubleshoot: to identify methodological weaknesses and correct them. This process of troubleshooting is rarely acknowledged in research. The present issue of J Pharmacol Tox Methods draws on the expertise of the editorial board and their network of colleagues around the world to highlight how to troubleshoot the methods they use. We hope that the articles published herein with not only help those in the field to improve their research, but will also stimulate the community to feel more comfortable with the idea that improving established methods - and publishing the results - is a valuable part of the process. Now, and in the future, the journal will give its support and encouragement to the community to submit for publication papers that identify how to troubleshoot the methods they use.
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