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Peter CM, da Silva Barcelos L, Ferreira MRA, Waller SB, Frühauf MI, Botton NY, Conceição FR, de Lima M, de Oliveira Hübner S, Barichello JM, Fischer G. Immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine for intravaginal application against bovine alphaherpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5). Mol Immunol 2023; 155:69-78. [PMID: 36731192 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the intravaginal vaccine potential against bovine alphaherpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5). Sixty three cows were divided into seven groups (n: 9) and inoculated intravaginally (VA) or intramuscularly (IM) with inactivated BoHV-5, associated with the recombinant B subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli (rLTB), 2-hydroxyethylcellulose (Drug Delivery System A - DDS-A) or Poloxamer 407 (Drug Delivery System B - DDS-B) as follows: G1 (DDS-A + BoHV-5 + rLTB), G2 (DDS-A + BoHV-5), G3 (DDS-B + BoHV-5 + rLTB), G4 (DDS-B + BoHV-5), G5 (BoHV-5 + rLTB), G6 (Negative control) e G7 (Positive control). The local and systemic humoral responses were measured by indirect ELISA (IgA and IgG) and serum neutralization tests, and the cellular response was measured by a quantitative direct ELISA (IL-2 and IFN-Gamma). The results showed the group inoculated by the IM route, G5, demonstrated the highest levels of IgG in the vaginal mucosa among the experimental groups (p < 0.05). In the groups tested with polymers (G1 and G3) in the vaginal mucosa, even higher levels of IgG were seen in comparison to the positive control (G7; p < 0.01). Higher levels of IgA were also noted in relation to the other groups (p < 0.05) on days 30, 60 and 90 post-inoculations. The groups G1 and G3 also provided higher titers of neutralizing antibodies (Log2) in relation to other treatments (p < 0.01) 90 days after inoculation. In the nasal mucosa, there was an increase in the levels of IgA and IgG with the use of vaccines from groups G1 and G3, in relation to the positive control, G7 (p < 0.05) at 60 and 90 days after the first inoculation. Moreover, neutralizing antibodies titers were detected at 60 and 90 days by serum neutralization. The inclusion of the evaluated polymers resulted in a superior response (p < 0.05) of immunoglobulins and IL-2 and IFN-Gamma in relation to the treatment using only rLTB (G5). This data demonstrates the capabilities of a vaccine with an intravaginal application in cattle to stimulate a local and systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mendes Peter
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lariane da Silva Barcelos
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto Alves Ferreira
- Applied Immunology Laboratory. Technological Development Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Applied Immunology Laboratory. Technological Development Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus Iuri Frühauf
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nadálin Yandra Botton
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Applied Immunology Laboratory. Technological Development Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia de Oliveira Hübner
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Mario Barichello
- Pharmaceutical Development and Production Laboratory, Center for Pharmaceutical and Food Chemical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Geferson Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Marin M, Burucúa M, Rensetti D, Rosales JJ, Odeón A, Pérez S. Distinctive features of bovine alphaherpesvirus types 1 and 5 and the virus-host interactions that might influence clinical outcomes. Arch Virol 2019; 165:285-301. [PMID: 31845150 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus types 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) are two closely related alphaherpesviruses. BoHV-1 causes several syndromes in cattle, including respiratory disease and sporadic cases of encephalitis, whereas BoHV-5 is responsible for meningoencephalitis in calves. Although both viruses are neurotropic, they differ in their neuropathogenic potential. This review summarizes the findings on the specific mechanisms and pathways known to modulate the pathogenesis of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5, particularly in relation to respiratory and neurological syndromes, which characterize BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 infections, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Marin
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Burucúa
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Rensetti
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Juan José Rosales
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Anselmo Odeón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, 7000, Tandil, Argentina. .,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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3
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Bassel LL, Caswell JL. Bovine neutrophils in health and disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 371:617-637. [PMID: 29445861 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine neutrophils have similarities to those of other species with respect to mechanisms of their activation and migration into tissue, modulation of immune responses and the balance between microbial killing and host tissue damage. However, bovine neutrophils have biochemical and functional differences from those of other species, which may yield insights about the comparative biology of neutrophils. Neutrophils play protective and harmful roles in the infectious diseases of cattle that occur at times of transition: respiratory disease in beef calves recently arrived to feedlots and mastitis and other diseases of postparturient dairy cows. An important research focus is the mechanisms by which risk factors for these diseases affect neutrophil function and thereby lead to disease and the prospect of genetic or pharmacologic improvement of disease resistance. Further, in keeping with the One Health paradigm, cattle can be considered a model for studying the role of neutrophils in naturally occurring diseases caused by host-adapted pathogens and are thus an intermediary between studies of mouse models and investigations of human disease. Finally, the study of bovine neutrophils is important for agriculture, to understand the pathogenesis of these production-limiting diseases and to develop novel methods of disease prevention that improve animal health and reduce the reliance on antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Bassel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
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Sheridan MP, Regev-Shoshani G, Martins J, Vimalanathan S, Miller C. Nitric oxide modulates the immunological response of bovine PBMCs in an in vitro BRDc infection model. Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:21-28. [PMID: 27892870 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDc) is a multi-factorial disease, involving both viral and bacterial pathogens, that negatively impacts the cattle feedlot industry. A nitric oxide releasing solution (NORS) has been developed and shown to have potential in the prevention of BRDc. This study investigated the underlying immunological mechanisms through which the nitroslyating agent NORS provides protection against the development of BRDc in susceptible cattle. An in vitro BRDc experimental model was designed using bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which were infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) and subsequently cultured with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from Mannheimia haemolytica bacteria. The cells were treated with NORS following viral infection to reflect the timing of administering the NORS treatment in feedlots during initial processing. An expression and protein analysis of key genes involved in the innate immune response was carried out. The BRDc model produced significant increases in gene expression (p<0.01) and protein release (p<0.05) of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF. Treatment with NORS reduced the protein levels of IL-1β (0.39-fold↓) (p<0.05) and TNF (0.48-fold↓) (p<0.01) in the BRDc experimental group when compared against the non-treatment BRDc controls. TLR4 expression, having been significantly reduced under the BRDc experimental conditions (0.33-fold↓) (p<0.05), increased significantly (0.76-fold↑) (p<0.05) following NORS treatment. This study provides evidence suggesting that NO may protect against the development of BRDc by limiting deleterious inflammation while simultaneously increasing TLR4 expression and enhancing the ability of the host to detect and respond to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Peter Sheridan
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gilly Regev-Shoshani
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Bovicor Pharmatech Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Selvarani Vimalanathan
- Faculty of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Miller
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Bovicor Pharmatech Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Caswell JL. Failure of respiratory defenses in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia of cattle. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:393-409. [PMID: 24021557 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813502821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system is well defended against inhaled bacteria by a dynamic system of interacting layers, including mucociliary clearance, host defense factors including antimicrobial peptides in the epithelial lining fluid, proinflammatory responses of the respiratory epithelium, resident alveolar macrophages, and recruited neutrophils and monocytes. Nevertheless, these manifold defenses are susceptible to failure as a result of stress, glucocorticoids, viral infections, abrupt exposure to cold air, and poor air quality. When some of these defenses fail, the lung can be colonized by bacterial pathogens that are equipped to evade the remaining defenses, resulting in the development of pneumonia. This review considers the mechanisms by which these predisposing factors compromise the defenses of the lung, with a focus on the development of bacterial pneumonia in cattle and supplemented with advances based on mouse models and the study of human disease. Deepening our understanding of how the respiratory defenses fail is expected to lead to interventions that restore these dynamic immune responses and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Risalde MA, Molina V, Sónchez-Cordón PJ, Pedrera M, Romero-Palomo F, Bautista MJ, Moreno A, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Comparison of pathological changes and viral antigen distribution in tissues of calves with and without preexisting bovine viral diarrhea virus infection following challenge with bovine herpesvirus-1. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:598-610. [PMID: 23531068 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare pathological changes and viral antigen distribution in tissues of calves with and without preexisting subclinical bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection following challenge with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). ANIMALS 24 Friesian calves. PROCEDURES 12 calves were inoculated intranasally with noncytopathic BVDV-1a; 12 days later, 10 of these calves were challenged intranasally with BHV-1 subtype 1. Two calves were euthanized before and 1, 2, 4, 7, or 14 days after BHV-1 inoculation. Another 10 calves were inoculated intranasally with BHV-1 only and euthanized 1, 2, 4, 7, or 14 days later. Two calves were inoculated intranasally with virus-free tissue culture fluid and euthanized as negative controls. Pathological changes and viral antigen distribution in various tissue samples from calves with and without BVDV infection (all of which had been experimentally inoculated with BHV-1) were compared. RESULTS Following BHV-1 challenge, calves with preexisting subclinical BVDV infection had earlier development of more severe inflammatory processes and, consequently, more severe tissue lesions (limited to lymphoid tissues and respiratory and digestive tracts) and greater dissemination of BHV-1, compared with calves without preexisting BVDV infection. Moreover, coinfected calves had an intense lymphoid depletion in the Peyer patches of the ileum as well as the persistence of BVDV in target organs and the reappearance of digestive tract changes during disease progression. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In calves, preexisting infection with BVDV facilitated the establishment of BHV-1 infection, just as the presence of BHV-1 favors BVDV persistence, thereby synergistically potentiating effects of both viruses and increasing the severity of the resultant clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Risalde
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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N'jai AU, Rivera J, Atapattu DN, Owusu-Ofori K, Czuprynski CJ. Gene expression profiling of bovine bronchial epithelial cells exposed in vitro to bovine herpesvirus 1 and Mannheimia haemolytica. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:182-9. [PMID: 23890750 PMCID: PMC7127263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) often occurs when active respiratory virus infections (BHV-1, etc.) impair resistance to Mannheimia haemolytica infection in the lower respiratory tract. The interactions that occur when the respiratory epithelium encounters these viral and bacterial pathogens are poorly understood. We used Agilent bovine gene microarray chips containing 44,000 transcripts to elucidate bovine bronchial epithelial cell (BBEC) responses following in vitro exposure to BHV-1 alone, M. haemolytica alone, or both BHV-1 and M. haemolytica. Microarray analysis revealed differential regulation (>2-fold) of 978 transcripts by BHV-1 alone, 2040 transcripts by M. haemolytica alone, and 2189 genes by BHV-1 and M. haemolytica in combination. M. haemolytica treatment produced significantly greater inductions (>10-fold) of several inflammation associated genes, such as CXCL2, IL-6, IL-1α, e-selectin, and IL-8, than to BHV-1 alone. Functional analysis of the microarray data revealed a significant upregulation of genes involved in important biological processes such as inflammation (TNF-α, IL-8, Tlr-2, IL-1, CXCL2, CSF2), vascular functions (VEGF, EDN2) and leukocyte migration (ICAM1, IL-16) during a co-infection with BHV-1 and M. haemolytica compared to either pathogen alone. This study provides evidence to support that lung epithelial cells are a source of mediators that may promote inflammatory changes observed during bovine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji U N'jai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive-West, WI 52706, United States
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Murine and bovine γδ T cells enhance innate immunity against Brucella abortus infections. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21978. [PMID: 21765931 PMCID: PMC3134454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells have been postulated to act as a first line of defense against infectious agents, particularly intracellular pathogens, representing an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Human γδ T cells expand in the blood of brucellosis patients and are active against Brucella in vitro. However, the role of γδ T cells in vivo during experimental brucellosis has not been studied. Here we report TCRδ−/− mice are more susceptible to B. abortus infection than C57BL/6 mice at one week post-infection as measured by splenic colonization and splenomegaly. An increase in TCRγδ cells was observed in the spleens of B. abortus-infected C57BL/6 mice, which peaked at two weeks post-infection and occurred concomitantly with diminished brucellae. γδ T cells were the major source of IL-17 following infection and also produced IFN-γ. Depletion of γδ T cells from C57BL/6, IL-17Rα−/−, and GMCSF−/− mice enhanced susceptibility to B. abortus infection although this susceptibility was unaltered in the mutant mice; however, when γδ T cells were depleted from IFN-γ−/− mice, enhanced susceptibility was observed. Neutralization of γδ T cells in the absence of TNF-α did not further impair immunity. In the absence of TNF-α or γδ T cells, B. abortus-infected mice showed enhanced IFN-γ, suggesting that they augmented production to compensate for the loss of γδ T cells and/or TNF-α. While the protective role of γδ T cells was TNF-α-dependent, γδ T cells were not the major source of TNF-α and activation of γδ T cells following B. abortus infection was TNF-α-independent. Additionally, bovine TCRγδ cells were found to respond rapidly to B. abortus infection upon co-culture with autologous macrophages and could impair the intramacrophage replication of B. abortus via IFN-γ. Collectively, these results demonstrate γδ T cells are important for early protection to B. abortus infections.
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Singh K, Ritchey JW, Confer AW. Mannheimia haemolytica: bacterial-host interactions in bovine pneumonia. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:338-48. [PMID: 20685916 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810377182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica serotype S1 is considered the predominant cause of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, or shipping fever. Various virulence factors allow M haemolytica to colonize the lungs and establish infection. These virulence factors include leukotoxin (LKT), lipopolysaccharide, adhesins, capsule, outer membrane proteins, and various proteases. The effects of LKT are species specific for ruminants, which stem from its unique interaction with the bovine β2 integrin receptor present on leukocytes. At low concentration, LKT can activate bovine leukocytes to undergo respiratory burst and degranulation and stimulate cytokine release from macrophages and histamine release from mast cells. At higher concentration, LKT induces formation of transmembrane pores and subsequent oncotic cell necrosis. The interaction of LKT with leukocytes is followed by activation of these leukocytes to undergo oxidative burst and release proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins 1, 6, and 8 and tumor necrosis factor α. Tumor necrosis factor α and other proinflammatory cytokines contribute to the accumulation of leukocytes in the lung. Formation of transmembrane pores and subsequent cytolysis of activated leukocytes possibly cause leakage of products of respiratory burst and other inflammatory mediators into the surrounding pulmonary parenchyma and so give rise to fibrinous and necrotizing lobar pneumonia. The effects of LKT are enhanced by lipopolysaccharide, which is associated with the release of proinflammatory cytokines from the leukocytes, activation of complement and coagulation cascade, and cell cytolysis. Similarly, adhesins, capsule, outer membrane proteins, and proteases assist in pulmonary colonization, evasion of immune response, and establishment of the infection. This review focuses on the roles of these virulence factors in the pathogenesis of shipping fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Singh
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection of bovine bronchial epithelial cells increases neutrophil adhesion and activation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 131:167-76. [PMID: 19406483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) predisposes cattle to secondary pneumonia with Mannheimia haemolytica as part of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). One cell type that has received limited investigation for its role in the inflammation that accompanies BRD is the respiratory epithelial cell. In the present study we investigated mechanisms by which BHV-1 infection of respiratory epithelial cells contributes to the recruitment and activation of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in vitro. Primary cultures of bovine bronchial epithelial (BBE) cells were infected with BHV-1 and assessed for cytokine expression by real-time PCR. We found that BHV-1 infection elicits a rapid IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha mRNA response by BBE cells. Bovine PMNs exhibited greater adherence to BHV-1 infected BBE cells than uninfected cells. The increased adherence was significantly reduced by the addition of an anti-IL-1beta antibody or human soluble TNF-alpha receptor (sTNF-alphaR). Pre-incubation of bovine PMNs with conditioned media from BHV-1 infected BBE cells increased PMN migration, which was inhibited by addition of an anti-IL-1beta antibody, sTNF-alphaR, or an IL-8 peptide inhibitor. Conditioned media from BHV-1 infected BBE cells activated bovine PMNs in vitro as demonstrated by PMN shape change, production of reactive oxygen species and degranulation. PMNs also exhibited increased LFA-1 expression and susceptibility to M. haemolytica LKT following incubation with BHV-1 infected BBE cell conditioned media. Our results suggest that BHV-1 infection of BBE cells triggers cytokine expression that contributes to the recruitment and activation of neutrophils, and amplifies the detrimental effects of M. haemolytica LKT.
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Czuprynski CJ, Leite F, Sylte M, Kuckleburg C, Schultz R, Inzana T, Behling-Kelly E, Corbeil L. Complexities of the pathogenesis ofMannheimia haemolyticaandHaemophilus somnusinfections: challenges and potential opportunities for prevention? Anim Health Res Rev 2007; 5:277-82. [PMID: 15984339 DOI: 10.1079/ahr200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProgress in producing improved vaccines against bacterial diseases of cattle is limited by an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of these agents. Our group has been involved in investigations of two members of the family Pasteurellaceae,Mannheimia haemolyticaandHaemophilus somnus, which illustrate some of the complexities that must be confronted. Susceptibility toM. haemolyticais greatly increased during active viral respiratory infection, resulting in rapid onset of a severe and even lethal pleuropneumonia. Despite years of investigation, understanding of the mechanisms underlying this viral–bacterial synergism is incomplete. We have investigated the hypothesis that active viral infection increases the susceptibility of bovine leukocytes to theM. haemolyticaleukotoxin by increasing the expression of or activating the β2integrin CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) on the leukocyte surface.In vitroexposure to proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ) increases LFA-1 expression on bovine leukocytes, which in turn correlates with increased binding and responsiveness to the leukotoxin. Alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood leukocytes from cattle with active bovine herpesvirus-1 (BVH-1) infection are more susceptible to the lethal effects of the leukotoxinex vivothan leukocytes from uninfected cattle. Likewise,in vitroincubation of bovine leukocytes with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) potentiates LFA-1 expression and makes the cells more responsive to leukotoxin. A striking characteristic ofH. somnusinfection is its propensity to cause vasculitis. We have shown thatH. somnusand its lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) trigger caspase activation and apoptosis in bovine endothelial cellsin vitro. This effect is associated with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, and is amplified in the presence of platelets. The adverse effects ofH. somnusLOS are mediated in part by activation of endothelial cell purinergic receptors such as P2X7. Further dissection of the pathways that lead to endothelial cell damage in response toH. somnusmight help in the development of new preventive or therapeutic regimens. A more thorough understanding ofM. haemolyticaandH. somnusvirulence factors and their interactions with the host might identify new targets for prevention of bovine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Muylkens B, Thiry J, Kirten P, Schynts F, Thiry E. Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Res 2007; 38:181-209. [PMID: 17257569 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), classified as an alphaherpesvirus, is a major pathogen of cattle. Primary infection is accompanied by various clinical manifestations such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, abortion, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, and systemic infection in neonates. When animals survive, a life-long latent infection is established in nervous sensory ganglia. Several reactivation stimuli can lead to viral re-excretion, which is responsible for the maintenance of BoHV-1 within a cattle herd. This paper focuses on an updated pathogenesis based on a molecular characterization of BoHV-1 and the description of the virus cycle. Special emphasis is accorded to the impact of the latency and reactivation cycle on the epidemiology and the control of BoHV-1. Several European countries have initiated BoHV-1 eradication schemes because of the significant losses incurred by disease and trading restrictions. The vaccines used against BoHV-1 are described in this context where the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals is of critical importance to achieve BoHV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Muylkens
- Virology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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