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Cherkashina OL, Morgun EI, Rippa AL, Kosykh AV, Alekhnovich AV, Stoliarzh AB, Terskikh VV, Vorotelyak EA, Kalabusheva EP. Blank Spots in the Map of Human Skin: The Challenge for Xenotransplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12769. [PMID: 37628950 PMCID: PMC10454653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the knowledge about human skin homeostasis, development, wound healing, and diseases has been accumulated from human skin biopsy analysis by transferring from animal models and using different culture systems. Human-to-mouse xenografting is one of the fundamental approaches that allows the skin to be studied in vivo and evaluate the ongoing physiological processes in real time. Humanized animals permit the actual techniques for tracing cell fate, clonal analysis, genetic modifications, and drug discovery that could never be employed in humans. This review recapitulates the novel facts about mouse skin self-renewing, regeneration, and pathology, raises issues regarding the gaps in our understanding of the same options in human skin, and postulates the challenges for human skin xenografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. Cherkashina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Morgun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra L. Rippa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Alekhnovich
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey B. Stoliarzh
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V. Terskikh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kalabusheva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Quantin P, Stricher M, Catoire S, Ficheux H, Egles C. Dermatokinetics: Advances and Experimental Models, Focus on Skin Metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:340-354. [PMID: 35585827 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220517114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous dermal contact products, such as drugs or cosmetics, are applied on the skin, the first protective barrier to their entrance into the organism. These products contain various xenobiotic molecules that can penetrate the viable epidermis. Many studies have shown that keratinocyte metabolism could affect their behavior by biotransformation. While aiming for detoxification, toxic metabolites can be produced. These metabolites may react with biological macromolecules often leading to sensitization reactions. After passing through the epidermis, xenobiotics can reach the vascularized dermis and therefore be bioavailable and distributed into the entire organism. To highlight these mechanisms, dermatokinetics, based on the concept of pharmacokinetics, has been developed recently. It provides information on the action of xenobiotics that penetrate the organism through the dermal route. The purpose of this review is first to describe and synthesize the dermatokinetics mechanisms to consider when assessing the absorption of a xenobiotic through the skin. We focus on skin absorption and specifically on skin metabolism, the two main processes involved in dermatokinetics. In addition, experimental models and methods to assess dermatokinetics are described and discussed to select the most relevant method when evaluating, in a specific context, dermatokinetics parameters of a xenobiotic. We also discuss the limits of this approach as it is notably used for risk assessment in the industry where scenario studies generally focus only on one xenobiotic and do not consider interactions with the rest of the exposome. The hypothesis of adverse effects due to the combination of chemical substances in contact with individuals and not to a single molecule are being increasingly studied and embraced in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Quantin
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
| | - Mathilde Stricher
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France Biological Engineering
| | | | - Hervé Ficheux
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France Biological Engineering
| | - Christophe Egles
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
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Cristóbal L, Asúnsolo Á, Sánchez J, Ortega MA, Álvarez-Mon M, García-Honduvilla N, Buján J, Maldonado AA. Mouse Models for Human Skin Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:250-259. [PMID: 34521089 DOI: 10.1159/000516154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mouse models with human skin xenografts have been developed in the past decades to study different conditions of the skin. Features such as follow-up period and size of the graft are of different relevance depending on the purpose of an investigation. The aim of this study is to analyze the different mouse models grafted with human skin. A systematic review of the literature was performed in line with the PRISMA statement using MEDLINE/PubMed databases from January 1970 to June 2020. Articles describing human skin grafted onto mice were included. Animal models other than mice, skin substitutes, bioengineered skin, postmortem or fetal skin, and duplicated studies were excluded. The mouse strain, origin of human skin, graft dimensions, follow-up of the skin graft, and goals of the study were analyzed. Ninety-one models were included in the final review. Five different applications were found: physiology of the skin (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.43 cm2 and follow-up 72.92 days), immunology and graft rejection (17 models, mean human skin graft size 1.34 cm2 and follow-up 86 days), carcinogenesis (9 models, mean human skin graft size 1.98 cm2 and follow-up 253 days), skin diseases (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.55 cm2 and follow-up 86.48 days), and would healing/scars (15 models, mean human skin graft size 2.54 cm2 and follow-up 129 days). The follow-up period was longer in carcinogenesis models (253 ± 233.73 days), and the skin graft size was bigger in wound healing applications (2.54 ± 3.08 cm2). Depending on the research application, different models are suggested. Careful consideration regarding graft size, follow-up, immunosuppression, and costs should be analyzed and compared before choosing any of these mouse models. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of mouse models with human skin transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cristóbal
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service and Internal Medicine, CIBEREHD, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés A Maldonado
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department for Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Frankfurt am Main, Academic Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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